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Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels (Second Volume)

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2025 | Viewed by 7638

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Dr. Irene Calliari

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Guest Editor

Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Interests: physical metallurgy; stainless steels; electroplasticity; welding; duplex stainless steel; additive manufacturing; corrosion
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Dr. Luca Pezzato

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Guest Editor

Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: corrosion; coatings; steels; ligth alloys
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) were developed in the 1930s, and gradually found an increasing number applications thanks to their high strength, good weldability, good toughness and resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Although the use of DSSs is well-established in many industrial sectors (e.g., oil and gas), the research and innovations in the field are always growing. In particular, the recent research has focused on the development of new high-grade DSSs (the so-called hyper-duplex steels) and on the production of components through technologies based on the additive manufacturing (AM) concept, mainly laser-based ones.

In all cases, a strong correlation between the microstructural characterization and the investigated properties was the key point of the performed research.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to correlate the microstructure of DSSs with their mechanical and corrosion properties, with special attention to novel DSS grades or novel production technologies such as AM.

I invite you to submit both original contributions and review works on this topic, with papers that deal both with the characterization and with the mechanical and corrosion resistance evaluation of different DSS grades.

Dr. Irene Calliari
Dr. Luca Pezzato
Guest Editors

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Keywords

stainless steel
microstructure
mechanical properties
corrosion resistance
austenite
ferrite
metals characterization

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 7229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantification of the Post-Fire Strength Retention Factors for Selected Standard Duplex and Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Grades

by Mariusz Maslak, Krzysztof Pancikiewicz, Michal Pazdanowski, Marek Stankiewicz, Piotr Wozniczka and Paulina Zajdel

Materials 2024, 17(2), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020371 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1041

Abstract

The experimental quantification of retention factors related to the post-fire strength as well as the post-fire ductility of intentionally selected stainless steel grades applied in construction is the objective of the research presented here. These steel grades are characterized by a two-phase austenitic–ferritic microstructure of the duplex type. In this context, two mutually corresponding chromium–nickel–molybdenum steel grades are subjected to analysis, namely X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 steel belonging to the standard duplex group (DSS 22% Cr) and X2CrMnNiN21-5-1 steel belonging to the lean duplex group (LDSS). The similarities and differences in the mechanical properties exhibited by these steel grades after effective cooling, following more or less prolonged simulated fire action conforming to several development scenarios, are identified and indicated. The resistance of a given steel grade to permanent structural changes induced by the heating program proved to be the critical factor determining these properties and resulting in many cases in increased susceptibility to brittle fracture. The results obtained experimentally seem to confirm the quantitative estimates of post-fire retention factors forecast by Molkens and his team, specified for the steels exhibiting a duplex-type structure and tested by us. However, several of these estimates might be considered somewhat risky. Nevertheless, our results do not confirm the significant post-fire strengthening of steel grades belonging to the LDSS group following prior heating at a sufficiently high temperature, as reported earlier by Huang Yuner and B. Young. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels (Second Volume))

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13 pages, 6232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Thermodynamic Criteria for Determining the Composition of Duplex Stainless Steels with High Corrosion Resistance

by Aleksandr Fedorov, Vladimir Karasev, Pavel Kovalev, Nikita Shaposhnikov and Andrey Zhitenev

Materials 2024, 17(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020294 - 7 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 877

Abstract

One of the most popular methods for ranking duplex stainless steels (DSSs) and predicting their corrosion properties is the calculation of the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN). However, since DSSs are two-phase materials with a significant fraction of secondary phases and precipitates, the application of the PREN can be highly limited. This article attempted to use a new approach to describe the corrosion resistance of these steels. The corrosion resistance of two DSSs of the same class was investigated. Under identical solution heat treatments in the temperature range of 1050–1200 °C, the crevice corrosion resistance of one steel increased, while that of the other decreased. It was demonstrated that the amounts of austenite and ferrite changed similarly in these steels, and the different corrosion resistances were associated with the behaviors of secondary phases: niobium carbonitride and chromium nitride. SEM-EDS analysis was conducted to analyze the redistribution of elements between phases in both cases, showing good agreement with the thermodynamic modeling results. The PREN was calculated for each phase depending on the treatment temperature, and a method for calculating the effective PREN (PREN_eff), accounting for phase balance and secondary phases, was proposed. It was shown that this indicator described corrosion properties better than the classical PREN calculated for the average steel composition. This study demonstrated how the calculation of critical temperatures (the temperature of equal amounts of ferrite and austenite, the temperature of the beginning of chromium nitride formation, and the temperature of the beginning of σ-phase formation) could describe the corrosion resistance of DSSs. Maximum possible deviations from these temperatures were defined, allowing the attainment of the required corrosion properties for the steels. Based on the conducted research, an approach for selecting new compositions of DSSs was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels (Second Volume))

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13 pages, 15026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electroplastic Effect during Tension and Bending in Duplex Stainless Steel

by Mikhail Pakhomov, Oleg Korolkov, Mirko Pigato, Claudio Gennari, Irene Calliari and Vladimir Stolyarov

Materials 2023, 16(11), 4119; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16114119 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1283

Abstract

The deformation behavior of duplex stainless steel under tension and bending, accompanied by a pulsed current and when heated by an external source, is investigated. The stress–strain curves are compared at the same temperatures. The contribution to the decrease in flow stresses is greater when using a multi-pulse current at the same temperature, compared to external heating. This confirms the presence of an electroplastic effect. An increase in the strain rate by an order of magnitude reduces the contribution of the electroplastic effect from single pulses to the reduction in flow stresses by 20%. An increase in the strain rate by an order of magnitude reduces the contribution of the electroplastic effect from single pulses to the reduction in flow stresses by 20%. However, in the case of a multi-pulse current, the strain rate effect is not observed. Introducing a multi-pulse current during bending reduces the bending strength by a factor of two and the springback angle to 6.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels (Second Volume))

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12 pages, 7957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing the Corrosion Resistance in the UNS S32750 Super Duplex Steel Welded Joints through Hybrid GTAW-Laser Welding and Nitrogen

by Arthur M. Videira, Willians R. Mendes, Vicente A. Ventrella and Irene Calliari

Materials 2023, 16(2), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020543 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2250

Abstract

The development of techniques to improve the welding of super duplex steels is necessary in order to ensure that the phase balance and properties of the material are not affected during this process. Hybrid arc-laser welding is a perfect combination of the advantages of both processes, producing deeper weld beads with more balanced phases than the pulsed laser process. Here, the objective was to improve the corrosion resistance of UNS S32750 weld beads by increasing the volumetric austenite percentage in the fusion zone (FZ) with a hybrid process of GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) and pulsed laser Nd-YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet). Welds were performed in bead on plate conditions with fixed laser parameters and a varying heat input introduced through the GTAW process. Additionally, welds within a nitrogen atmosphere were performed. After base metal characterization, an analysis of the FZ and heat affected zone were performed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and critical pitting tests (CPT). The synergy between the thermal input provided by the hybrid process and austenite-promoting characteristic of nitrogen led to a balanced volumetric austenite/ferrite fraction. Consequently, the results obtained in CPT tests were better than conventional welding processes, such as laser or GTAW solely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels (Second Volume))

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Review

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16 pages, 6146 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Replacing Ni with Mn on the Microstructure and Properties of Al₂O₃-Forming Austenitic Stainless Steels: A Review

by Guoshuai Chen, Shang Du and Zhangjian Zhou

Materials 2024, 17(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010019 - 20 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1284

Abstract

Al₂O₃-forming austenitic steel (AFA steel) is an important candidate material for advanced reactor core components due to its excellent corrosion resistance and high temperature strength. Al is a strong ferrite-forming element. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the Ni content to stabilize austenite. Ni is expensive and highly active, and so increasing the Ni content not only increases the costs but also damages the radiation resistance. Mn is a low-cost austenitic stable element. Its substitution for Ni will not only help to improve the irradiation resistance of austenitic steel, but also reduce the cost. In order to explore the feasibility of Mn-substituted Ni-stabilized austenite in AFA steel, this paper summarized the research progress of Mn-added AFA steels, whilst the research status of traditional Mn-added austenitic steels are also referred to and compared herein. The effect of the addition of Mn on the microstructure and properties of AFA steel was analyzed. The results show that Mn can promote the precipitation of the M₂₃C₆ phase and inhibit the precipitation of the B2-NiAl phase and secondary NbC phase. With the increase in Mn content, the strength of AFA steel at room temperature and high temperature decreased slightly, the room temperature elongation increased slightly, while the high temperature elongation and creep resistance decreased obviously. In addition, for austenitic steel free of Al, the addition of Mn will destroy the oxide layer of Cr₂O₃, which will decrease the oxidation resistance of the steel. But the preliminary study shows that Mn has little effect on the Al₂O₃ oxide layer. It is worth studying the effect of Mn-substituted Ni on the oxidation resistance of AFA steel. In summary, more efforts are necessary to investigate the optimal Mn content to balance the advantages and disadvantages of introducing Mn instead of Ni. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Duplex Stainless Steels (Second Volume))

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