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Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection and Electrochemical Characterization of New and Advanced Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2024 | Viewed by 8379

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Dr. Raul Figueroa

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Department of Materials Engineering, Applied Mechanics and Construction, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
Interests: material characterization; microstructure; coatings; sol-gel; surface engineering; tribology; wear testing; corrosion; electrochemical impedance; electrodeposition
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Understanding the electrochemical properties of materials is of special importance to carry out an adequate selection, handling, and improve their service life.

In the continuous development of new materials, together with new manufacturing techniques, it is necessary that we continuously characterize their properties. However, electrochemical characterization is second in line to mechanical characterization. For this reason, the possible applications of new materials in different fields of engineering are conditioned by the absence of their electrochemical properties.

Understanding electrochemical processes and the application of coatings allows us to reduce significant economic losses, reduce the consumption of raw materials, as well as avoid the unnecessary risks associated with failures. In the same way, new developments in engineering require materials with very specific electrochemical properties, such as catalytic processes or the production and storage of energy, which must be more efficient to reduce their cost.

For all these reasons, this Special Issue aims to compile works related to new advances in the electrochemical characterization of materials, the study of corrosion and its protection, as well as new applications or developments in this field.

The topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Electrochemical characterization of materials;
Corrosion kinetics and passivity;
Mechanisms and methods of corrosion control;
Corrosion inhibitors;
Cathodic protection;
Protective coatings;
Surface pretreatments.

Dr. Raul Figueroa
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

corrosion protection
coating
electrochemical behavior
corrosion inhibitors
passivation
EIS

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 8993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Properties of Metastable β Ti–25Nb–8Sn Alloy following Cold Rolling and Aging Treatments

by Hsueh-Chuan Hsu, Shih-Ching Wu, Zhong-Lin Jian and Wen-Fu Ho

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133062 - 21 Jun 2024

Viewed by 744

Abstract

Metal implants require an elastic modulus close to cortical bone (<30 GPa) to avoid stress shielding and ensure adequate load-bearing strength. The metastable β-type Ti–25Nb–8Sn alloy has a low elastic modulus (52 GPa), but its yield strength (<500 MPa) needs enhancement. This study enhances Ti–25Nb–8Sn’s elastic admissible strain through cold rolling and aging heat treatments, investigating the microstructure’s impact on mechanical and corrosion properties. The results show that lower-temperature aging (<450 °C) leads to ω-phase precipitation, yielding a 300% increase in yield strength (>1900 MPa). However, this also increases the elastic modulus (~80 GPa), limiting the deformation ability. Higher-temperature aging (>500 °C) eliminates the ω phase, transforming it into α precipitates, resulting in a lower elastic modulus (~65 GPa) and improved deformation ability, with substantial yield strength (>1000 MPa). In summary, the optimal process conditions are determined as 90% cold rolling followed by aging treatment at 550 °C. Under these conditions, Ti–25Nb–8Sn achieves the most suitable yield strength (1207 MPa) and high corrosion resistance, retaining a relatively low elastic modulus (64.7 GPa) and high elastic admissible strain (1.93%). This positions it as an ideal material for biomedical implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection and Electrochemical Characterization of New and Advanced Materials)

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29 pages, 8058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MgO/KH₂PO₄ and Curing Moisture Content in MKPC Matrices to Optimize the Immobilization of Pure Al and Al-Mg Alloys

by Carla Fernández-García, María Cruz Alonso, José María Bastidas, Inés García-Lodeiro and Raúl Fernández

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061263 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 835

Abstract

Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cements (MKPCs) are considered a good alternative for the immobilization of aluminium radioactive waste. MKPC composition and moisture curing conditions are relevant issues to be evaluated. The corrosion of pure aluminium (A1050) and AlMg alloys (AA5754) with 3.5% of Mg is studied in MKPC systems prepared with different MgO/KH₂PO₄ (M/P) molar ratios (1, 2, and 3M) and moisture curing conditions (100% Relative Humidity (RH) and isolated in plastic containers (endogenous curing)). The Al corrosion potential (E_corr) and corrosion kinetic (i_corr and V_corr) are evaluated over 90 days. Additionally, the pore ion evolution, the matrix electrical resistance, the pore structure, and compressive strength are analysed. The corrosion process of Al alloy is affected by the pH and ion content in the pore solution. The pore pH increases from near neutral for the 1M M/P ratio to 9 and 10 for the 2 and 3M M/P ratio, increasing in the same way the corrosion of pure Al (AA1050) and AlMg alloys (AA5754). The effect of Mg content in the alloy (AA5754) becomes more relevant with the increase in the M/P ratio. The presence of phosphate ions in the pore solution inhibits the corrosion process in both Al alloys. The MKPC physicochemical stability improved with the increase in the M/P ratio, higher mechanical strength, and more refined pore structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection and Electrochemical Characterization of New and Advanced Materials)

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14 pages, 8347 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Wire Electrochemical Etching of Superhydrophobic Nickel Surfaces with Enhanced Corrosion Protection

by Binghan Wu, Defeng Yan, Junyi Lin and Jinlong Song

Materials 2023, 16(23), 7472; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237472 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1295

Abstract

Superhydrophobic nickel surfaces have significant advantages in the field of corrosion protection compared with traditional nickel corrosion protection methods which need a toxic chemical corrosion inhibitor. Electrochemical etching, an ideal method for fabricating superhydrophobic nickel surfaces, was also limited by low current density, resulting in low processing efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we proposed a new method to fabricate a superhydrophobic nickel surface using a wire electrochemical etching method. The wire electrochemical etching method accomplished the etching process by sweeping a controlled wire cathode across the surface of the anode nickel plate in an environmentally friendly neutral electrolyte, NaCl. The superhydrophobic nickel sample with a contact angle of 153° and a rolling angle of 10° could be fabricated by wire electrochemical etching and modification. Additionally, the optimal parameters of the wire electrochemical etching and the principle of superhydrophobic surface formation had also been systematically investigated, respectively. Moreover, the superhydrophobic nickel surface had self-cleaning performance, antifouling performance, corrosion protection, and abrasion resistance. Wire electrochemical etching improves the current density of processing, which means that this method improves the processing efficiency for fabricating a superhydrophobic nickel surface. This work is expected to enrich the theory and technology for fabricating superhydrophobic nickel surfaces to improve the corrosion protection of nickel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection and Electrochemical Characterization of New and Advanced Materials)

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19 pages, 23021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Surface Activation on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of MAO/Ni-P Composite Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

by Qi Xu, Peng Zhou, Tao Zhang and Fuhui Wang

Materials 2023, 16(18), 6185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186185 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to improve the number and distribution of active particles on the MAO layer by changing the activation method, thus improving the corrosion resistance of the coating. The structure of the coatings was characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, and AFM, as well as the corrosion resistance of the coatings by polarization curves, EIS tests, immersion tests, and salt spray tests. The conductive resistance and adhesion of different composite coatings were compared. The results demonstrate that the properties of the composite coating are significantly affected by different activation methods, and the Ni-P coating prepared with more active particles offers superior corrosion protection to the inner layer. The quantity and distribution of active particles affect the compactness of the coating by influencing the initial deposition process. The size of nickel particles is larger and the inter-grain porosity increases in the case of fewer active sites, and as the number of active sites increases, the size of nickel particles decreases, and the coating compactness increases. The mechanism of the effect of the number of active particles on the deposition process of electroless Ni-P coating was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection and Electrochemical Characterization of New and Advanced Materials)

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25 pages, 7191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Behavior of Al/Mg Alloys Immobilized in a Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement-Based Mortar

by Gabriel Poras, Céline Cau Dit Coumes, Pascal Antonucci, Céline Cannes, Sylvie Delpech and Stéphane Perrin

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155415 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

Portland cement is extensively used for the conditioning of radioactive waste. However, its high alkalinity is a serious obstacle to the stabilization of waste containing aluminum metal since aluminum is oxidized by the pore solution with the production of dihydrogen. This work investigates the potential of an alternative binder, magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP) cement, for the stabilization of Al–Mg alloys comprising 2 to 4.5 wt% of Mg and other metallic impurities. The objective is to assess the influence of the alloy composition on its reactivity in the cementitious matrix at earlier ages, as well as at later ages, when the cement has reached a significant reaction degree. Two complementary techniques are used. Gas chromatography shows that the dihydrogen release, resulting from the corrosion process, is not influenced by the magnesium content in the alloy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provides qualitative information about the corrosion but also makes it possible to assess the corrosion current using an equivalent electrical circuit linked to the kinetic parameters of the postulated corrosion mechanism. Over a one-year period, the corrosion current of the alloys, regardless of their Mg content, is reduced by almost three orders of magnitude in MKP mortar as compared to Portland-cement-based mortar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection and Electrochemical Characterization of New and Advanced Materials)

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13 pages, 3851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Lapse Observation of Crevice Corrosion in Grade 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

by So Aoki and Dirk L. Engelberg

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155300 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1578

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate and visualize the initiation and propagation of crevice corrosion in grade 2205 duplex stainless steel by means of time-lapse imaging. Transparent Poly-Methyl-Meth-Acrylate washer and disk were coupled with duplex stainless steel to create an artificial crevice, with electrochemical monitoring applied to obtain information about the nucleation and propagation characteristics. All nucleation sites and corroding areas inside crevices were recorded in situ using a digital microscope set-up. Localized corrosion initiated close to the edge of the washer, where the crevice gap was very tight, with active corrosion sites then propagating underneath the disk into areas with wider gaps, towards the crevice mouth. The growth was associated with a rise in anodic current interlaced with sudden current drops, with parallel hydrogen gas evolution also observed within the crevice. The current drops were associated with a sudden change in growth direction, and once corrosion reached the crevice mouth, the propagation continued circumferentially and in depth. This allowed different corrosion regions to develop, showing selective dissolution of austenite, a region with dissolution of both phases, followed by a region where only ferrite dissolved. The effect of applied electrochemical potential, combined with time-lapse imaging, provides a powerful tool for in situ corrosion studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Corrosion Protection and Electrochemical Characterization of New and Advanced Materials)

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