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Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques
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Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2022) | Viewed by 21994

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Valery Kulichikhin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Interests: polymer physical chemistry; colloid chemistry; rheology; polymer processing; fiber spinning; additive technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fiber spinning is one of the most complicated processes in the polymer processing area. First of all, it is connected with the preparation of very thin and weak filaments, their collection to threads (yarns), and the final processing to textile or technical fibers and fabrics. Fiber spinning from melts is easier than from polymer solutions, because when planning the subsequent processes, we need to overcome numerous issues connected with the choice of solvent, properties of solutions, and selection of spinning method (wet, dry–wet jet, and dry), including the spinneret geometry, nature of coagulant, washing, orientation, drying procedures, and so on. Using solution spinning liquids of different chemical compositions requires a detailed consideration of their regeneration and recuperation methods. The development of composite fibers is usually stipulated with combining one fiber in two or more polymers, coating the main fiber using a protective jacket, and introducing reinforcing or functional additives, such as disperse particles, fire retardants, biological additives, and others. Self-absorbable threads from polylactide, polyglycolide, and their copolymers, for use as surgical materials are also treated with a special coating that reduces the "sawing" effect when the material passes through the tissues, and also reduces the capillarity and fibrillation. In some cases, the solution method seems more attractive for preparing composite fibers because of the possibility of mixing two or more polymers in one fiber, to distribute uniformly solid or liquid additives at ambient conditions, to prepare reasonable precursors for carbon fibers. The most popular matter for precursors are cellulose or polyacrylonitrile fibers spun via solutions, as well as dopes that almost always contain additives. That is why preparing composite fibers requires knowledge of physical and colloid chemistry, thermodynamics, rheology, chemical technology, mechanics, and other branches of science.

All of these are the driving forces of the Special Issue of Materials.

Prof. Valery Kulichikhin
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Fiber spinning
  • Polymer processing
  • Polymer physical chemistry
  • Colloid chemistry
  • Rheology
  • Ccomposite Fibers
  • Functional additives

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 6925 KiB  
Article
Some Specifics of Defect-Free Poly-(o-aminophenylene)naphthoylenimide Fibers Preparation by Wet Spinning
by Ivan Y. Skvortsov, Valery G. Kulichikhin, Igor I. Ponomarev, Lydia A. Varfolomeeva, Mikhail S. Kuzin, Dmitry Y. Razorenov and Kirill M. Skupov
Materials 2022, 15(3), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030808 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1772
Abstract
A series of model experiments were carried out on drops of poly-(o-aminophenylene)naphthoylenimide (PANI-O) solutions in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) surrounded by a coagulant of different compositions as starting points of defect-free fibers spinning by the wet method. An influence of compositions of dopes and multicomponent [...] Read more.
A series of model experiments were carried out on drops of poly-(o-aminophenylene)naphthoylenimide (PANI-O) solutions in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) surrounded by a coagulant of different compositions as starting points of defect-free fibers spinning by the wet method. An influence of compositions of dopes and multicomponent coagulants on the diffusion kinetics and drop morphology during coagulation has been investigated. It is shown that the defining parameters of the coagulation process are viscoelastic properties of the polymer solution and the diffusion activity of the coagulant, meaning not only the rate of coagulation but also the presence/absence of macro defects in the resulting fiber. The optimal morphology of as-spun fibers is obtained by coagulation of solution in a three-component mixture containing solvent and two precipitants of different activity (water and ethanol). The chosen coagulating mixture was used for the fiber spinning of PANI-O with different molecular weights dopes, and fibers with sufficiently high strength (~250 MPa), moduli (~2.1 MPa), and elongation at break (50%) were obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques)
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13 pages, 20305 KiB  
Article
Biomimetic Scaffolds Obtained by Electrospinning of Collagen-Based Materials: Strategies to Hinder the Protein Denaturation
by Giorgia Montalbano, Clarissa Tomasina, Sonia Fiorilli, Sandra Camarero-Espinosa, Chiara Vitale-Brovarone and Lorenzo Moroni
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164360 - 4 Aug 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2852
Abstract
The use of biomaterials and scaffolds to boost bone regeneration is increasingly gaining interest as a complementary method to the standard surgical and pharmacological treatments in case of severe injuries and pathological conditions. In this frame, the selection of biomaterials and the accurate [...] Read more.
The use of biomaterials and scaffolds to boost bone regeneration is increasingly gaining interest as a complementary method to the standard surgical and pharmacological treatments in case of severe injuries and pathological conditions. In this frame, the selection of biomaterials and the accurate assessment of the manufacturing procedures are considered key factors in the design of constructs able to resemble the features of the native tissue and effectively induce specific cell responses. Accordingly, composite scaffolds based on type-I-collagen can mimic the composition of bone extracellular matrix (ECM), while electrospinning technologies can be exploited to produce nanofibrous matrices to resemble its architectural organization. However, the combination of collagen and electrospinning reported several complications due to the frequent denaturation of the protein and the variability of results according to collagen origin, concentration, and solvent. In this context, the strategies optimized in this study enabled the preparation of collagen-based electrospun scaffolds characterized by about 100 nm fibers, preserving the physico-chemical properties of the protein thanks to the use of an acetic acid-based solvent. Moreover, nanoparticles of mesoporous bioactive glasses were combined with the optimized collagen formulation, proving the successful design of composite scaffolds resembling the morphological features of bone ECM at the nanoscale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques)
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14 pages, 1948 KiB  
Article
Orientation and Aggregation of Polymer Chains in the Straight Electrospinning Jet
by Andrey Subbotin and Valery Kulichikhin
Materials 2020, 13(19), 4295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194295 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2199
Abstract
The dynamics of a straight section of a jet arising during the electrospinning of a polymer solution without entanglements, and the orientation of polymer chains in the jet were explored based on the analysis of the forces balance equation and the rheological equation [...] Read more.
The dynamics of a straight section of a jet arising during the electrospinning of a polymer solution without entanglements, and the orientation of polymer chains in the jet were explored based on the analysis of the forces balance equation and the rheological equation of the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic model. Two modes of the jet behavior were predicted. At relatively low volumetric flow rates, the straight jet has a limited length, after that, its rectilinear motion becomes impossible, while at higher flow rates, the jet always remains straightforward. It is shown that polymer chains in a jet can be strongly stretched, which leads to phase separation in a spinning solution. Aggregation of the stretched chains was also studied and the parameters of the emerging inhomogeneous structure were predicted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques)
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19 pages, 5418 KiB  
Article
A Role of Coagulant in Structure Formation of Fibers and Films Spun from Cellulose Solutions
by Valery Kulichikhin, Igor Makarov, Maria Mironova, Lyudmila Golova, Markel Vinogradov, Georgiy Shandryuk, Ivan Levin and Natalia Arkharova
Materials 2020, 13(16), 3495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163495 - 7 Aug 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3458
Abstract
Replacing the aqueous coagulation bath with an alcoholic one during spinning cellulose fibers (films) from solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide leads to a radical restructuring of the hydrogen bonds net of cellulose and, as a result, to a change in the structure [...] Read more.
Replacing the aqueous coagulation bath with an alcoholic one during spinning cellulose fibers (films) from solutions in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide leads to a radical restructuring of the hydrogen bonds net of cellulose and, as a result, to a change in the structure and properties of the resulting material. By the method of optical interferometry, it was possible to identify the intrinsic features of the interaction of the solvent and isomeric alcohols and to construct phase diagrams of binary systems describing the crystalline equilibrium. Knowledge of the phase states of the system at different temperatures renders it possible to exclude the process of solvent crystallization and conduct the spinning in pseudo-homogeneous conditions. The structure and morphology of samples were studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy methods for a specific coagulant. When the solution under certain conditions is coagulated at contact with alcohol, the solvent may be in a glassy state, whereas, when at coagulation in water, an amorphous-crystalline structure is formed. The structural features of cellulose films obtained by coagulation of solutions with water and alcohols help to select potential engineering or functional materials (textile, packaging, membranes, etc.), in which their qualities will manifest to the best extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques)
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18 pages, 3965 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Synthetic Procedure of Acrylonitrile–Acrylic Acid Copolymers on Rheological Properties of Solutions and Features of Fiber Spinning
by Ivan Y. Skvortsov, Elena V. Chernikova, Valery G. Kulichikhin, Lydia A. Varfolomeeva, Mikhail S. Kuzin, Roman V. Toms and Nikolay I. Prokopov
Materials 2020, 13(16), 3454; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13163454 - 5 Aug 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2740
Abstract
The influence of introducing acrylic acid (AA) into the reaction mixture with acrylonitrile at the synthesis of copolymers by free-radical polymerization (FRP) and radical polymerization with reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) on the rheological properties of their solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide, as well [...] Read more.
The influence of introducing acrylic acid (AA) into the reaction mixture with acrylonitrile at the synthesis of copolymers by free-radical polymerization (FRP) and radical polymerization with reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) on the rheological properties of their solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide, as well as on the capability to spin fibers by the mechanotropic method, is analyzed. The influence of AA dosing conditions on the rheological properties of the solutions in the concentration range above the crossover point was not revealed. In the case of RAFT synthesis, the rheological properties differ distinctively in the high concentration region that is expressed by unusual viscoelastic characteristics. Dilute solution viscometry revealed the influence of the comonomer loading order on the interaction intensity of the copolymer macromolecules with a solvent, which is more pronounced for samples synthesized by FRP and can be associated with the copolymers’ molecular structure. Fiber spinning from solutions of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers (PAN) synthesized by the RAFT method was not able to achieve a high degree of orientation drawing, while for polymers with a wider molecular weight distribution synthesized by FRP, it was possible to realize large stretches, which led to high-quality fibers with strength values up to 640 MPa and elongation at a break of 20%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques)
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11 pages, 6230 KiB  
Article
New Approach to Preparation of Heat-Resistant “Lola-M” Fiber
by Igor I. Ponomarev, Ivan Y. Skvortsov, Yulia A. Volkova, Ivan I. Ponomarev, Lydia A. Varfolomeeva, Dmitry Y. Razorenov, Kirill M. Skupov, Mikhail S. Kuzin and Olga A. Serenko
Materials 2019, 12(21), 3490; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213490 - 25 Oct 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2166
Abstract
A new approach to the synthesis of polynaphthoylenebenzimidazoles and heat resistant fiber spinning has been developed using an environmentally friendly and energy efficient method, which operates with solutions of pre-polymers based on 3,3’,4,4’-tetraaminodiphenyl ether and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride in N-methylpyrrolidone. Rheological properties of [...] Read more.
A new approach to the synthesis of polynaphthoylenebenzimidazoles and heat resistant fiber spinning has been developed using an environmentally friendly and energy efficient method, which operates with solutions of pre-polymers based on 3,3’,4,4’-tetraaminodiphenyl ether and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride in N-methylpyrrolidone. Rheological properties of polymer reaction solutions and appropriate coagulant mixtures were investigated for further wet spinning process. The coagulation process was investigated through microscopic observation of solution droplets which imitate jet/fiber cross section surrounded with coagulants of different composition. For the case of the most optimal viscoelastic properties of dopes the best coagulant was found to be a ternary mixture ethanol/water/NMP (20/10/70). Fibers were prepared through the wet spinning from pre-polymers of various molecular weight characterized by intrinsic viscosity. As a result, complex yarns were spun, and their morphology was characterized and mechanical properties were measured. The strength of ~300 MPa and elastic modulus of ~2 GPa and elongation at break of ~20% were reached for the best fibers at average diameter of ~20 µm. After heat treatment “Lola-M” fibers do not burn and do not support combustion in open flame. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques)
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Review

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37 pages, 5670 KiB  
Review
Lignin-Based High-Performance Fibers by Textile Spinning Techniques
by Yanhong Jin, Jiaxian Lin, Yu Cheng and Chunhong Lu
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3378; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123378 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5307
Abstract
As a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin is one of the largest natural resources of biopolymers and, thus, an abundant and renewable raw material for products, such as high-performance fibers for industrial applications. Direct conversion of lignin has long been investigated, but [...] Read more.
As a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin is one of the largest natural resources of biopolymers and, thus, an abundant and renewable raw material for products, such as high-performance fibers for industrial applications. Direct conversion of lignin has long been investigated, but the fiber spinning process for lignin is difficult and the obtained fibers exhibit unsatisfactory mechanical performance mainly due to the amorphous chemical structure, low molecular weight of lignin, and broad molecular weight distribution. Therefore, different textile spinning techniques, modifications of lignin, and incorporation of lignin into polymers have been and are being developed to increase lignin’s spinnability and compatibility with existing materials to yield fibers with better mechanical performance. This review presents the latest advances in the textile fabrication techniques, modified lignin-based high-performance fibers, and their potential in the enhancement of the mechanical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Spinning: Materials & Techniques)
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