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Nanomaterials
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Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials
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Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2021) | Viewed by 16935

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Steven Wise

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Interests: nanomaterials; gene delivery; plasma technology; surface modification; bioactive functionalization; cardiovascular applications and devices; inflammation
Dr. Miguel Santos

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Interests: plasma physics, nanomaterial synthesis and characterisation, nanomedicine and bioengineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The safety and biocompatibility of nanomaterials is a key consideration in their development and subsequent application for biology and medicine. Comprehensive testing in appropriate cell/tissue models is a necessary step before wider applications are explored. Evaluation in relevant animal models also plays an important role for platforms and materials that ultimately aim to have a therapeutic use. Detailed studies of the effects on cell death, normal cell function, morphology and signaling are absent from the literature on some platforms. With significant needs remaining in imaging, molecular biology and medicine, detailed biocompatibility studies will contribute to the identification of promising candidates.

This Special Issue aims to highlight studies of the biocompatibility and biosafety of nanomaterials, including both new and established materials and platforms. The effects of material size, shape, composition, functionalization and dose are of interest. Novel results concerning nanomaterial biocompatibility in cells, tissues and animal models will be welcome, as will critical review articles challenging the present knowledge and offering insights into best practices for future evaluations.

Prof. Steven Wise
Dr. Miguel Santos
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanoparticle
  • nanomaterial
  • nanomedicine
  • biosafety
  • cell biology
  • animal models

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 5775 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Biocompatibility of Multi-Anchored Glycoconjugate Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in a Normal Human Colon Cell Line CCD-18Co
by Yash S. Raval, Anna Samstag, Cedric Taylor, Guohui Huang, Olin Thompson Mefford and Tzuen-Rong Jeremy Tzeng
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(10), 2465; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11102465 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3092
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles with dopamine-anchored heterobifunctional polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer, namely PEO-IONPs, and bio-functionalized with sialic-acid specific glycoconjugate moiety (Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)-Glcβ-sp), namely GM3-IONPs, can be effectively used as antibacterial agents against target Escherichia coli. In this study, we [...] Read more.
We have previously demonstrated that iron oxide nanoparticles with dopamine-anchored heterobifunctional polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer, namely PEO-IONPs, and bio-functionalized with sialic-acid specific glycoconjugate moiety (Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)-Glcβ-sp), namely GM3-IONPs, can be effectively used as antibacterial agents against target Escherichia coli. In this study, we evaluated the biocompatibility of PEO-IONPs and GM3-IONPs in a normal human colon cell line CCD-18Co via measuring cell proliferation, membrane integrity, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glutathione GSH, dihydrorhodamine (DHR) 123, and caspase 3/7 levels. PEO-IONPs caused a significant decrease in cell viability at concentrations above 100 μg/mL whereas GM3-IONPs did not cause a significant decrease in cell viability even at the highest dose of 500 μg/mL. The ATP synthase activity of CCD-18Co was significantly diminished in the presence of PEO-IONPs but not GM3-IONPs. PEO-IONPs also compromised the membrane integrity of CCD-18Co. In contrast, cells exposed to GM3-IONPs showed significantly different cell morphology, but with no apparent membrane damage. The interaction of PEO-IONPs or GM3-IONPs with CCD-18Co resulted in a substantial decrease in the intracellular GSH levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Conversely, levels of DHR-123 increased with IONP concentrations. Levels of caspase 3/7 proteins were found to be significantly elevated in cells exposed to PEO-IONPs. Based on the results, we assume GM3-IONPs to be biocompatible with CCD-18Co and could be further evaluated for selective killing of pathogens in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials)
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21 pages, 5885 KiB  
Article
Engineering the Composition of Microfibers to Enhance the Remodeling of a Cell-Free Vascular Graft
by Fang Huang, Yu-Fang Hsieh, Xuefeng Qiu, Shyam Patel and Song Li
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(6), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11061613 - 20 Jun 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2906
Abstract
The remodeling of vascular grafts is critical for blood vessel regeneration. However, most scaffold materials have limited cell infiltration. In this study, we designed and fabricated a scaffold that incorporates a fast-degrading polymer polydioxanone (PDO) into the microfibrous structure by means of electrospinning [...] Read more.
The remodeling of vascular grafts is critical for blood vessel regeneration. However, most scaffold materials have limited cell infiltration. In this study, we designed and fabricated a scaffold that incorporates a fast-degrading polymer polydioxanone (PDO) into the microfibrous structure by means of electrospinning technology. Blending PDO with base polymer decreases the density of electrospun microfibers yet did not compromise the mechanical and structural properties of the scaffold, and effectively enhanced cell infiltration. We then used this technique to fabricate a tubular scaffold with heparin conjugated to the surface to suppress thrombosis, and the construct was implanted into the carotid artery as a vascular graft in animal studies. This graft significantly promoted cell infiltration, and the biochemical cues such as immobilized stromal cell-derived factor-1α further enhanced cell recruitment and the long-term patency of the grafts. This work provides an approach to optimize the microfeatures of vascular grafts, and will have broad applications in scaffold design and fabrication for regenerative engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials)
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20 pages, 4986 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Evaluation of the Toxicity and Biosafety of Plasma Polymerized Nanoparticles
by Praveesuda L. Michael, Yuen Ting Lam, Juichien Hung, Richard P. Tan, Miguel Santos and Steven G. Wise
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(5), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11051176 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2914
Abstract
The rapid growth of nanoparticle-based therapeutics has underpinned significant developments in nanomedicine, which aim to overcome the limitations imposed by conventional therapies. Establishing the safety of new nanoparticle formulations is the first important step on the pathway to clinical translation. We have recently [...] Read more.
The rapid growth of nanoparticle-based therapeutics has underpinned significant developments in nanomedicine, which aim to overcome the limitations imposed by conventional therapies. Establishing the safety of new nanoparticle formulations is the first important step on the pathway to clinical translation. We have recently shown that plasma-polymerized nanoparticles (PPNs) are highly efficient nanocarriers and a viable, cost-effective alternative to conventional chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Here, we present the first comprehensive toxicity and biosafety study of PPNs using both established in vitro cell models and in vivo models. Overall, we show that PPNs were extremely well tolerated by all the cell types tested, significantly outperforming commercially available lipid-based nanoparticles (lipofectamine) used at the manufacturer’s recommended dosage. Supporting the in vitro data, the systemic toxicity of PPNs was negligible in BALB/c mice following acute and repeated tail-vein intravenous injections. PPNs were remarkably well tolerated in mice without any evidence of behavioral changes, weight loss, significant changes to the hematological profile, or signs of histological damage in tissues. PPNs were tolerated at extremely high doses without animal mortality observed at 6000 mg/kg and 48,000 mg/kg for acute and repeated-injection regimens, respectively. Our findings demonstrate the safety of PPNs in biological systems, adding to their future potential in biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials)
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13 pages, 1810 KiB  
Article
Hemocompatibility of Nanotitania-Nanocellulose Hybrid Materials
by Fredric G. Svensson, Vivek Anand Manivel, Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva, Vadim G. Kessler, Bo Nilsson, Kristina N. Ekdahl and Karin Fromell
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(5), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11051100 - 24 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2893
Abstract
In order to develop a new type of improved wound dressing, we combined the wound healing properties of nanotitania with the advantageous dressing properties of nanocellulose to create three different hybrid materials. The hemocompatibility of the synthesized hybrid materials was evaluated in an [...] Read more.
In order to develop a new type of improved wound dressing, we combined the wound healing properties of nanotitania with the advantageous dressing properties of nanocellulose to create three different hybrid materials. The hemocompatibility of the synthesized hybrid materials was evaluated in an in vitro human whole blood model. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the molecular interaction between hybrid nanotitania and blood proteins. Two of the hybrid materials prepared with 3 nm colloidal titania and 10 nm hydrothermally synthesized titania induced strong coagulation and platelet activation but negligible complement activation. Hence, they have great potential as a new dressing for promoting wound healing. Unlike the other two, the third hybrid material using molecular ammonium oxo-lactato titanate as a titania source inhibited platelet consumption, TAT generation, and complement activation, apparently via lowered pH at the surface interface. It is therefore suitable for applications where a passivating surface is desired, such as drug delivery systems and extracorporeal circuits. This opens the possibility for a tailored blood response through the surface functionalization of titania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials)
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12 pages, 2020 KiB  
Article
In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Chitosan-Coated Lignin Nanoparticles in Embryonic Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
by Jared S. Stine, Bryan J. Harper, Cathryn G. Conner, Orlin D. Velev and Stacey L. Harper
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010111 - 6 Jan 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3753
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose. Since lignin breaks down in the environment naturally, lignin nanoparticles may serve as biodegradable carriers of biocidal actives with minimal environmental footprint compared to conventional antimicrobial formulations. Here, a lignin nanoparticle (LNP) [...] Read more.
Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose. Since lignin breaks down in the environment naturally, lignin nanoparticles may serve as biodegradable carriers of biocidal actives with minimal environmental footprint compared to conventional antimicrobial formulations. Here, a lignin nanoparticle (LNP) coated with chitosan was engineered. Previous studies show both lignin and chitosan to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Another study showed that adding a chitosan coating can improve the adsorption of LNPs to biological samples by electrostatic adherence to oppositely charged surfaces. Our objective was to determine if these engineered particles would elicit toxicological responses, utilizing embryonic zebrafish toxicity assays. Zebrafish were exposed to nanoparticles with an intact chorionic membrane and with the chorion enzymatically removed to allow for direct contact of particles with the developing embryo. Both mortality and sublethal endpoints were analyzed. Mortality rates were significantly greater for chitosan-coated LNPs (Ch-LNPs) compared to plain LNPs and control groups. Significant sublethal endpoints were observed in groups exposed to Ch-LNPs with chorionic membranes intact. Our study indicated that engineered Ch-LNP formulations at high concentrations were more toxic than plain LNPs. Further study is warranted to fully understand the mechanisms of Ch-LNP toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials)
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