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Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2023) | Viewed by 16586

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jozef Dobránsky

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies with a Seat in Presov, Technical University of Kosice, Sturova 31, 080 01 Presov, Slovak Republic
Interests: materials for automotive industry; mechanical engineering; composite materials; plastics recycling; cataphoretic painting

Dr. Luboš Běhálek

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic
Interests: properties of plastics and polymer composites; study of the structure of polymer systems; research of biopolymer composites, quality and stability management of plastics processing production processes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, it is specific to the development and application of new advanced materials in all industries. We discover new materials that can replace other obsolete materials with their properties. These materials are more environmentally friendly and reusable. This has a major impact on the supply chain in all industries. Testing is important for the development and application of new progressive materials in industry. By testing the properties of new progressive materials, we can specify and verify their properties. At the same time, we need to acquire knowledge for their possible further processing.

This special issue focuses on the development, testing, processing, and application of new advanced materials for all industries. It creates space for new knowledge, which will be the driving force for the development of other new progressive materials.

I cordially invite you to send a contribution to this issue, whose topics include:

Development of new progressive materials
Testing of new progressive materials
Processing of new progressive materials
Waste material recycling
Additive technologies
Metrology in industry
Surface treatment of materials

Dr. Jozef Dobránsky
Dr. Luboš Běhálek
Guest Editors

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Keywords

new progressive materials
composite materials
materials processing
materials testing
materials recycling
additive technology
metrology
3d printing
surface treatment of materials

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Recycled Tetrapak and Doped Titanyl/Vanadyl Phthalocyanine to Make Solid-State Devices

by María Elena Sánchez Vergara, Emiliano Toledo Dircio, Luis Alberto Cantera Cantera, Lourdes Bazán-Diaz and Roberto Salcedo

Materials 2024, 17(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020309 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1192

Abstract

In this work we studied the semiconductor behavior of titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) and vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc), doped with anthraflavic acid and deposited on Tetrapak/graphite as flexible electrodes. The molecular structure was approached using the density functional theory and astonishingly, it was found that the structure and electronic behavior can change depending on the metal in the phthalocyanine. Experimentally, the Root Mean Square was found to be 124 and 151 nm for the VOPc-Anthraflavine and TiOPc-Anthraflavine films, respectively, and the maximum stress was 8.58 MPa for the film with VOPc. The TiOPc-Anthraflavine film presents the smallest fundamental gap of 1.81 eV and 1.98 eV for indirect and direct transitions, respectively. Finally, the solid-state devices were fabricated, and the electrical properties were examined. The tests showed that the current–voltage curves of the devices on Tetrapak and VOPc-Anthraflavine on a rigid substrate exhibit the same current saturation behavior at 10 mA, which is achieved for different voltage values. Since the current–voltage curves of the TiOPc-Anthraflavine on a rigid substrate presents a defined diode model behavior, it was approximated by nonlinear least squares, and it has been determined that the threshold voltage of the sample for the different lighting conditions is between 0.6 and 0.8 volts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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20 pages, 7360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research of the Pre-Processing Strategy Influence on the Tribological Properties of PEI Processed by Fused Filament Fabrication Technology

by Gerhard Mitaľ, Ivan Gajdoš and Emil Spišák

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4527; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134527 - 22 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1013

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) layer generation strategies on abrasive wear resistance and compare the material loss of PEI (polyetherimide) plastic specimens based on different specimen building strategies. The study also compares a newly proposed path generation strategy (parallel paths in layers with 0.25 mm displacement of alternate layers) with samples from a previous study where samples were printed without displacement of alternate layers, i.e., layers stacked perpendicularly to each other. The primary focus was on the weight loss due to abrasive wear before and after the test. The tests were conducted on a tribometer constructed according to ASTM G65/16 standards using dry sand. Two printing directions were examined: X (longitudinal) and Z (portrait) orientations. For X construction, three orientations of deposition path generation were utilized, resulting in three samples for each orientation (nine samples in total for X construction). The same approach was applied to Z construction, resulting in another nine samples. In total, 18 samples were produced and tested. The deposited infill path width was 0.5 mm, and the layer thickness used in printing was 0.254 mm. Garnet abrasive Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃ was employed in this test. Analysis of the experimental data revealed a relationship between the construction method (X and Z orientations) and the variation in different orientations (1X–3X and 1Z–3Z). The research results can be categorized as overall and partial. The overall results indicate poorer wear resistance for 1X–3X and 1Z–3Z specimens, while the partial results illustrate the findings within each individual specimen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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16 pages, 4053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Cross-Linked Polyamide 6 Micro-Indentation Properties: TAIC Concentration and Electron Radiation Intensity

by Martin Ovsik, Michal Stanek and Martin Bednarik

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062391 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

Nowadays, technical practice puts emphasis on improving selected material properties of polymers which could lead to new applications. Material properties can be modified in numerous ways, among which is radiation treatment. This study looks into the influence of beta radiation on several properties of polyamide 6, e.g., indentation hardness, modulus and creep. Main changeable parameters were the concentration of triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), which promotes cross-linking, and intensity of radiation. The concentration was in the range from 2 to 6 wt.%, while the radiation dose was 0, 66, 99 and 132 kGy. The treated materials were measured for indentation hardness, modulus and creep. Degree of cross-linking was verified by thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), while degradation processes was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that electron radiation positively affects the tested material properties. The best results were seen in polyamide with 6 wt.% of TAIC, which demonstrated a 38% improvement in mechanical properties after exposure to 132 kGy. This improvement in properties affects the final parts and their application (e.g., in the automotive industry—engine parts; in electrical engineering—insulation of wires and cables; and in industry—pipes for underfloor heating, etc.). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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26 pages, 21504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Residual Stresses in Seamed Pipe in Dependence on Welding and Metal Forming

by Pavel Solfronk, Jiří Sobotka, Šárka Bukovská and Josef Bradáč

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062256 - 10 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

Concerning the increasingly widespread utilization of the finite element method (FEM), the concept of the so-called virtual factory is also gaining ground, and not only in the engineering industry. This approach does not use numerical simulations of individual production technologies separately but treats the entire production process as a chain of interrelated technologies. Thus, the output data from one technology is taken as input data for the following technology. The resulting thermal and mechanical effects are then not only dealt with within one technology but always comprehensively within the production process. In the consideration of the loading and subsequent service lives of manufactured components, values of residual stresses are one of the very important characteristics. For these reasons, this paper deals with the effect of residual stresses’ magnitude and distribution during the formation and the final springback of the seamed pipe end section with and without respect to the influence of the preceding welding. The resulting residual stress values from numerical simulations are subsequently compared with the actual values of residual stresses experimentally measured using X-ray diffraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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17 pages, 35695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eutectic In Situ Modification of Polyamide 12 Processed through Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion

by Samuel Schlicht and Dietmar Drummer

Materials 2023, 16(5), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052050 - 1 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) of polymers allows for the additive manufacturing of dense components with high mechanical properties. Due to inherent limitations of present material systems suitable for LPBF of polymers and required high processing temperatures, the present paper investigates the in situ modification of material systems using powder blending of p-aminobenzoic acid and aliphatic polyamide 12, followed by subsequent laser-based additive manufacturing. Prepared powder blends exhibit a considerable reduction of required processing temperatures dependent on the fraction of p-aminobenzoic acid, allowing for the processing of polyamide 12 at a build chamber temperature of 141.5 °C. An elevated fraction of 20 wt% of p-aminobenzoic acid allows for obtaining a considerably increased elongation at break of 24.65% ± 2.87 while exhibiting a reduced ultimate tensile strength. Thermal investigations demonstrate the influence of the thermal material history on thermal properties, associated with the suppression of low-melting crystalline fractions, yielding amorphous material properties of the previously semi-crystalline polymer. Based on complementary infrared spectroscopic analysis, the increased presence of secondary amides can be observed, indicating the influence of both covalently bound aromatic groups and hydrogen-bound supramolecular structures on emerging material properties. The presented approach represents a novel methodology for the energy-efficient in situ preparation of eutectic polyamides, potentially allowing for the manufacturing of tailored material systems with adapted thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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19 pages, 12794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Physical Properties and Crystallization Kinetics of Biocomposite Films Based on PLLA and Spent Coffee Grounds

by Jan Novák, Luboš Běhálek, Martin Borůvka and Petr Lenfeld

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8912; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248912 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2058

Abstract

In the context of today’s needs for environmental sustainability, it is important to develop new materials that are based on renewable resources and biodegrade at the end of their life. Bioplastics reinforced by agricultural waste have the potential to cause a revolution in many industrial applications. This paper reports the physical properties and crystallization kinetics of biocomposite films based on poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and 10 wt.% of spent coffee grounds (SCG). To enhance adhesion between the PLLA matrix and SCG particles, a compatibilizing agent based on itaconic anhydride (IA)-grafted PLLA (PLLA-g-IA) was prepared by reactive extrusion using dicumyl peroxide (DCP). Furthermore, due to the intended application of the film in the packaging industry, the organic plasticizer acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) is used to improve processing and increase ductility. The crystallization behavior and thermal properties were observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Crystallinity degree increased from 3,5 (neat PLLA) up to 48% (PLLA/PLLA-g-IA/ATBC/SCG) at the highest cooling rate. The physical properties were evaluated by tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The combination of the compatibilizer, SCG, and ATBC led to a synergistic effect that positively influenced the supramolecular structure, internal damping, and overall ductility of the composite films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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18 pages, 8420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Use of Technological Waste and the Simulation of Material Lifetime on the Unnotched Impact Strength of Two Different Polymer Composites

by Jozef Dobránsky, Miroslav Gombár and Tomáš Stejskal

Materials 2022, 15(23), 8516; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238516 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1413

Abstract

The article deals with the assessment of the impact of technological polymer waste resulting from plastic injection technology and the subsequent simulation of the lifetime of polymer products on the impact strength of two different polymer composites. Two different types of polymer composites used to produce plastic parts in the automotive industry were chosen for the research. Based on the evaluation of the PBT composite before exposing the specimens to elevated temperature, it can be concluded that the concentration of the recycled material in the virgin material only affects the values of the unnotched impact strength of the PBT composite when the recycled material accounts for at least 50 wt.%. The results of the unnotched impact strength of the test specimens exposed at 150 °C/500 h make it evident that the addition of recycled material to the virgin material significantly reduces the components’ service lives. The same trend could be observed with the second tested composite material, PPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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18 pages, 7120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fe–Al–Si-Type Iron Aluminides: On the Strengthening by Refractory Metals Borides

by Věra Vodičková, Martin Švec, Pavel Hanus, Šárka Bukovská and Petra Pazourková Prokopčáková

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207189 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1347

Abstract

The effect of boron addition into Fe–28Al–5Si–X (X = -, 2Mo, or 2Ti) on the structure and high-temperature yield stress was investigated. Generally, the alloying of binary Fe₃Al-type iron aluminides by silicon significantly improves high-temperature mechanical properties by solid-solution strengthening. On the other hand, the workability and ductile properties at room or slightly elevated temperatures get worse with the increasing silicon content. Boron alloying together with titanium or molybdenum alloying is one of the ways to improve the workability of this type of alloy and, at the same time, ensure the formation of a sufficient amount of secondary phase particles required for effective strengthening. In this paper, the influence of 1 at. % of boron on high-temperature yield stress is evaluated in response to structural changes and compared with results obtained previously on the same type of alloy (Fe–28Al–5Si–2X, X= -, Mo, or Ti) but without boron alloying. It can be concluded that the network structure of borides of refractory metals formed due to boron alloying works more effectively for alloy hardening at higher temperatures than a mixture of silicides and carbides present in the boron-free alloy of the same composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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14 pages, 6226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Influence of Two Types of Plasma Treatment of Short Carbon Fibers on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with These Treated Fibers

by Jana Novotná, Martin Kormunda, Jakub Perner and Blanka Tomková

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15186290 - 9 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1779

Abstract

The interfacial interface between fibers and matrix plays a key role for epoxy matrix composites and short recycled randomly arranged fibers. This study used short recycled carbon fiber (RCF) as a filler. Plasma treatment was used for carbon fiber surface treatment. This treatment was performed using radio (RF) and microwave (MW) frequencies at the same pressure and atmosphere. Appropriate chemical modification of the fiber surfaces helps to improve the wettability of the carbon fibers and, at the same time, allows the necessary covalent bonds to form between fibers and the epoxy matrix. The effect of the plasma treatment was analyzed and confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and wettability measurements. Composite samples filled with recycled carbon fibers with low concentrations (1 wt%, 2.5 wt% and 5 wt%) and high concentrations (20 wt% and 30 wt%) were made from selected treated fibers. The mechanical properties (impact toughness, 3PB) were analyzed on these samples. It was found that the modulus of elasticity and bending stress increase with the increasing content of recycled carbon fibers. A more significant change in impact strength occurred in samples with low concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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21 pages, 24884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Materials Based on Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Containing Copolymers with Ferromagnetic Fillers

by Oleksandr Grytsenko, Ludmila Dulebova, Emil Spišák and Bohdan Berezhnyy

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5183; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155183 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

The article investigates the peculiarities of the effect of ferromagnetic fillers (FMFs) of various natures (Ni, Co, Fe, FeCo, SmCo₅) on the formation of the structure and properties of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) copolymers. The composites were characterized using FTIR-spectroscopy, SEM, DMTA, magnetometry of vibrating samples, specific electrical resistivity studies, and mechanical and thermophysical studies. The formation of a grafted spatially crosslinked copolymer (pHEMA-gr-PVP) was confirmed and it was established that the FMF introduction of only 10 wt.% into the copolymer formulation increased the degree of crosslinking of the polymer network by three times. The surface hardness of composites increased by 20–25%. However, the water content decreased by 16–18% and lay within 42–43 wt.%, which is a relatively high number. The heat resistance of dry composites was characterized by Vicat softening temperature, which was 39–42 °C higher compared to the unfilled material. It was established that the obtained composites were characterized by a coercive force of 200 kA × m⁻¹ and induction of a magnetic field at the poles of 4–5 mT and 10–15 mT, respectively. The introduction of FMF particles into pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers, which, in the dry state, are dielectrics, provides them with electrical conductivity, which was evaluated by the specific volume resistance. Depending on the FMF nature and content, as well as their orientation in the magnetic field, the resistance of filled materials could be regulated within 10²–10⁶ Ohm·m. Therefore, the modification of HEMA with PVP copolymers by ferromagnetic fillers of various natures provides the possibility of obtaining materials with unique predicted properties and expands the fields of their use, for instance as magnetic sorbents for various applications, as well as the possibilities associated with their being electrically conductive materials that can respond by changing of electrical conductivity, depending on various factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application, Processing, and Testing of New Progressive Materials)

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