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Nanomaterials
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Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors
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Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2024) | Viewed by 9928

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yang Li

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Guest Editor
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Interests: humidity sensors; gas sensors; flexible sensors

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gas and humidity sensing have undergone a significant transformation through the incorporation of advanced nanomaterials. The emergence of nanotechnology has provided unprecedented opportunities to enhance sensor performance and sensitivity. Nanomaterials have emerged as drivers for novel sensor development, offering superior selectivity, sensitivity, and response times when compared to those of conventional sensing materials. This research trend has generated substantial interest within both the scientific community and industry due to the escalating demand for efficient and dependable sensors for various applications, including environmental monitoring, industrial safety, healthcare, and consumer electronics.

This Special Issue is dedicated to exploring the latest advancements and innovations in employing nanomaterials for gas- and humidity-sensing applications. We invite the submission of original research articles and comprehensive reviews. The scope of this Special Issue includes, but is not limited to, the following areas:

  • The synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials with outstanding gas- and humidity-sensing properties.
  • The development of distinctive sensor structures utilizing nanomaterials, including micro/nanostructures, heterostructures, doping, nanocomposites, and more, with exceptional gas- and humidity-sensing capabilities.
  • The exploration of new sensing mechanisms and functionalities for gas- and humidity-sensing devices based on nanomaterials.

Prof. Dr. Yang Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gas sensors
  • humidity sensors
  • nanomaterials
  • nanocomposites
  • low-dimensional nanostructures
  • sensibility
  • selectivity
  • sensing mechanisms
  • flexible/wearable sensors

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1814 KiB  
Article
Sub-Ppb H2S Sensing with Screen-Printed Porous ZnO/SnO2 Nanocomposite
by Mehdi Akbari-Saatlu, Masoumeh Heidari, Claes Mattsson, Renyun Zhang and Göran Thungström
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211725 - 29 Oct 2024
Viewed by 607
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic and corrosive gas commonly found in industrial emissions and natural gas processing, posing serious risks to human health and environmental safety even at low concentrations. The early detection of H2S is therefore [...] Read more.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic and corrosive gas commonly found in industrial emissions and natural gas processing, posing serious risks to human health and environmental safety even at low concentrations. The early detection of H2S is therefore critical for preventing accidents and ensuring compliance with safety regulations. This study presents the development of porous ZnO/SnO2-nanocomposite gas sensors tailored for the ultrasensitive detection of H2S at sub-ppb levels. Utilizing a screen-printing method, we fabricated five different sensor compositions—ranging from pure SnO2 to pure ZnO—and characterized their structural and morphological properties through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among these, the SnO2/ZnO sensor with a composition-weight ratio of 3:4 demonstrated the highest response at 325 °C, achieving a low detection limit of 0.14 ppb. The sensor was evaluated for detecting H2S concentrations ranging from 5 ppb to 500 ppb under dry, humid air and N2 conditions. The relative concentration error was carefully calculated based on analytical sensitivity, confirming the sensor’s precision in measuring gas concentrations. Our findings underscore the significant advantages of mixture nanocomposites in enhancing gas sensitivity, offering promising applications in environmental monitoring and industrial safety. This research paves the way for the advancement of highly effective gas sensors capable of operating under diverse conditions with high accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)
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15 pages, 5926 KiB  
Article
Sodium Alginate/MXene-Based Flexible Humidity Sensors with High-Humidity Durability and Application Potentials in Breath Monitoring and Non-Contact Human–Machine Interfaces
by Huizhen Chen, Xiaodong Huang, Yikai Yang and Yang Li
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211694 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 650
Abstract
Flexible humidity sensors (FHSs) with fast response times and durability to high-humidity environments are highly desirable for practical applications. Herein, an FHS based on crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) and MXene was fabricated, which exhibited high sensitivity (impedance varied from 107 to 10 [...] Read more.
Flexible humidity sensors (FHSs) with fast response times and durability to high-humidity environments are highly desirable for practical applications. Herein, an FHS based on crosslinked sodium alginate (SA) and MXene was fabricated, which exhibited high sensitivity (impedance varied from 107 to 105 Ω between 10% and 90% RH), good selectivity, prompt response times (response/recover time of 4 s/11 s), high sensing linearity (R2 = 0.992) on a semi-logarithmic scale, relatively small hysteresis (~5% RH), good repeatability, and good resistance to highly humid environments (negligible changes in sensing properties after being placed in 98% RH over 24 h). It is proposed that the formation of the crosslinking structure of SA and the introduction of MXene with good conductivity and a high specific surface area contributed to the high performance of the composite FHS. Moreover, the FHS could promptly differentiate the respiration status, recognize speech, and measure fingertip movement, indicating potential in breath monitoring and non-contact human–machine interactions. This work provides guidance for developing advanced flexible sensors with a wide application scope in wearable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)
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13 pages, 4578 KiB  
Article
A Dual-Channel MoS2-Based Selective Gas Sensor for Volatile Organic Compounds
by Esra Kuş, Gülay Altındemir, Yusuf Kerem Bostan, Cihat Taşaltın, Ayse Erol, Yue Wang and Fahrettin Sarcan
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070633 - 5 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1890
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in two-dimensional material-based sensing devices over the past decade. Organic vapor sensors, particularly those using graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides as key components, have demonstrated excellent sensitivity. These sensors are highly active because all the atoms in the [...] Read more.
Significant progress has been made in two-dimensional material-based sensing devices over the past decade. Organic vapor sensors, particularly those using graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides as key components, have demonstrated excellent sensitivity. These sensors are highly active because all the atoms in the ultra-thin layers are exposed to volatile compounds. However, their selectivity needs improvement. We propose a novel gas-sensing device that addresses this challenge. It consists of two side-by-side sensors fabricated from the same active material, few-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), for detecting volatile organic compounds like alcohol, acetone, and toluene. To create a dual-channel sensor, we introduce a simple step into the conventional 2D material sensor fabrication process. This step involves treating one-half of the few-layer MoS₂ using ultraviolet–ozone (UV-O3) treatment. The responses of pristine few-layer MoS₂ sensors to 3000 ppm of ethanol, acetone, and toluene gases are 18%, 3.5%, and 49%, respectively. The UV-O3-treated few-layer MoS₂-based sensors show responses of 13.4%, 3.1%, and 6.7%, respectively. This dual-channel sensing device demonstrates a 7-fold improvement in selectivity for toluene gas against ethanol and acetone. Our work sheds light on understanding surface processes and interaction mechanisms at the interface between transition metal dichalcogenides and volatile organic compounds, leading to enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)
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15 pages, 5775 KiB  
Article
A Room Temperature Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospinned Molybdenum Oxide Nanofibers/Ti3C2Tx MXene Heterojunction
by Shiteng Ma, Jingyu Guo, Hao Zhang, Xingyan Shao and Dongzhi Zhang
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(6), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14060537 - 18 Mar 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1572
Abstract
The combination of two-dimensional material MXene and one-dimensional metal oxide semiconductor can improve the carrier transmission rate, which can effectively improve sensing performance. We prepared a trimethylamine gas sensor based on MoO3 nanofibers and layered Ti3C2Tx MXene. [...] Read more.
The combination of two-dimensional material MXene and one-dimensional metal oxide semiconductor can improve the carrier transmission rate, which can effectively improve sensing performance. We prepared a trimethylamine gas sensor based on MoO3 nanofibers and layered Ti3C2Tx MXene. Using electrospinning and chemical etching methods, one-dimensional MoO3 nanofibers and two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets were prepared, respectively, and the composites were characterized via XPS, SEM, and TEM. The Ti3C2Tx MXene–MoO3 composite material exhibits excellent room-temperature response characteristics to trimethylamine gas, showing high response (up to four for 2 ppm trimethylamine gas) and rapid response–recovery time (10 s/7 s). Further, we have studied the possible sensitivity mechanism of the sensor. The Ti3C2Tx MXene–MoO3 composite material has a larger specific surface area and more abundant active sites, combined with p–n heterojunction, which effectively improves the sensitivity of the sensor. Because of its low detection limit and high stability, it has the potential to be applied in the detection system of trimethylamine as a biomarker in exhaled air. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)
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12 pages, 9781 KiB  
Article
Layer-Dependent Sensing Performance of WS2-Based Gas Sensors
by You Zhou, Sheng Wang, Sichen Xin, Sezin Sayin, Zhiqiang Yi, Zhenyu Li and Mona Zaghloul
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(2), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14020235 - 22 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as tungsten disulfide (WS2), have attracted considerable attention for their potential in gas sensing applications, primarily due to their distinctive electrical properties and layer-dependent characteristics. This research explores the impact of the number of WS2 layers [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as tungsten disulfide (WS2), have attracted considerable attention for their potential in gas sensing applications, primarily due to their distinctive electrical properties and layer-dependent characteristics. This research explores the impact of the number of WS2 layers on the ability to detect gases by examining the layer-dependent sensing performance of WS2-based gas sensors. We fabricated gas sensors based on WS2 in both monolayer and multilayer configurations and methodically evaluated their response to various gases, including NO2, CO, NH3, and CH4 at room temperature and 50 degrees Celsius. In contrast to the monolayer counterpart, the multilayer WS2 sensor exhibits enhanced gas sensing performance at higher temperatures. Furthermore, a comprehensive gas monitoring system was constructed employing these WS2-based sensors, integrated with additional electronic components. To facilitate user access to data and receive alerts, sensor data were transmitted to a cloud-based platform for processing and storage. This investigation not only advances our understanding of 2D WS2-based gas sensors but also underscores the importance of layer engineering in tailoring their sensing capabilities for diverse applications. Additionally, the development of a gas monitoring system employing 2D WS2 within this study holds significant promise for future implementation in intelligent, efficient, and cost-effective sensor technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)
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Review

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42 pages, 20232 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Low-Dimensional Metal Oxides via Sol-Gel Method for Gas Detection
by Marwa Ben Arbia, Hicham Helal and Elisabetta Comini
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(4), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14040359 - 14 Feb 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2791
Abstract
Low-dimensional metal oxides have drawn significant attention across various scientific domains due to their multifaceted applications, particularly in the field of environment monitoring. Their popularity is attributed to a constellation of unique properties, including their high surface area, robust chemical stability, and remarkable [...] Read more.
Low-dimensional metal oxides have drawn significant attention across various scientific domains due to their multifaceted applications, particularly in the field of environment monitoring. Their popularity is attributed to a constellation of unique properties, including their high surface area, robust chemical stability, and remarkable electrical conductivity, among others, which allow them to be a good candidate for detecting CO, CO2, H2, NH3, NO2, CH4, H2S, and volatile organic compound gases. In recent years, the Sol-Gel method has emerged as a powerful and versatile technique for the controlled synthesis of low-dimensional metal oxide materials with diverse morphologies tailored for gas sensing applications. This review delves into the manifold facets of the Sol-Gel processing of metal oxides and reports their derived morphologies and remarkable gas-sensing properties. We comprehensively examine the synthesis conditions and critical parameters governing the formation of distinct morphologies, including nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, and hierarchical nanostructures. Furthermore, we provide insights into the fundamental principles underpinning the gas-sensing mechanisms of these materials. Notably, we assess the influence of morphology on gas-sensing performance, highlighting the pivotal role it plays in achieving exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and response kinetics. Additionally, we highlight the impact of doping and composite formation on improving the sensitivity of pure metal oxides and reducing their operation temperature. A discussion of recent advances and emerging trends in the field is also presented, shedding light on the potential of Sol-Gel-derived nanostructures to revolutionize the landscape of gas sensing technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Gas and Humidity Sensors)
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