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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes
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Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 24723

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Alain Lozniewski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Lorraine, Nancy, Lorraine, France
Interests: anaerobic bacteria; clinical microbiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent technological developments and their widespread dissemination, which have allowed a better identification and characterization of anaerobic bacteria, have led to the discovery of new species, most often originating from human microbiota and behaving as opportunistic pathogens. These developments have also made it possible to better understand the role of anaerobic bacteria, including that of recently described anaerobic species, in human diseases. In addition, a better characterization of anaerobes involved in human infections has also contributed to increase our knowledge around antibiotic resistance among anaerobes.

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather state-of-the art works on the involvement of anaerobic bacteria in human infections, including original research aiming to characterize bacterial factors that allow clinically relevant anaerobes to persist in various ecological niches and microbiota, cause infections, and develop resistance to antibiotics.

Prof. Alain Lozniewski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • anaerobic bacteria
  • human infections
  • clinically relevant anaerobes

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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9 pages, 476 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci Responsible for Human Invasive Infections
by François Guérin, Loren Dejoies, Nicolas Degand, Hélène Guet-Revillet, Frédéric Janvier, Stéphane Corvec, Olivier Barraud, Thomas Guillard, Violaine Walewski, Emmanuelle Gallois, Vincent Cattoir and on behalf of the GMC Study Group
Microorganisms 2021, 9(8), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081665 - 4 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5430
Abstract
The aim of this multicentre study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility to anti-anaerobic antibiotics of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) isolates responsible for invasive infections in humans. A total of 133 GPAC isolates were collected in nine French hospitals from 2016 to [...] Read more.
The aim of this multicentre study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility to anti-anaerobic antibiotics of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) isolates responsible for invasive infections in humans. A total of 133 GPAC isolates were collected in nine French hospitals from 2016 to 2020. All strains were identified to the species level (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 16S rRNA sequencing). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, imipenem, clindamycin, vancomycin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, and metronidazole were determined by the reference agar dilution method. Main erm-like genes were detected by PCR. The 133 GPAC isolates were identified as follows: 10 Anaerococcus spp., 49 Finegoldia magna, 33 Parvimonas micra, 30 Peptoniphilus spp., and 11 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius. All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, vancomycin (except 3 P. micra), linezolid and metronidazole. All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin and piperacillin, except for P. anaerobius (54% and 45% susceptibility only, respectively). MICs of cefotaxime widely varied while activity of rifampicin, and moxifloxacin was also variable. Concerning clindamycin, 31 were categorized as resistant (22 erm(A) subclass erm(TR), 7 erm(B), 1 both genes and 1 negative for tested erm genes) with MICs from 8 to >32 mg/L. Although GPACs are usually susceptible to drugs commonly used for the treatment of anaerobic infections, antimicrobial susceptibility should be evaluated in vitro. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes)
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17 pages, 3081 KiB  
Article
Surface Properties of Parabacteroides distasonis and Impacts of Stress-Induced Molecules on Its Surface Adhesion and Biofilm Formation Capacities
by Jordan Chamarande, Lisiane Cunat, Céline Caillet, Laurence Mathieu, Jérôme F. L. Duval, Alain Lozniewski, Jean-Pol Frippiat, Corentine Alauzet and Catherine Cailliez-Grimal
Microorganisms 2021, 9(8), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081602 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2689
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem whose balance and homeostasis are essential to the host’s well-being and whose composition can be critically affected by various factors, including host stress. Parabacteroides distasonis causes well-known beneficial roles for its host, but is [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem whose balance and homeostasis are essential to the host’s well-being and whose composition can be critically affected by various factors, including host stress. Parabacteroides distasonis causes well-known beneficial roles for its host, but is negatively impacted by stress. However, the mechanisms explaining its maintenance in the gut have not yet been explored, in particular its capacities to adhere onto (bio)surfaces, form biofilms and the way its physicochemical surface properties are affected by stressing conditions. In this paper, we reported adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of 14 unrelated strains of P. distasonis using a steam-based washing procedure, and the electrokinetic features of its surface. Results evidenced an important inter-strain variability for all experiments including the response to stress hormones. In fact, stress-induced molecules significantly impact P. distasonis adhesion and biofilm formation capacities in 35% and 23% of assays, respectively. This study not only provides basic data on the adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of P. distasonis to abiotic substrates but also paves the way for further research on how stress-molecules could be implicated in P. distasonis maintenance within the gut microbiota, which is a prerequisite for designing efficient solutions to optimize its survival within gut environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes)
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10 pages, 298 KiB  
Article
Prevotella melaninogenica, a Sentinel Species of Antibiotic Resistance in Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Niche?
by Claudie Lamoureux, Charles-Antoine Guilloux, Elise Courteboeuf, Stéphanie Gouriou, Clémence Beauruelle and Geneviève Héry-Arnaud
Microorganisms 2021, 9(6), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061275 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4596
Abstract
The importance and abundance of strict anaerobic bacteria in the respiratory microbiota of people with cystic fibrosis (PWCF) is now established through studies based on high-throughput sequencing or extended-culture methods. In CF respiratory niche, one of the most prevalent anaerobic genera is Prevotella [...] Read more.
The importance and abundance of strict anaerobic bacteria in the respiratory microbiota of people with cystic fibrosis (PWCF) is now established through studies based on high-throughput sequencing or extended-culture methods. In CF respiratory niche, one of the most prevalent anaerobic genera is Prevotella, and particularly the species Prevotella melaninogenica. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of this anaerobic species. Fifty isolates of P. melaninogenica cultured from sputum of 50 PWCF have been included. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the agar diffusion method. All isolates were susceptible to the following antibiotics: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem and metronidazole. A total of 96% of the isolates (48/50) were resistant to amoxicillin (indicating beta-lactamase production), 34% to clindamycin (17/50) and 24% to moxifloxacin (12/50). Moreover, 10% (5/50) were multidrug-resistant. A significant and positive correlation was found between clindamycin resistance and chronic azithromycin administration. This preliminary study on a predominant species of the lung “anaerobiome” shows high percentages of resistance, potentially exacerbated by the initiation of long-term antibiotic therapy in PWCF. The anaerobic resistome characterization, focusing on species rather than genera, is needed in the future to better prevent the emergence of resistance within lung microbiota. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes)
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16 pages, 1202 KiB  
Article
A New Look at the Genus Solobacterium: A Retrospective Analysis of Twenty-Seven Cases of Infection Involving S. moorei and a Review of Sequence Databases and the Literature
by Corentine Alauzet, Fabien Aujoulat, Alain Lozniewski, Safa Ben Brahim, Chloé Domenjod, Cécilia Enault, Jean-Philippe Lavigne and Hélène Marchandin
Microorganisms 2021, 9(6), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061229 - 5 Jun 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3884
Abstract
Solobacterium moorei is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus present within the oral and the intestinal microbiota that has rarely been described in human infections. Besides its role in halitosis and oral infections, S. moorei is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen causing mainly bloodstream [...] Read more.
Solobacterium moorei is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus present within the oral and the intestinal microbiota that has rarely been described in human infections. Besides its role in halitosis and oral infections, S. moorei is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen causing mainly bloodstream and surgical wound infections. We performed a retrospective study of 27 cases of infections involving S. moorei in two French university hospitals between 2006 and 2021 with the aim of increasing our knowledge of this unrecognized opportunistic pathogen. We also reviewed all the data available in the literature and in genetic and metagenomic sequence databases. In addition to previously reported infections, S. moorei had been isolated from various sites and involved in intra-abdominal, osteoarticular, and cerebral infections more rarely or not previously reported. Although mostly involved in polymicrobial infections, in seven cases, it was the only pathogen recovered. Not included in all mass spectrometry databases, its identification can require 16S rRNA gene sequencing. High susceptibility to antibiotics (apart from rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and clindamycin; 91.3%, 11.8%, and 4.3% of resistant strains, respectively) has been noted. Our global search strategy revealed S. moorei to be human-associated, widely distributed in the human microbiota, including the vaginal and skin microbiota, which may be other sources for infection in addition to the oral and gut microbiota. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes)
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10 pages, 577 KiB  
Article
Diversity of Methanogens in Animals’ Gut
by Cheick Oumar Guindo, Bernard Davoust, Michel Drancourt and Ghiles Grine
Microorganisms 2021, 9(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010013 - 23 Dec 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4499
Abstract
Methanogens are members of anaerobe microbiota of the digestive tract of mammals, including humans. However, the sources, modes of acquisition, and dynamics of digestive tract methanogens remain poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to expand the spectrum of animals that could be [...] Read more.
Methanogens are members of anaerobe microbiota of the digestive tract of mammals, including humans. However, the sources, modes of acquisition, and dynamics of digestive tract methanogens remain poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to expand the spectrum of animals that could be sources of methanogens for humans by exploring methanogen carriage in animals. We used real-time PCR, PCR-sequencing, and multispacer sequence typing to investigate the presence of methanogens in 407 fecal specimens collected from nine different mammalian species investigated here. While all the negative controls remained negative, we obtained by PCR-sequencing seven different species of methanogens, of which three (Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter millerae and Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis) are known to be part of the methanogens present in the human digestive tract. M. smithii was found in 24 cases, including 12/24 (50%) in pigs, 6/24 (25%) in dogs, 4/24 (16.66%) in cats, and 1/24 (4.16%) in both sheep and horses. Genotyping these 24 M. smithii revealed five different genotypes, all known in humans. Our results are fairly representative of the methanogen community present in the digestive tract of certain animals domesticated by humans, and other future studies must be done to try to cultivate methanogens here detected by molecular biology to better understand the dynamics of methanogens in animals and also the likely acquisition of methanogens in humans through direct contact with these animals or through consumption of the meat and/or milk of certain animals, in particular cows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes)
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8 pages, 672 KiB  
Case Report
Clostridium haemolyticum Infection: A Cause of Hemolytic Anemia in a Patient with Bone Marrow Necrosis
by Anne Sophie Lagneaux, Sandrine Hénard, Laure Diancourt, Emmanuelle Stein, Pierre Perez, Pierre Mathieu, Corentine Alauzet and Alain Lozniewski
Microorganisms 2021, 9(8), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081568 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2644
Abstract
Clostridium haemolyticum is a sporulating Gram-positive anaerobic rod that is considered to be one of the most fastidious and oxygen-sensitive anaerobes. It is a well-known animal pathogen and the cause of bacillary hemoglobinuria primarily in cattle. To date, human infections caused by C. [...] Read more.
Clostridium haemolyticum is a sporulating Gram-positive anaerobic rod that is considered to be one of the most fastidious and oxygen-sensitive anaerobes. It is a well-known animal pathogen and the cause of bacillary hemoglobinuria primarily in cattle. To date, human infections caused by C. haemolyticum have been reported in three patients with malignant underlying diseases. We present herein the case of a 30-year-old obese woman with no significant past medical history who developed bacteremia caused by C. haemolyticum with massive intravascular hemolysis associated with bone marrow necrosis and acute renal failure. Because of subculture failure, the diagnosis was made on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing and next-generation sequencing. The patient, who had been afebrile for 20 days after a 17-day-course of antibiotics, experienced a second bacteremic episode caused by C. haemolyticum. After having been successfully treated for 42 days with clindamycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the patient developed acute myeloid leukemia as a result of bone marrow regeneration. Although uncommon in humans, infections caused by C. haemolyticum are severe and should be considered in a febrile patient who has severe hemolytic anemia. This case also highlights the importance of using molecular techniques for the identification of this fastidious anaerobic organism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinically Relevant Anaerobes and Facultative Anaerobes)
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