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Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials
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Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 April 2023) | Viewed by 19369

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Davide Palumbo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polythecnic of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
Interests: fatigue; fracture mechanics; thermoelastic stress analysis; thermography; heat dissipations; mechanical characterisation of metals; mechanical characterisation of composites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rosa De Finis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanics Mathematics and Management (DMMM), Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
Interests: fatigue; thermal methods; fracture mechanics; innovative materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, composites are the best alternative to metals alloys in those applications where higher mechanical properties and lower weights are required.

Composites are, by their nature, lightweight and fatigue resistant materials. The possibility to tailor composite properties in synergistic fashion to meet a wide range of mechanical performances, makes these materials an interesting alternative for achieving consistent weight savings in primary structures.

As the composites industry develops new materials and processes, a fundamental issue that needs to be addressed is how designers will adapt to the opportunities that composites provide. In particular, guidelines are required for designers to understand damage mechanics, accumulation and mechanisms and the complex failure behavior of the structures with the aim of predicting damage, rely on a structural health monitoring and applying a damage tolerance approach. Mechanical characterisation, under fatigue and fracture mechanics testing point of views are principal topics of the present Special Issue.

The goal of the present Special Issue is to examine the recent contributions on this topic in order to improve the current knowledge on mechanical performance, damage processes and design rules for standard and new composites materials.

Researches focused on new advanced methods or techniques for the testing, analysing, monitoring the composite behaviour during fatigue or fracture mechanics loadings, will be accepted. Appealing researches based on energy released during fracture mechanics or assessment of endurance limit of new composites are well accepted together with researches focused on the characterisation and study of damage mechanisms of new composites (green composites, bio-composites….).

Dr. Davide Palumbo
Dr. Rosa De Finis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • fatigue
  • thermal methods
  • composites
  • fracture
  • damage
  • fatigue limit

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 182 KiB  
Editorial
Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials
by Davide Palumbo and Rosa De Finis
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237292 - 23 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1325
Abstract
Presently, composites are one of the top-of-the-range materials used in different industrial sectors and represent the best alternative to metal alloys in those applications where higher mechanical properties and lower weights are required [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

24 pages, 6781 KiB  
Article
Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Strain Rate and Interlaminar Shear Strength of Carbon/Epoxy Composites
by Paulo Santos, Abílio P. Silva and Paulo N. B. Reis
Materials 2023, 16(12), 4332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124332 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
The static bending properties, different strain rates and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) with two epoxy resins nano-enhanced with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are studied. The effect on ILSS behavior from aggressive environments, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), [...] Read more.
The static bending properties, different strain rates and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) with two epoxy resins nano-enhanced with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are studied. The effect on ILSS behavior from aggressive environments, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), water and temperature, are also analyzed. The laminates with Sicomin resin and 0.75 wt.% CNFs and with Ebalta resin with 0.5 wt.% CNFs show significant improvements in terms of bending stress and bending stiffness, up to 10%. The values of ILLS increase for higher values of strain rate, and in both resins, the nano-enhanced laminates with CNFs show better results to strain-rate sensitivity. A linear relationship between the logarithm of the strain rate was determined to predict the bending stress, bending stiffness, bending strain and ILSS for all laminates. The aggressive solutions significantly affect the ILSS, and their effects are strongly dependent on the concentration. Nevertheless, the alkaline solution promotes higher decreases in ILSS and the addition of CNFs is not beneficial. Regardless of the immersion in water or exposure to high temperatures a decrease in ILSS is observed, but, in this case, CNF content reduces the degradation of the laminates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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34 pages, 13301 KiB  
Article
An Extended Hydro-Mechanical Coupling Model Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics for Simulating Crack Propagation in Rocks under Hydraulic and Compressive Loads
by Dianrui Mu, Aiping Tang, Haigang Qu and Junjie Wang
Materials 2023, 16(4), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041572 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1762
Abstract
A seepage model based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) was developed for the seepage simulation of pore water in porous rock mass media. Then, the effectiveness of the seepage model was proved by a two-dimensional seepage benchmark example. Under the framework of SPH [...] Read more.
A seepage model based on smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) was developed for the seepage simulation of pore water in porous rock mass media. Then, the effectiveness of the seepage model was proved by a two-dimensional seepage benchmark example. Under the framework of SPH based on the total Lagrangian formula, an extended hydro-mechanical coupling model (EHM-TLF-SPH) was proposed to simulate the crack propagation and coalescence process of rock samples with prefabricated flaws under hydraulic and compressive loads. In the SPH program, the Lagrangian kernel was used to approximate the equations of motion of particles. Then, the influence of flaw water pressure on crack propagation and coalescence models of rock samples with single or two parallel prefabricated flaws was studied by two numerical examples. The simulation results agreed well with the test results, verifying the validity and accuracy of the EHM-TLF-SPH model. The results showed that with the increase in flaw water pressure, the crack initiation angle and stress of the wing crack decreased gradually. The crack initiation location of the wing crack moved to the prefabricated flaw tip, while the crack initiation location of the shear crack was far away from the prefabricated flaw tip. In addition, the influence of the permeability coefficient and flaw water pressure on the osmotic pressure was also investigated, which revealed the fracturing mechanism of hydraulic cracking engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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18 pages, 5766 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Internal Geometric Variability and Statistical Property Prediction of Braided Composites
by Wenli Li, Donghui Zhu, Wenqi Shao and Dong Jiang
Materials 2022, 15(15), 5332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155332 - 3 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1700
Abstract
Due to the advantages of high specific strength, specific stiffness, and excellent fatigue resistance, carbon fiber reinforced braided composites have been widely applied in engineering. Since the molding process of braided composites is complex and immature, substantial variability of the internal geometry exists [...] Read more.
Due to the advantages of high specific strength, specific stiffness, and excellent fatigue resistance, carbon fiber reinforced braided composites have been widely applied in engineering. Since the molding process of braided composites is complex and immature, substantial variability of the internal geometry exists in composites, in which the yarn path with uncertainty is a main factor, so it is necessary to establish an uncertainty model to study the influence of randomness of the yarn path on mechanical properties, which is significantly related to the fatigue resistance properties of composite. An uncertain mesoscopic model with uniform distribution of yarn paths is proposed. Assuming the yarn path is spatially varying in interval range, the variability of yarn path is represented geometrically in the unit cell of composite. The three-dimensional coordinates of the yarn trajectory are calculated, the meso-uncertainty models of 2-D and 2.5-D braided composites are established. The equivalent elastic parameters and the thermal expansion coefficients are obtained by applying homogenization method and temperature field boundary conditions to the mesoscopic model. The effect of yarn path uncertainty on the statistical characteristics of elastic and thermal parameters of braided composites was studied by using Monte-Carlo simulation. A simulation method for modeling yarn path uncertainty of braided composites is provided in this paper for predicting the statistical characteristics of the equivalent elastic and thermal parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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13 pages, 5188 KiB  
Article
CFRP Fatigue Damage Detection by Thermal Methods
by Marta De Giorgi, Riccardo Nobile and Fania Palano
Materials 2022, 15(11), 3787; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113787 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
In this work, the fatigue damage of CFRP uniaxial composite specimens were studied using thermal methods to determine the fatigue behavior. The aim was to evaluate the fatigue damage as a function of the number of cycles. Consequently, the damage process was studied [...] Read more.
In this work, the fatigue damage of CFRP uniaxial composite specimens were studied using thermal methods to determine the fatigue behavior. The aim was to evaluate the fatigue damage as a function of the number of cycles. Consequently, the damage process was studied in terms of a global indicator, considering the stiffness decay, and in terms of local parameters, considering the evolution of temperature maps acquired during the fatigue tests. A direct correlation between the damage index, corresponding to 90% of the fatigue life, and the temperature variation of the most stressed area was found. Another parameter taken into consideration was the heating rate during the application of the first thousands cycles. This parameter was proportional to the stress amplitude, making it a useful parameter since it refers to the initial part of the specimen fatigue life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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15 pages, 2775 KiB  
Article
Low- and High-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of FRCM Composites
by Angelo Savio Calabrese, Tommaso D’Antino, Pierluigi Colombi and Carlo Poggi
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185412 - 18 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2350
Abstract
This paper describes methods, procedures, and results of cyclic loading tensile tests of a PBO FRCM composite. The main objective of the research is the evaluation of the effect of low- and high-cycle fatigue on the composite tensile properties, namely the tensile strength, [...] Read more.
This paper describes methods, procedures, and results of cyclic loading tensile tests of a PBO FRCM composite. The main objective of the research is the evaluation of the effect of low- and high-cycle fatigue on the composite tensile properties, namely the tensile strength, ultimate tensile strain, and slope of the stress–strain curve. To this end, low- and high-cycle fatigue tests and post-fatigue tests were performed to study the composite behavior when subjected to cyclic loading and after being subjected to a different number of cycles. The results showed that the mean stress and amplitude of fatigue cycles affect the specimen behavior and mode of failure. In high-cycle fatigue tests, failure occurred due to progressive fiber filaments rupture. In low-cycle fatigue, the stress–strain response and failure mode were similar to those observed in quasi-static tensile tests. The results obtained provide important information on the fatigue behavior of PBO FRCM coupons, showing the need for further studies to better understand the behavior of existing concrete and masonry members strengthened with FRCM composites and subjected to cyclic loading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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16 pages, 16156 KiB  
Article
Fatigue Damage Evaluation of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Based on Thermoelastic Temperature Change and Second Harmonic Components of Thermal Signal
by Daiki Shiozawa, Takahide Sakagami, Yu Nakamura, Takato Tamashiro, Shinichi Nonaka, Kenichi Hamada and Tomoaki Shinchi
Materials 2021, 14(17), 4941; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174941 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1842
Abstract
Short fiber reinforced plastics (SFRPs) have excellent moldability and productivity compared to continuous fiber composites. In this study, thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) was applied to detect delamination defects in short carbon fiber reinforced plastics (SCFRPs). The thermoelastic temperature change ΔTE, [...] Read more.
Short fiber reinforced plastics (SFRPs) have excellent moldability and productivity compared to continuous fiber composites. In this study, thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) was applied to detect delamination defects in short carbon fiber reinforced plastics (SCFRPs). The thermoelastic temperature change ΔTE, phase of thermal signal θE, and second harmonic temperature component ΔTD were measured. In the fatigue test of SCFRP, it was confirmed that changes in ΔTE, θE, and ΔTD appeared in the damaged regions. A staircase-like stress level test for a SCFRP specimen was conducted to investigate the generation mechanism of the ΔTD. The distortion of the temperature change appeared at the maximum tension stress of the sinusoidal load—and when the stress level decreased, the temperature change returned to the original sinusoidal waveform. ΔTD changed according to the change in the maximum stress during the staircase-like stress level test, and a large value of ΔTD was observed in the final ruptured region. A distortion of the temperature change and ΔTD was considered to be caused by the change in stress sharing condition between the fiber and resin due to delamination damage. Therefore, ΔTD can be applied to the detection of delamination defects and the evaluation of damage propagation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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11 pages, 3156 KiB  
Article
Fatigue Life Improvement of Cracked Aluminum 6061-T6 Plates Repaired by Composite Patches
by Armin Yousefi, Saman Jolaiy, Reza Hedayati, Ahmad Serjouei and Mahdi Bodaghi
Materials 2021, 14(6), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061421 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3359
Abstract
Bonded patches are widely used in several industry sectors for repairing damaged plates, cracks in metallic structures, and reinforcement of damaged structures. Composite patches have optimal properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, easiness in being applied, and high flexibility. Due to recent rapid [...] Read more.
Bonded patches are widely used in several industry sectors for repairing damaged plates, cracks in metallic structures, and reinforcement of damaged structures. Composite patches have optimal properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio, easiness in being applied, and high flexibility. Due to recent rapid growth in the aerospace industry, analyses of adhesively bonded patches applicable to repairing cracked structures have become of great significance. In the present study, the fatigue behavior of the aluminum alloy, repaired by a double-sided glass/epoxy composite patch, is studied numerically. More specifically, the effect of applying a double-sided composite patch on the fatigue life improvement of a damaged aluminum 6061-T6 is analyzed. 3D finite element numerical modeling is performed to analyze the fatigue performance of both repaired and unrepaired aluminum plates using the Abaqus package. To determine the fatigue life of the aluminum 6061-T6 plate, first, the hysteresis loop is determined, and afterward, the plastic strain amplitude is calculated. Finally, by using the Coffin-Manson equation, fatigue life is predicted and validated against the available experimental data from the literature. Results reveal that composite patches increase the fatigue life of cracked structures significantly, ranging from 55% to 100% for different applied stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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18 pages, 5214 KiB  
Article
Estimation of the Dissipative Heat Sources Related to the Total Energy Input of a CFRP Composite by Using the Second Amplitude Harmonic of the Thermal Signal
by Rosa De Finis and Davide Palumbo
Materials 2020, 13(12), 2820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122820 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2009
Abstract
Theories for predicting the fatigue behaviour of composite laminates often make strong assumptions on the damage mechanisms that strongly depend on the designed laminate lay-up. In this regard, several physical and empirical models were proposed in the literature that generally require experimental validations. [...] Read more.
Theories for predicting the fatigue behaviour of composite laminates often make strong assumptions on the damage mechanisms that strongly depend on the designed laminate lay-up. In this regard, several physical and empirical models were proposed in the literature that generally require experimental validations. The experimental techniques, such as thermography, also provide useful tools for monitoring the behaviour of the specific material so, that they can be used to support the study of the damage mechanisms of materials. In this research, the second amplitude harmonic of the thermal signal has been investigated and used to assess the relationship with the total energy input in order to estimate the fatigue strength of the material. A thermal index was assessed by monitoring the constant amplitude tests (S/N curve) that were performed on a quasi-isotropic carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate obtained by the automated fibre placement process. The obtained results demonstrated the capability of the second amplitude harmonic of the thermal signal to describe and monitor the fatigue damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Composite Materials)
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