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Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials
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Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2023) | Viewed by 12964

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alessio Zanza

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University, University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
Interests: restorative dentistry; clinical dentistry; aesthetic dentistry; endodontics; root canal treatment; adhesion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Shankargouda Patil

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Oral Pathology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Interests: oral cancer; oral pathology; oral diseases; oral biology; maxillofacial abnormalities; periodontics and oral pathology; oral medicine
Dr. Rodolfo Reda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University, University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
Interests: dental imaging; prosthodontic; implant surgery; endodontics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, the fields of endodontics and restorative dentistry have thoroughly changed thanks to remarkable advances and innovation both in terms of technologies and materials. Since the introduction of nickel-titanium alloy as the material of choice for the manufacturing of endodontic rotary instrument, the percentage of positive outcomes of root canal treatments has increased. This is fundamentally due to the greater mechanical and metallurgical performance of instruments that has led to more efficient, predictable, and conservative shaping of endodontic systems. Since the 2000s, the development of technologies and materials has never stopped, guaranteeing to endodontists several instruments with innovative design and heat treatments. However, improvements are still in progress, and in-depth knowledge of mechanical and metallurgical properties of innovative instruments is required. In addition to the shaping, the concept of obturation of root canal systems is also changing. Regarding this, special attention should be given to the recently introduced bioactive materials (calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers) that release growth factors and form hydroxyapatite-like layers when they come into contact with tissue fluids. Moreover, biomaterial compositions have been investigated for different therapeutic applications, such as regenerative endodontic treatment and endodontic surgery, thanks to their enhanced biological properties, such as cytocompatibility and differentiation of multipotent stem cells.

In accordance with this, the Special Issue will include (but not be limited to) mechanical and metallurgical properties of NiTi endodontic and hydraulic-calcium-silicate-based instruments for obturation, pulp capping, and regenerative and surgical endodontic procedures. Moreover, since endodontic therapies must be followed by proper post-endodontic restoration, attention should be also focused on the mechanical and biological aspects of restorative materials, giving particular attention to the relationship between materials, preparation, and fracture percentage of endodontically treated teeth.

Dr. Alessio Zanza
Dr. Shankargouda Patil
Dr. Rodolfo Reda
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adhesive dentistry
  • bioactive materials
  • calcium silicate-based sealer
  • endodontics
  • irrigation
  • nickel-titanium alloy
  • post-endodontic restoration
  • restorative dentistry
  • root canal treatments

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 190 KiB  
Editorial
Future Trends in Endodontics: How Could Materials Increase the Long-Term Outcome of Root Canal Therapies?
by Alessio Zanza, Rodolfo Reda, Francesco Pagnoni and Shankargouda Patil
Materials 2022, 15(10), 3473; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103473 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1345
Abstract
The goals of endodontic therapies are the prevention or the elimination of apical periodontitis of endodontic origin, ensuring the stability of results over time in order to avoid the recurrence of the disease and preventing teeth from requiring extraction [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

9 pages, 1223 KiB  
Article
Effect of Rotational Modes on Torque/Force Generation and Canal Centering Ability during Rotary Root Canal Instrumentation with Differently Heat-Treated Nickel–Titanium Instruments
by Satoshi Omori, Arata Ebihara, Keiko Hirano, Yuka Kasuga, Hayate Unno, Taro Nakatsukasa, Shunsuke Kimura, Keiichiro Maki, Takao Hanawa and Takashi Okiji
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6850; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196850 - 2 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1579
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate how various rotational modes influence the torque/force production and shaping ability of ProTaper Universal (PTU; non-heat-treated) and ProTaper Gold (PTG; heat-treated) nickel–titanium instruments. J-shaped resin canals were instrumented with PTU or PTG using an automated instrumentation device operated [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate how various rotational modes influence the torque/force production and shaping ability of ProTaper Universal (PTU; non-heat-treated) and ProTaper Gold (PTG; heat-treated) nickel–titanium instruments. J-shaped resin canals were instrumented with PTU or PTG using an automated instrumentation device operated with reciprocating rotation [150° clockwise and 30° counterclockwise (R150/30) or 240° clockwise and 120° counterclockwise (R240/120)], optimum torque reverse motion (OTR), or continuous rotation (CR) (n = 10 each). Maximum force and torque were recorded, and canal centering ratios were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA and a Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). The results were considered with reference to previous studies on the microstructure of the instruments. The upward force generated by R240/120 and OTR was smaller than that generated by R150/30 and CR in PTG (p < 0.05). The clockwise torque produced by OTR was lower than that produced by R150/30 in PTU and R240/120 and CR in PTG (p < 0.05). R240/120 and OTR induced less canal deviation compared to CR in PTU at 0 mm from the apex (p < 0.05). In conclusion, R240/120 and OTR reduced the screw-in force in PTG and improved the canal centering ability in PTU, which may be associated with the heat treatment-induced microstructural difference of the two instruments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials)
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14 pages, 1058 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Different Final Irrigation Procedures on Enterococcus faecalis Infected Root Canals: An In Vitro Evaluation
by Sanda Ileana Cîmpean, Ioana-Sofia Pop-Ciutrila, Sebastian-Roberto Matei, Ioana Alina Colosi, Carmen Costache, Gheorghe Zsolt Nicula, Iulia Clara Badea and Loredana Colceriu Burtea
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196688 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2497
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of three final irrigation protocols and to compare their ability to remove the smear layer and debris from the root canal. Methods: Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 14 days. The [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of three final irrigation protocols and to compare their ability to remove the smear layer and debris from the root canal. Methods: Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 14 days. The teeth were divided into a positive control group (N = 3) and three treatment groups (N = 20) as follows: final irrigation with saline solution (control group), irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl ultrasonically activated with EndoUltra (EU), standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1 (Qx) and irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl activated using SiroLaser Blue (SB). The bacterial load was evaluated by analyzing the colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Selected specimens were split longitudinally and examined using scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the presence of a smear layer and debris. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test. Results: Activation of NaOCl with EndoUltra or SiroLaser Blue was superior at reducing intracanal bacteria relative to standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1 solution (p < 0.05). Even though SiroLaser Blue showed the best results for removing the smear layer and debris, no significant differences were detected between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Final irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl ultrasonically activated using EndoUltra or SiroLaser Blue demonstrated a higher efficacy in bacterial reduction than standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials)
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13 pages, 2227 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Importance of the Motion Used in the Resistance of Different Mechanical Instrumentation Systems in Endodontics: A Comparative Study
by Jesús Mena-Álvarez, Manuel Almanzor-López, Norberto Quispe-López, Ana De Pedro-Muñoz and Cristina Rico-Romano
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134443 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1580
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue strength of different reciprocating rotary systems depending on the movement used. Methods: Four study groups were analyzed (n = 30): (1) Reciproc®, (2) Reciproc Blue®, (3) [...] Read more.
Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue strength of different reciprocating rotary systems depending on the movement used. Methods: Four study groups were analyzed (n = 30): (1) Reciproc®, (2) Reciproc Blue®, (3) Wave One Gold® and (4) Procodile®. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the motion used: (A) Reflex Dynamic® (n = 10), (B) ReFlex Smart® (n = 10) and (C) conventional reciprocating motion (n = 10). They were used in a dynamic cyclic fatigue prototype until their fracture, and the time was measured in seconds. The results obtained were analyzed with the ANOVA method, and for two-to-two comparisons, the Tukey method and Weibull statistics were used. Results: Procodile ReFlex Smart had the longest time to failure, and statistically significant differences were found between Procodile ReFlex Smart and the other files and motions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Smart motions increase cyclic fatigue strength. ReFlex Smart® motion increases the cyclic fatigue strength of reciprocating rotary systems, and Procodile® ReFlex Smart was the most resistant system file. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials)
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10 pages, 2327 KiB  
Article
Load-to-Failure Resistance and Optical Characteristics of Nano-Lithium Disilicate Ceramic after Different Aging Processes
by Mustafa Borga Donmez, Emin Orkun Olcay and Münir Demirel
Materials 2022, 15(11), 4011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15114011 - 5 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2297
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the load-to-failure resistance and optical properties of nano-lithium disilicate (NLD) with lithium disilicate (LDS) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) in different aging processes. Thirty crowns were milled from NLD, LDS, and ZLS (n = 10). [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to compare the load-to-failure resistance and optical properties of nano-lithium disilicate (NLD) with lithium disilicate (LDS) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) in different aging processes. Thirty crowns were milled from NLD, LDS, and ZLS (n = 10). All crowns were subjected to thermomechanical aging and loaded until catastrophic failure. Ten specimens from each material were prepared in two different thicknesses (0.7 mm and 1.5 mm, n = 5), and color coordinates were measured before and after coffee thermocycling. Color differences (ΔE00) and relative translucency parameter (RTP) were calculated. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA and Bonferroni-corrected t-tests (α = 0.05). ZLS had the highest load-to-failure resistance (p ≤ 0.002), while the difference between LDS and NLD was nonsignificant (p = 0.776). The interaction between material type and thickness affected ΔE00 (p < 0.001). Among the 0.7 mm thick specimens, ZLS had the lowest ΔE00 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 1.5 mm thick ZLS had lower ΔE00 than that of 1.5 mm thick LDS (p = 0.036). Other than ZLS (p = 0.078), 0.7 mm thick specimens had higher ΔE00 (p < 0.001). The interaction between material type, thickness, and thermocycling affected RTP (p < 0.001). Thinner specimens presented higher RTP (p < 0.001). NLD and LDS had higher RTP than ZLS (p ≤ 0.036). However, 0.7 mm thick specimens had similar RTP after coffee thermocycling (p ≥ 0.265). Coffee thermocycling reduced the RTP values of 0.7 mm thick NLD (p = 0.032) and LDS (p = 0.008). NLD may endure the occlusal forces present in the posterior region. However, long-term coffee consumption may impair the esthetics of restorations particularly when thin NLD is used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials)
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11 pages, 13481 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of the New Generation RACE EVO and R-Motion Nickel–Titanium Instruments
by Fatima Betul Basturk, Taha Özyürek, Gülşah Uslu and Mustafa Gündoğar
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093330 - 6 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2759
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the dynamic cyclic fatigue, torsional and bending resistance of two novel RACE EVO (FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland) and R-Motion (FKG) nickel–titanium instruments with traditional RaCe (FKG) instruments. RACE EVO, R-Motion and RaCe [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the dynamic cyclic fatigue, torsional and bending resistance of two novel RACE EVO (FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland) and R-Motion (FKG) nickel–titanium instruments with traditional RaCe (FKG) instruments. RACE EVO, R-Motion and RaCe instruments with a size of 25 and taper of 0.06 were used. A dynamic cyclic fatigue test was used to assess the time to fracture. The fractured surfaces were further analyzed using scanning electron microscopy at ×350 and ×3000 magnifications. A torsional resistance test was performed to measure the maximum torsional strength and angle of rotation. Phase transformations with temperature were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry. The results were statistically analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test at a 5% significance level. R-Motion had the highest time to fracture and the lowest torsional and bending resistance, whereas RaCe had the lowest time to fracture and the highest torsional and bending resistance (p < 0.05). In relation to the angle of rotation, RACE EVO instruments had the highest deformation capacity followed by R-Motion and RaCe instruments (p < 0.05). The greater cyclic fatigue resistance and lower torsional and bending resistance results indicate that the novel R-Motion and RACE EVO instruments are less rigid and more flexible than RaCe instruments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behavior of Endodontic & Restorative Materials)
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