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The Effects of Diet and Exercise on Lipid Profiles in Young or Pre-clinical Populations

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Lipids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2024) | Viewed by 5936

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stephen Ives

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
Interests: nutrition; muscle; exercise science; cardiovascular physiology; exercise physiology; atherosclerosis; exercise
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Christopher Kotarsky

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
Interests: nutrition; muscle; exercise science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Overweight or obesity increase cardiovascular disease risk through factors such as increased fasting plasma triglycerides, high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, elevated blood glucose and insulin levels, and high blood pressure. High dietary saturated fats have been thought to promote dyslipidemias and, consequently, atherogenesis. Conversely, the consumption of unsaturated fats, derived mostly from vegetable oils (e.g., safflower, corn, olive, and soybean), may help prevent serious disorders, including atherogenesis, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.

Lifestyle changes (i.e., diet and exercise) are primarily advocated as a treatment for dyslipidemia. The chronic practice of exercise induces a series of cellular and organismal adaptations that modify the way the human body metabolizes all macronutrients, including lipids. Endurance exercise and resistance exercise elicit unique responses that result in differential effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. These effects may be quantitatively and qualitatively different and mediated by distinct signaling pathways. Layered in these phenomena is an assumption that only those who are aged or presenting with disease are of concern for dyslipidemia. However, we might not yet fully appreciate the lipid profiles of those who are younger and how their profiles might be shaped by diet or exercise habits in a pre-clinical model. The study of those not yet clinically presenting is important for understanding their risk profile trajectory.

This Special Issue seeks submissions of manuscripts of original research or analytical reviews that explore the effects of acute or chronic exercise on dyslipidemia and nutrient metabolism.

Dr. Stephen Ives
Guest Editor

Dr. Christopher Kotarsky
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dyslipidemia
  • exercise
  • nutrient metabolism
  • metabolic syndrome
  • obesity

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 616 KiB  
Article
Dietary Lipid Profile in Spanish Children with Overweight or Obesity: A Longitudinal Study on the Impact of Children’s Eating Behavior and Sedentary Habits
by Silvia García, Marina Ródenas-Munar, Emma Argelich, David Mateos, Lucía Ugarriza, Josep A. Tur and Cristina Bouzas
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030494 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 546
Abstract
Background: Dietary lipids, sedentary habits, and eating behaviors influence childhood obesity, but their interrelations remain unclear. Aim: To assess the relationships between young children’s dietary lipid profile and children’s eating behavior, as well as their sedentary habits, providing evidence-based insights that can help [...] Read more.
Background: Dietary lipids, sedentary habits, and eating behaviors influence childhood obesity, but their interrelations remain unclear. Aim: To assess the relationships between young children’s dietary lipid profile and children’s eating behavior, as well as their sedentary habits, providing evidence-based insights that can help mitigate obesity risk in this vulnerable population. Design: A longitudinal randomized controlled trial conducted over 9 months, involving 90 children aged 2–6 years with overweight or obesity who were followed under a program that promoted healthy lifestyle habits for all participants and regularly monitored their parameters. Methods: The dietary lipid profile, eating behavior, and sedentary habits were assessed at baseline and after 9 months using validated tools, including 24 h recalls, the child eating behavior questionnaire (CEBQ), and screen time questionnaires. Results: Reductions in screen/sedentary time were significantly associated with decreased total fat (−11.1 g/day) and saturated fat (−4.3 g/day) intake, compared to smaller reductions in unchanged screen hours and increases with prolonged screen use. A positive correlation was observed between changes in dietary fat and the CEBQ domain “Desire to drink” (r = 0.528, p < 0.001), with regression analysis confirming a direct relationship. Conclusions: Managing screen time and eating behavior is crucial for improving dietary lipid profile and reducing childhood obesity risk. Strategies should include reducing sedentary behaviors, limiting sugary drinks, and promoting water as the main beverage, alongside effective nutrition education for families. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Diet and Exercise on Lipid Profiles in Young or Pre-clinical Populations)
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26 pages, 2241 KiB  
Article
Effects of Increasing Farmed Salmon Intake to the Recommended Fish-Intake Amounts on Lipid Profile in Young Women: An 8-Week Intervention Study
by Zofia Utri-Khodadady and Dominika Głąbska
Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234051 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1356
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Habitual dietary changes that could help reduce the potential consequences of excessive body mass, such as hyperlipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease risk, are needed. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a farmed-salmon-based dietary intervention on lipid profile [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Habitual dietary changes that could help reduce the potential consequences of excessive body mass, such as hyperlipidemia and increased cardiovascular disease risk, are needed. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a farmed-salmon-based dietary intervention on lipid profile parameters in young women with excessive body mass. Methods: The 8-week intervention involved 38 pair-matched women aged 18–30 years with excessive body weight defined as BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention (200 g of smoked salmon weekly) or the control group. Lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TAG)), as well as atherogenic indices (Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), Cholesterol Index (Cholindex), Castelli Risk Index 1 (CRI-1), Castelli Risk Index 2 (CRI-2) and the TAG/HDL ratio) were assessed before, during, and after the intervention. Results: At baseline, 47% of participants had at least one of the lipid profile parameters outside the recommended range. No statistically significant differences were observed in the TC, HDL, non-HDL, LDL, or TAG concentrations or in the various atherogenic indices between the intervention and the control group after the 8-week-long intervention. However, differences in the change of the LDL concentration were noted, with a decrease of 8.2 ± 20.7 mg/dL in the intervention group compared to an increase of 9.5 ± 20.0 mg/dL in the control group (p = 0.011), as well as in the change of the Cholindex for which a median decrease of 4.4 mg/dL was noted in the intervention group, while a median increase of 0.8 mg/dL in the control group was observed (p = 0.040). Additionally, across participants with a waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) greater than 0.5, an increase of 50.0 ± 68.3 mg/dL in the intervention group and a decrease of 8.6 ± 56.6 mg/dL in the control group was noted for the TAG concentration change (p = 0.040). Conclusions: Concerning the observed beneficial influence of increasing farmed salmon intake to the recommended fish-intake amounts on decreasing LDL and Cholindex in young women with excessive body weight after 8 weeks, it seems that such a diet alteration might be recommended for this group to decrease their risk of cardiovascular disease in the future. Nonetheless, regarding the diverse influence on TAG, further studies are needed to assess the influence of increasing the intake of fatty fish available on the market at present on human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Diet and Exercise on Lipid Profiles in Young or Pre-clinical Populations)
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19 pages, 1721 KiB  
Article
Plant-Based Dietary Protein Is Associated with Lower Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Division III Female Athletes: A Pilot Study
by Christopher J. Kotarsky, Marissa L. Frenett, William F. Hoerle, Jiseung Kim, Jillian Lockwood, Liala Cryer and Stephen J. Ives
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3486; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203486 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1435
Abstract
Background: College athletes are often overlooked for metabolic syndrome (MetS), as their increased physical activity is assumed to reduce their disease risk. However, energy or macronutrient imbalance has been shown to increase risk independent of activity. The purpose of this investigation was to [...] Read more.
Background: College athletes are often overlooked for metabolic syndrome (MetS), as their increased physical activity is assumed to reduce their disease risk. However, energy or macronutrient imbalance has been shown to increase risk independent of activity. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the current dietary habits of Division III female athletes and determine their associations with body composition and MetS. Secondly, we sought to determine whether dietary intake and dietary protein source (i.e., animal- and plant-based, ABP and PBP) and quality were associated with MetS, as estimated by the Simple Method for Quantifying Metabolic Syndrome (siMS) score and the siMS risk score, and whether protein pacing was associated with body composition in Division III female athletes. Methods: Stepwise linear regression determined whether age (years), body mass (kg), body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), ABP (g/d), PBP (g/d), ABP:PBP, ratio of high-quality to low-quality ABP (ABP QR), relative energy intake (kcal/kg/d), and relative protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake (g/kg/d) were predictors of siMS score and siMS risk score. Results: Twenty-five athletes (19.6 ± 1.3 years; 65.9 ± 7.0 kg; 23.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2; ABP 71.7 ± 28.2 g/d; PBP 30.0 ± 12.2 g/d) were included in the analyses. An inverse relationship was observed between PBP and the siMS score (F1, 22 = 5.498, p = 0.028) and siMS risk score (F1, 22 = 7.614, p = 0.011). The models explained 20% and 26% of the variance in siMS score and siMS risk score, respectively. Conclusions: PBP was associated with lower MetS risk in Division III female athletes, while ABP, regardless of quality, was unrelated. These associations were independent of physical activity in this cohort of Division III female athletes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Diet and Exercise on Lipid Profiles in Young or Pre-clinical Populations)
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12 pages, 1235 KiB  
Article
Modulation of the Serum Metabolome by the Short-Chain Fatty Acid Propionate: Potential Implications for Its Cholesterol-Lowering Effect
by Johann Roessler, Friederike Zimmermann, Paul Schumann, Vanasa Nageswaran, Pegah Ramezani Rad, Sven Schuchardt, David M. Leistner, Ulf Landmesser and Arash Haghikia
Nutrients 2024, 16(14), 2368; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142368 - 22 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
(1) Background: Dyslipidemia represents a major risk factor for atherosclerosis-driven cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence suggests a close relationship between cholesterol metabolism and gut microbiota. Recently, we demonstrated that the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) propionate (PA) reduces serum cholesterol levels through an immunomodulatory mechanism. [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Dyslipidemia represents a major risk factor for atherosclerosis-driven cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence suggests a close relationship between cholesterol metabolism and gut microbiota. Recently, we demonstrated that the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) propionate (PA) reduces serum cholesterol levels through an immunomodulatory mechanism. Here, we investigated the effects of oral PA supplementation on the human serum metabolome and analyzed changes in the serum metabolome in relation to the cholesterol-lowering properties of PA. (2) Methods: The serum metabolome of patients supplemented with either placebo or propionate orally for 8 weeks was assessed using a combination of flow injection analysis-tandem (FIA-MS/MS) as well as liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) and mass spectrometry using a targeted metabolomics kit (MxP®Quant 500 kit: BIOCRATES Life Sciences AG, Innsbruck, Austria). A total of 431 metabolites were employed for further investigation in this study. (3) Results: We observed a significant increase in distinct bile acids (GCDCA: fold change = 1.41, DCA: fold change = 1.39, GUDCA: fold change = 1.51) following PA supplementation over the study period, with the secondary bile acid DCA displaying a significant negative correlation with the serum cholesterol levels. (4) Conclusions: Oral supplementation with PA modulates the serum metabolome with a particular impact on the circulatory bile acid profile. Since cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are interconnected, the elevation of the secondary bile acid DCA may contribute to the cholesterol-lowering effect of PA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Diet and Exercise on Lipid Profiles in Young or Pre-clinical Populations)
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