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Nutrients
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The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health
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The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 22002

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Amanda N. Szabo-Reed

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
Interests: diet and exercise; mental; cognitive; brain health; nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The current literature suggests that diet and/or exercise are associated with mental health. Both experimental and clinical studies, starting from prenatal life and continuing throughout the lifespan, have investigated the effects of diet and/or exercise on a variety of mental health factors, including cognition, neurodevelopmental disorders, mood, depression, anxiety, etc. Conversely, the mental health of an individual, as well as behavioral factors, can lead to modifications of one’s diet and/or lack of physical activity.

This Special Issue will include correctional and long-term follow-up evidence-based studies and reviews of the association between diet, exercise, and mental health. Specific dietary and/or nutritional interventions that might hold some promise for modifying mental health and/or exercise/physical activity intervention and their impact on mental health will be also included. We also welcome studies addressing possible mechanisms of action between diet, physical activity, and mental health outcomes.

Dr. Amanda N. Szabo-Reed
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • diet
  • nutrition
  • cognition
  • mental health
  • mood
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • neurodevelopmental disorders
  • dementia
  • exercise
  • physical activity
  • behavior

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 5430 KiB  
Article
A Positive Causal Effect of Shrimp Allergy on Major Depressive Disorder Mediated by Allergy- and Immune-Related Pathways in the East Asian Population
by Shitao Rao, Xiaotong Chen, Olivia Yanlai Ou, Sek Ying Chair, Wai Tong Chien, Guangming Liu and Mary Miu Yee Waye
Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010079 - 26 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
Background: Observational studies have implied a potential correlation between allergic diseases and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the relationship is still inconclusive as it is likely to be interfered with by substantial confounding factors and potential reverse causality. The present study aimed to [...] Read more.
Background: Observational studies have implied a potential correlation between allergic diseases and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the relationship is still inconclusive as it is likely to be interfered with by substantial confounding factors and potential reverse causality. The present study aimed to investigate causal correlation of the two diseases by a Mendelian randomization (MR) study and further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: With the biggest summary datasets of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the East Asian population, we conducted a two-sample, bidirectional MR study to assess the causal correlation between shrimp allergy (SA) and MDD. Subsequently, we identified the pleiotropic genes’ susceptibility to the two diseases at whole-genome and tissue-specific levels, respectively. Enriched GO sets and KEGG pathways were also discovered to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms. Results: With the most suitable MR method, SA was identified as a causal risk factor for MDD based on three different groups of independent genetic instruments, respectively (p < 2.81 × 10−2). In contrast, we did not observe a significant causal effect of MDD on SA. The GWAS-pairwise program successfully identified seven pleiotropic genetic variants (PPA3 > 0.8), indicating that the two diseases indeed have a shared genetic basis. At a whole-genome level, the MAGMA program identified 44 pleiotropic genes, which were enriched in allergy-related pathways, such as antigen processing and presentation pathway (p = 1.46 × 10−2). In brain-specific tissue, the S-MultiXcan program found 17 pleiotropic genes that were significantly enriched in immune-related pathways and GO sets, including asthma-related pathway, T-cell activation-related, and major histocompatibility complex protein-related GO sets. Regarding whole-blood tissue, the program identified six pleiotropic genes that are significantly enriched in tolerance induction-related GO sets. Conclusions: The present study for the first time indicated a significant causal effect of SA on the occurrence of MDD, but the reverse was not true. Enrichment analyses of pleiotropic genes at whole-genome and tissue-specific levels implied the involvement of allergy and immune-related pathways in the shared genetic mechanism of the two diseases. Elucidating the causal effect and the acting direction may be beneficial in reducing the incidence rate of MDD for the massive group of SA patients in the East Asian region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health)
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14 pages, 592 KiB  
Article
Association of Eating Behaviors with Variability in Weight Change in Response to Physical Activity Interventions in Adults with Overweight
by John M. Jakicic and Renee J. Rogers
Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153452 - 4 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1460
Abstract
There is individual variability in weight change in response to physical activity interventions. Secondary analyses explored whether there were differences in physical activity, dietary intake, and the domains of hunger, dietary disinhibition, or dietary restraint in response to different physical activity interventions and [...] Read more.
There is individual variability in weight change in response to physical activity interventions. Secondary analyses explored whether there were differences in physical activity, dietary intake, and the domains of hunger, dietary disinhibition, or dietary restraint in response to different physical activity interventions and by pattern of weight change across 6 months of an intervention. Participants (N = 207; age: 44.8 ± 8.2 years; body mass index: 27.0 ± 1.7 kg/m2) were included in these secondary analyses. Participants were randomly assigned to (1) a self-help physical activity intervention, (2) a prescription to progress to 150 min/week of physical activity, or (3) a prescription to progress to 300 min/week of physical activity and following 6 months were categorized based on weight change (weight gain, stability, or loss). Intervention conditions did not differ for change in weight, physical activity, dietary intake, and measures of hunger, dietary disinhibition, and total dietary restraint. Categories of weight change did not differ for change in physical activity or dietary intake, but the category of weight loss had significantly greater decreases in hunger and increases in flexible dietary restraint compared to the categories of weight stability and weight gain. The findings may provide insight into the variability in weight change in response to physical activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health)
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14 pages, 547 KiB  
Article
Maternal Diet Quality and Prenatal Depressive Symptoms: The Moderating Role of Economic Well-Being
by Peiyi Wang, Ilona S. Yim and Karen L. Lindsay
Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122809 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2338
Abstract
Prenatal depression is prevalent and adversely impacts maternal and infant health. This study addresses a critical literature gap and investigates the association between maternal diet quality and prenatal depressive symptoms, as well as the moderating effect of economic well-being on this link. A [...] Read more.
Prenatal depression is prevalent and adversely impacts maternal and infant health. This study addresses a critical literature gap and investigates the association between maternal diet quality and prenatal depressive symptoms, as well as the moderating effect of economic well-being on this link. A cross-sectional design was used, including 43 healthy pregnant women in the second trimester aggregated from two research projects. Prenatal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Dietary quality was evaluated using two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls, from which the Adapted Dietary Inflammatory Index (ADII) and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 were derived. Economic well-being was indicated by the income-to-poverty ratio. A higher HEI-2015 (adherence to dietary guidelines; β = −0.53, p = 0.01) and negative ADII (anti-inflammatory diet; β = 0.40, p = 0.06) were associated with fewer prenatal depressive symp-toms. Among pregnant women with worse economic well-being, a pro-inflammatory diet was as-sociated with more prenatal depressive symptoms (b = 1.69, p = 0.004), but among those with better economic well-being, the association was not significant (b = 0.51, p = 0.09). Dietary interventions aimed at reducing dietary inflammation might hold some promise for improving mental health among pregnant women who are economically vulnerable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health)
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17 pages, 713 KiB  
Article
Development and Rasch Analysis of the 18-Item Health Resilience Profile (HRP)
by Natalie M. Papini, Myungjin Jung, Minsoo Kang, Nanette V. Lopez and Stephen D. Herrmann
Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040807 - 4 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1882
Abstract
Existing resilience measures have psychometric shortcomings, and there is no current gold-standard resilience measure. Previous work indicates adults enrolled in a health coaching program may benefit from a resilience measure that is tailored and contextualized to this sample. This two-part study aimed to [...] Read more.
Existing resilience measures have psychometric shortcomings, and there is no current gold-standard resilience measure. Previous work indicates adults enrolled in a health coaching program may benefit from a resilience measure that is tailored and contextualized to this sample. This two-part study aimed to develop and evaluate a resilience instrument focused on health behavior change in adults in a health coaching program. Two studies were conducted to (1) create a resilience instrument (Health Resilience Profile; HRP) specific to adults attempting health behavior change (n = 427; female = 83.8%; age = 44.5 ± 11.9 years) and to (2) optimize the instrument performance using Rasch analysis (n = 493; female = 62.1%; age = 49.8 ± 12.5 years). Study 1 identified two issues: (1) four unacceptable misfit items and (2) inappropriate rating scale functioning. Study 2 evaluated an improved instrument based on the outcome of study 1 resulting in one more misfit item, and unidimensionality was supported. The new four-category rating scale functioned well. The item-person map indicated that item difficulty distribution was well matched to participants’ resilience level, and items were free from measurement error. Finally, items did not show differential item functioning across age, sex, alcohol use, and obesity status. The 18-item HRP is optimized for adults in a health coaching program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health)
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Review

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26 pages, 483 KiB  
Review
Impact of Diet and Exercise Interventions on Cognition and Brain Health in Older Adults: A Narrative Review
by Mickeal N. Key and Amanda N. Szabo-Reed
Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112495 - 27 May 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8886
Abstract
The ability to preserve cognitive function and protect brain structure from the effects of the aging process and neurodegenerative disease is the goal of non-pharmacologic, lifestyle interventions focused on brain health. This review examines, in turn, current diet and exercise intervention trends and [...] Read more.
The ability to preserve cognitive function and protect brain structure from the effects of the aging process and neurodegenerative disease is the goal of non-pharmacologic, lifestyle interventions focused on brain health. This review examines, in turn, current diet and exercise intervention trends and the collective progress made toward understanding their impact on cognition and brain health. The diets covered in this review include the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND), ketogenic diet, intermittent fasting, and weight loss management. The exercise approaches covered in this review include endurance, resistance, combined exercise programs, yoga, tai chi, and high-intensity interval training. Although valuable evidence is building concerning how diet and exercise influence cognitive performance and brain structure, many of the open questions in the field are concerned with why we see these effects. Therefore, more strategically designed intervention studies are needed to reveal the likely multiple mechanisms of action in humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

12 pages, 1379 KiB  
Systematic Review
Supplementation of Vitamin D and Mental Health in Adults with Respiratory System Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
by Dominika Głąbska, Aleksandra Kołota, Katarzyna Lachowicz, Dominika Skolmowska, Małgorzata Stachoń and Dominika Guzek
Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040971 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2836
Abstract
Vitamin D is indicated to be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of both respiratory health and mental health problems, while mental health issues are a common consequence of diseases of the respiratory system. The aim of the presented systematic review was to [...] Read more.
Vitamin D is indicated to be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of both respiratory health and mental health problems, while mental health issues are a common consequence of diseases of the respiratory system. The aim of the presented systematic review was to gather available evidence regarding the influence of the supplementation of vitamin D on mental health in adults with respiratory system diseases obtained within randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The systematic review was conducted on the basis of the PubMed and Web of Science databases in agreement with the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), while being registered within the database of the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42020155779). A total of 8514 studies published before September 2021 were screened and 5 RCTs were included, which were assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Screening, inclusion, reporting, and assessment were conducted by two researchers independently. The studies focused on the assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but also increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, pulmonary tuberculosis, and bronchial asthma. The studies were conducted for various periods of time—from 2 months to a year—while the dose of vitamin D applied was also diverse—from 4000 IU applied daily, to 100,000 IU applied weekly, or monthly. The psychological measures applied within the studies allowed the assessment, mainly, of quality of life, but also well-being, and depression. For the majority of studies, some concerns regarding risk of bias were defined, resulting from the randomization process and selection of reported results; however, for one study, the risk was even defined as high. Within the included studies, three studies confirmed a beneficial effect of vitamin D (including those with a high risk of bias), but two studies did not confirm it. Taking into account the evidence gathered, in spite of a positive influence of vitamin D on mental health in individuals with increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infections and bronchial asthma, the conducted systematic review is not a strong confirmation of the beneficial effect of the supplementation of vitamin D on mental health in adults with respiratory system diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Association between Diet, Exercise and Mental Health)
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