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Nanomaterials
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Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Gas Sensors
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Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Gas Sensors

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2023) | Viewed by 9460

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Noushin Nasiri

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
Interests: nanomaterials; nanosensors; chemical sensors; physical sensors; functional coatings; photodetectors; wearable devices; surface functionalization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Gas sensors are used in a wide variety of applications for a diverse range of industries including agriculture, health, safety, security, and environmental monitoring. However, the performance of such sensors is significantly influenced by the morphology and structure of the sensing materials, resulting in a great obstacle for gas sensors based on the ability of bulk materials or dense films to have highly sensitive properties. A wide variety of nanostructured devices have been developed to improve gas sensing properties, such as sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and response speed.

This Special Issue will attempt to cover the recent advances in the design and fabrication of nanostructured gas sensors, focusing on the nanodimensional design of current state-of-the-art gas sensors, which have achieved new records in selectivity, specificity, and sensitivity. We will highlight the methods of fabrication for these devices and relate their nanodimensional materials to their record performance to provide a pathway for the gas sensors that will follow. The different types of nanostructured gas sensors, including catalytic, electrochemical, thermally conductive, and optical gas sensors, will be discussed, together with their gas sensing mechanisms and potential applications.

Dr. Noushin Nasiri
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • nanostructured devices
  • gas sensors
  • nanomaterials
  • nanofabrication
  • sensitivity
  • selectivity
  • nanosynthesis
  • sensing mechanism

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 8555 KiB  
Article
Effect of Manganese Distribution on Sensor Properties of SnO2/MnOx Nanocomposites
by Rodion Eshmakov, Darya Filatova, Elizaveta Konstantinova and Marina Rumyantseva
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(9), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091437 - 22 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1767
Abstract
Nanocomposites SnO2/MnOx with various manganese content (up to [Mn]/[Sn] = 10 mol. %) and different manganese distribution were prepared by wet chemical technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and mapping, [...] Read more.
Nanocomposites SnO2/MnOx with various manganese content (up to [Mn]/[Sn] = 10 mol. %) and different manganese distribution were prepared by wet chemical technique and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and mapping, IR and Raman spectroscopy, total reflection X-ray fluorescence, mass-spectrometry with inductive-coupled plasma (ICP-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. A different distribution of manganese between the volume and the surface of the SnO2 crystallites was revealed depending on the total Mn concentration. Furthermore, the identification of surface MnO2 segregation was performed via Raman spectroscopy. There is a strong dependence of the sensor signal toward CO and, especially, NO) on the presence of MnO2 surface segregation. However, manganese ions intruding the SnO2 crystal structure were shown to not almost effect on sensor properties of the material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Gas Sensors)
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12 pages, 4020 KiB  
Article
Controllable Synthesis of Sheet-Flower ZnO for Low Temperature NO2 Sensor
by Mingjia Bai, Chaoyang Li, Xiaojun Zhao, Qingji Wang and Qinhe Pan
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(8), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081413 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1511
Abstract
ZnO is a wide band gap semiconductor metal oxide that not only has excellent electrical properties but also shows excellent gas-sensitive properties and is a promising material for the development of NO2 sensors. However, the current ZnO-based gas sensors usually operate at [...] Read more.
ZnO is a wide band gap semiconductor metal oxide that not only has excellent electrical properties but also shows excellent gas-sensitive properties and is a promising material for the development of NO2 sensors. However, the current ZnO-based gas sensors usually operate at high temperatures, which greatly increases the energy consumption of the sensors and is not conducive to practical applications. Therefore, there is a need to improve the gas sensitivity and practicality of ZnO-based gas sensors. In this study, three-dimensional sheet-flower ZnO was successfully synthesized at 60 °C by a simple water bath method and modulated by different malic acid concentrations. The phase formation, surface morphology, and elemental composition of the prepared samples were studied by various characterization techniques. The gas sensor based on sheet-flower ZnO has a high response value to NO2 without any modification. The optimal operating temperature is 125 °C, and the response value to 1 ppm NO2 is 125. At the same time, the sensor also has a lower detection limit (100 ppb), good selectivity, and good stability, showing excellent sensing performance. In the future, water bath-based methods are expected to prepare other metal oxide materials with unique structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Gas Sensors)
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13 pages, 2635 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Pulsed Laser Ablation and Radio-Frequency Sputtering Tandem System for Synthesis of 2D/3D Al2O3-ZnO Nanostructures: A Hybrid Approach to Synthesis of Nanostructures for Gas Sensing Applications
by Joselito Puzon Labis, Hamad A. Albrithen, Mahmoud Hezam, Muhammad Ali Shar, Ahmad Algarni, Abdulaziz N. Alhazaa, Ahmed Mohamed El-Toni and Mohammad Abdulaziz Alduraibi
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(8), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081345 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2045
Abstract
In this paper, a unique hybrid approach to design and synthesize 2D/3D Al2O3-ZnO nanostructures by simultaneous deposition is presented. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and RF magnetron sputtering (RFMS) methods are redeveloped into a single tandem system to create a [...] Read more.
In this paper, a unique hybrid approach to design and synthesize 2D/3D Al2O3-ZnO nanostructures by simultaneous deposition is presented. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and RF magnetron sputtering (RFMS) methods are redeveloped into a single tandem system to create a mixed-species plasma to grow ZnO nanostructures for gas sensing applications. In this set-up, the parameters of PLD have been optimized and explored with RFMS parameters to design 2D/3D Al2O3-ZnO nanostructures, including nanoneedles/nanospikes, nanowalls, and nanorods, among others. The RF power of magnetron system with Al2O3 target is explored from 10 to 50 W, while the ZnO-loaded PLD’s laser fluence and background gases are optimized to simultaneously grow ZnO and Al2O3-ZnO nanostructures. The nanostructures are either grown via 2-step template approach, or by direct growth on Si (111) and MgO<0001> substrates. In this approach, a thin ZnO template/film was initially grown on the substrate by PLD at ~300 °C under ~10 milliTorr (1.3 Pa) O2 background pressure, followed by growth of either ZnO or Al2O3-ZnO, using PLD and RFMS simultaneously under 0.1–0.5 Torr (13–67 Pa), and Ar or Ar/O2 background in the substrate temperate range of 550–700 °C. Growth mechanisms are then proposed to explain the formation of Al2O3-ZnO nanostructures. The optimized parameters from PLD-RFMS are then used to grow nanostructures on Au-patterned Al2O3-based gas sensor to test its response to CO gas from 200 to 400 °C, and a good response is observed at ~350 °C. The grown ZnO and Al2O3-ZnO nanostructures are quite exceptional and remarkable and have potential applications in optoelectronics, such in bio/gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Gas Sensors)
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14 pages, 4489 KiB  
Article
Structure Effect on the Response of ZnGa2O4 Gas Sensor for Nitric Oxide Applications
by Ray-Hua Horng, Shu-Hsien Lin, Dun-Ru Hung, Po-Hsiang Chao, Pin-Kuei Fu, Cheng-Hsu Chen, Yi-Che Chen, Jhih-Hong Shao, Chiung-Yi Huang, Fu-Gow Tarntair, Po-Liang Liu and Ching-Lien Hsiao
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3759; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213759 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1829
Abstract
We fabricated a gas sensor with a wide-bandgap ZnGa2O4 (ZGO) epilayer grown on a sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The ZGO presented (111), (222) and (333) phases demonstrated by an X-ray diffraction system. The related material characteristics were [...] Read more.
We fabricated a gas sensor with a wide-bandgap ZnGa2O4 (ZGO) epilayer grown on a sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The ZGO presented (111), (222) and (333) phases demonstrated by an X-ray diffraction system. The related material characteristics were also measured by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This ZGO gas sensor was used to detect nitric oxide (NO) in the parts-per-billion range. In this study, the structure effect on the response of the NO gas sensor was studied by altering the sensor dimensions. Two approaches were adopted to prove the dimension effect on the sensing mechanism. In the first approach, the sensing area of the sensors was kept constant while both channel length (L) and width (W) were varied with designed dimensions (L × W) of 60 × 200, 80 × 150, and 120 ×100 μm2. In the second, the dimensions of the sensing area were altered (60, 40, and 20 μm) with W kept constant. The performance of the sensors was studied with varying gas concentrations in the range of 500 ppb~10 ppm. The sensor with dimensions of 20 × 200 μm2 exhibited a high response of 11.647 in 10 ppm, and 1.05 in 10 ppb for NO gas. The sensor with a longer width and shorter channel length exhibited the best response. The sensing mechanism was provided to explain the above phenomena. Furthermore, the reaction between NO and the sensor surface was simulated by O exposure of the ZGO surface in air and calculated by first principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Gas Sensors)
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12 pages, 3019 KiB  
Article
High-Sensitivity Ammonia Sensors with Carbon Nanowall Active Material via Laser-Induced Transfer
by Alexandra Palla-Papavlu, Sorin Vizireanu, Mihaela Filipescu and Thomas Lippert
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(16), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12162830 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1624
Abstract
Ammonia sensors with high sensitivity, reproducible response, and low cost are of paramount importance for medicine, i.e., being a biomarker to diagnose lung and renal conditions, and agriculture, given that fertilizer application and livestock manure account for more than 80% of NH3 [...] Read more.
Ammonia sensors with high sensitivity, reproducible response, and low cost are of paramount importance for medicine, i.e., being a biomarker to diagnose lung and renal conditions, and agriculture, given that fertilizer application and livestock manure account for more than 80% of NH3 emissions. Thus, in this work, we report the fabrication of ultra-sensitive ammonia sensors by a rapid, efficient, and solvent-free laser-based procedure, i.e., laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). LIFT has been used to transfer carbon nanowalls (CNWs) onto flexible polyimide substrates pre-patterned with metallic electrodes. The feasibility of LIFT is validated by the excellent performance of the laser-printed CNW-based sensors in detecting different concentrations of NH3 in the air, at room temperature. The sensors prepared by LIFT show reversible responses to ammonia when exposed to 20 ppm, whilst at higher NH3 concentrations, the responses are quasi-dosimetric. Furthermore, the laser-printed CNW-based sensors have a detection limit as low as 89 ppb and a response time below 10 min for a 20 ppm exposure. In addition, the laser-printed CNW-based sensors are very robust and can withstand more than 200 bending cycles without loss of performance. This work paves the way for the application and integration of laser-based techniques in device fabrication, overcoming the challenges associated with solvent-assisted chemical functionalization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Gas Sensors)
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