Nutrients

Editorial

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3 pages, 199 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease

by Elad Tako

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1956; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081956 - 19 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1326

Abstract

This monograph, based on a Special Issue of Nutrients, contains 16 manuscripts—2 review manuscripts and 14 original research manuscripts—that reflect the wide spectrum of currently conducted research in the field of Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

17 pages, 3653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Intra-Amniotic Administration of the Hydrolyzed Protein of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on Intestinal Functionality, Morphology, and Bacterial Populations, In Vivo (Gallus gallus)

by Marcella Duarte Villas Mishima, Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino, Nikolai Kolba, Drashti Dhirenkumar Shah, Mariana Grancieri, Karina Maria Olbrich Dos Santos, Janine Passos Lima, Bárbara Pereira Da Silva, Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081831 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2331

Abstract

As a protein source, chia contains high concentrations of bioactive peptides. Probiotics support a healthy digestive tract and immune system. Our study evaluated the effects of the intra-amniotic administration of the hydrolyzed chia protein and the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on intestinal bacterial populations, [...] Read more.

As a protein source, chia contains high concentrations of bioactive peptides. Probiotics support a healthy digestive tract and immune system. Our study evaluated the effects of the intra-amniotic administration of the hydrolyzed chia protein and the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei on intestinal bacterial populations, the intestinal barrier, the inflammatory response, and brush border membrane functionality in ovo (Gallus gallus). Fertile broiler (Gallus gallus) eggs (n = 9/group) were divided into 5 groups: (NI) non-injected; (H₂O) 18 MΩ H₂O; (CP) 10 mg/mL hydrolyzed chia protein; (CPP) 10 mg/mL hydrolyzed chia protein + 10⁶ colony-forming unit (CFU) L. paracasei; (P) 10⁶ CFU L. paracasei. The intra-amniotic administration was performed on day 17 of incubation. At hatching (day 21), the animals were euthanized, and the duodenum and cecum content were collected. The probiotic downregulated the gene expression of NF-κβ, increased Lactobacillus and E. coli, and reduced Clostridium populations. The hydrolyzed chia protein downregulated the gene expression of TNF-α, increased OCLN, MUC2, and aminopeptidase, reduced Bifidobacterium, and increased Lactobacillus. The three experimental groups improved in terms of intestinal morphology. The current results suggest that the intra-amniotic administration of the hydrolyzed chia protein or a probiotic promoted positive changes in terms of the intestinal inflammation, barrier, and morphology, improving intestinal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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15 pages, 2330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) Pulp Oil Prevents Adipogenesis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

by Cíntia Tomaz Sant’ Ana, Thaísa Agrizzi Verediano, Mariana Grancieri, Renata Celi Lopes Toledo, Elad Tako, Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa, Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino and Frederico Augusto Ribeiro de Barros

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051252 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

Macauba is a palm tree native to Brazil, which fruits are rich in oil. Macauba pulp oil has high contents of oleic acid, carotenoids, and tocopherol, but its effect on health is unknown. We hypothesized that macauba pulp oil would prevent adipogenesis and [...] Read more.

Macauba is a palm tree native to Brazil, which fruits are rich in oil. Macauba pulp oil has high contents of oleic acid, carotenoids, and tocopherol, but its effect on health is unknown. We hypothesized that macauba pulp oil would prevent adipogenesis and inflammation in mice. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of macauba pulp oil on the metabolic changes in C57Bl/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Three experimental groups were used (n = 10): control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet with macauba pulp oil (HFM). The HFM reduced malondialdehyde and increased SOD activity and antioxidant capacity (TAC), showing high positive correlations between total tocopherol, oleic acid, and carotenoid intakes and SOD activity (r = 0.9642, r = 0.8770, and r = 0.8585, respectively). The animals fed the HFM had lower levels of PPAR-γ and NF-κB, which were negatively correlated with oleic acid intake (r = −0.7809 and r = −0.7831, respectively). Moreover, the consumption of macauba pulp oil reduced inflammatory infiltrate, adipocyte number and length, (mRNA) TNF-α, and (mRNA) SREBP-1c in the adipose tissue, and it increased (mRNA) Adiponectin. Therefore, macauba pulp oil prevents oxidative stress, inflammation, and adipogenesis and increases antioxidant capacity; these results highlight its potential against metabolic changes induced by an HFD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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22 pages, 20715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kombuchas from Green and Black Tea Modulate the Gut Microbiota and Improve the Intestinal Health of Wistar Rats Fed a High-Fat High-Fructose Diet

by Mirian Aparecida de Campos Costa, Luiza de Paula Dias Moreira, Vinícius da Silva Duarte, Rodrigo Rezende Cardoso, Vinícius Parzanini Brilhante de São José, Bárbara Pereira da Silva, Mariana Grancieri, Viviana Corich, Alessio Giacomini, Josefina Bressan, Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino and Frederico Augusto Ribeiro de Barros

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245234 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6683

Abstract

The Western diet can negatively affect the gut microbiota and is associated with metabolic disorders. Kombucha, a tea fermented by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), is known for its bioactive properties and has become popular in the last years. In [...] Read more.

The Western diet can negatively affect the gut microbiota and is associated with metabolic disorders. Kombucha, a tea fermented by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY), is known for its bioactive properties and has become popular in the last years. In this study, we evaluated the effects of regular kombucha consumption on the gut microbiota and on outcomes related to the intestinal health of Wistar rats fed a high-fat high-fructose diet. After eight weeks receiving a standard diet (AIN-93M) (n = 10) or a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFHF) (n = 30) to induce metabolic disorders, the animals were subdivided into four groups: AIN-93M (n = 10); HFHF (n = 10); GTK (HFHF + green tea kombucha (n = 10); and BTK (HFHF + black tea kombucha; n = 10) for 10 weeks. Although body composition did not differ among the groups, the HFHF diet was associated with metabolic alterations, and stimulated the growth of gram-negative bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroides. Kombucha ingestion could somewhat modulate the gut microbiota, attenuating the effects of a Western diet by increasing propionate production and favoring the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as Adlercreutzia in the GTK group. Our results suggest that regular kombucha consumption may be beneficial to intestinal health, which can be mostly attributed to its high content and diversity of phenolic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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13 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation, Characterization, Wound Healing, and Cytotoxicity Assay of PEGylated Nanophytosomes Loaded with 6-Gingerol

by Ali Al-Samydai, Moath Al Qaraleh, Walhan Alshaer, Lidia K. Al-Halaseh, Reem Issa, Fatima Alshaikh, Aseel Abu-Rumman, Hayat Al-Ali and Emad A. S. Al-Dujaili

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235170 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3203

Abstract

Background: Nutrients are widely used for treating illnesses in traditional medicine. Ginger has long been used in folk medicine to treat motion sickness and other minor health disorders. Chronic non-healing wounds might elicit an inflammation response and cancerous mutation. Few clinical studies have [...] Read more.

Background: Nutrients are widely used for treating illnesses in traditional medicine. Ginger has long been used in folk medicine to treat motion sickness and other minor health disorders. Chronic non-healing wounds might elicit an inflammation response and cancerous mutation. Few clinical studies have investigated 6-gingerol’s wound-healing activity due to its poor pharmacokinetic properties. However, nanotechnology can deliver 6-gingerol while possibly enhancing these properties. Our study aimed to develop a nanophytosome system loaded with 6-gingerol molecules to investigate the delivery system’s influence on wound healing and anti-cancer activities. Methods: We adopted the thin-film hydration method to synthesize nanophytosomes. We used lipids in a ratio of 70:25:5 for DOPC(dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine): cholesterol: DSPE/PEG2000, respectively. We loaded the 6-gingerol molecules in a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL and achieved size reduction via the extrusion technique. We determined cytotoxicity using lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. We performed gene expression of inflammation markers and cytokines according to international protocols. Results: The synthesized nanophytosome particle sizes were 150.16 ± 1.65, the total charge was −13.36 ± 1.266, and the polydispersity index was 0.060 ± 0.050. Transmission electron microscopy determined the synthesized particles’ spherical shape and uniform size. The encapsulation efficiency was 34.54% ± 0.035. Our biological tests showed that 6-gingerol nanophytosomes displayed selective antiproliferative activity, considerable downregulation of inflammatory markers and cytokines, and an enhanced wound-healing process. Conclusions: Our results confirm the anti-cancer activity of PEGylated nanophytosome 6-gingerol, with superior activity exhibited in accelerating wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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15 pages, 2334 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Empire Apple (Malus domestica) Juice, Pomace, and Pulp Modulate Intestinal Functionality, Morphology, and Bacterial Populations In Vivo (Gallus gallus)

by Cydney Jackson, Viral Shukla, Nikolai Kolba, Nikita Agarwal, Olga I. Padilla-Zakour and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 4955; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234955 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4606

Abstract

Approximately $20 billion of apple sales are generated annually in the United States. With an estimated 5 million tons produced yearly in the U.S. within the last decade, apple consumption is considered ubiquitous. Apples are comprised of bioactive constituents such as phytochemicals and [...] Read more.

Approximately $20 billion of apple sales are generated annually in the United States. With an estimated 5 million tons produced yearly in the U.S. within the last decade, apple consumption is considered ubiquitous. Apples are comprised of bioactive constituents such as phytochemicals and prebiotics that may potentiate intestinal health and the gut microbiome. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Empire apple juice, pomace, and pulp soluble extracts on intestinal functionality, morphology, and the microbiome in vivo (Gallus gallus). There were five treatment groups: non-injected (NI); 18 MΩ H₂O (H₂O); 6% apple juice (AJ); 6% apple pomace (APo); 6% apple pulp (APu). The eggs were treated by intra-amniotic administration of the samples on day 17 of incubation. After hatching, the blood, tissue, and cecum samples were collected for further analyses—including duodenal histomorphology, hepatic and duodenal mRNA expression, and cecal bacterial populations. Crypt depth was significantly (p < 0.5) shortest in AJ when compared to APo and APu. APo and APu soluble extracts significantly improved villi surface area compared to NI and H₂O control groups. The highest count of Paneth cells per crypt was observed in APo as compared to all groups. In addition, the expression of brush border membrane micronutrient metabolism and functional proteins varied between treatments. Lastly, Lactobacillus cecal microbial populations increased significantly in the AJ group, while AJ, APu, and APu increased the abundance of Clostridium (p < 0.5). Ultimately, these results indicate the potential of Empire apple pomace to improve host intestinal health and the gut microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 8410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Associated with High-Fat Diet on the Intestinal Health of Wistar Rats

by Marcella Duarte Villas Mishima, Bárbara Pereira Da Silva, Mariana Juste Contin Gomes, Renata Celi Lopes Toledo, Hilário Cuquetto Mantovani, Vinícius Parzanini Brilhante de São José, Neuza Maria Brunoro Costa, Elad Tako and Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4924; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224924 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

A direct correlation has been reported between excessive fat intake and the development and progression of various enteropathies. Plant foods may contain bioactive compounds and non-digestible dietary fiber, with potential to improve intestinal health. Chia is a good source of dietary fiber and [...] Read more.

A direct correlation has been reported between excessive fat intake and the development and progression of various enteropathies. Plant foods may contain bioactive compounds and non-digestible dietary fiber, with potential to improve intestinal health. Chia is a good source of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds. Our study evaluated the role of chia flour associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) on colon histomorphometry, intestinal functionality and intestinal microbiome composition and function in Wistar rats. The study used 32 young male rats separated into four groups to receive a standard diet (SD) or HFD, with or without chia, for 35 days. At the end of the study, the cecum, cecal content and duodenum were collected. The consumption of chia increased the production of short-chain fatty acids and improved fecal moisture. Chia consumption improved the circular muscle layer in the SD group. The diversity and abundance of intestinal bacteria were not affected, but increased richness was observed in the microbiome of the SD+chia group. Moreover, chia consumption decreased the expression of proteins involved in intestinal functionality. Chia consumption improved intestinal morphology and functionality in young Wistar rats but was insufficient to promote significant changes in the intestinal microbiome in a short term of 35 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 2524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin-Added Whey Protein Positively Modulates Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Oxidative Damage after Exhaustive Exercise

by Kelly Aparecida Dias, Aline Rosignoli da Conceição, Stephanie Michelin Santana Pereira, Lívya Alves Oliveira, João Vitor da Silva Rodrigues, Roberto Sousa Dias, Sérgio Oliveira de Paula, Antônio José Natali, Sérgio Luis Pinto da Matta, Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves, Elad Tako, Hercia Stampini Duarte Martino and Ceres Mattos Della Lucia

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4905; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224905 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3912

Abstract

(1) Background: Exhaustive exercise can induce muscle damage. The consumption of nutritional compounds with the ability to positively influence the oxidative balance and an exacerbated inflammatory process has been previously studied. However, little is known about the nutritional value of curcumin (CCM) when [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Exhaustive exercise can induce muscle damage. The consumption of nutritional compounds with the ability to positively influence the oxidative balance and an exacerbated inflammatory process has been previously studied. However, little is known about the nutritional value of curcumin (CCM) when mixed with whey protein concentrate (WPC). This study was developed to evaluate the effect of CCM-added WPC on inflammatory and oxidative process control and histopathological consequences in muscle tissue submitted to an exhaustive swimming test (ET). (2) Methods: 48 animals were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 8). An ET was performed 4 weeks after the start of the diet and animals were euthanized 24 h post ET. (3) Results: WPC + CCM and CCM groups reduced IL-6 and increased IL-10 expression in muscle tissue. CCM reduced carbonyl protein after ET compared to standard AIN-93M ET and WPC + CCM ET diets. Higher nitric oxide concentrations were observed in animals that consumed WPC + CCM and CCM. Consumption of WPC + CCM or isolated CCM reduced areas of inflammatory infiltrate and fibrotic tissue in the muscle. (4) Conclusions: WPC + CCM and isolated CCM contribute to the reduction in inflammation and oxidative damage caused by the exhaustive swimming test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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17 pages, 1800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intra-Amniotic Administration—An Emerging Method to Investigate Necrotizing Enterocolitis, In Vivo (Gallus gallus)

by Nikolai Kolba, Jacquelyn Cheng, Cydney D. Jackson and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4795; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224795 - 12 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2568

Abstract

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disease in premature infants and a leading cause of death in neonates (1–7% in the US). NEC is caused by opportunistic bacteria, which cause gut dysbiosis and inflammation and ultimately result in intestinal necrosis. Previous studies [...] Read more.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disease in premature infants and a leading cause of death in neonates (1–7% in the US). NEC is caused by opportunistic bacteria, which cause gut dysbiosis and inflammation and ultimately result in intestinal necrosis. Previous studies have utilized the rodent and pig models to mimic NEC, whereas the current study uses the in vivo (Gallus gallus) intra-amniotic administration approach to investigate NEC. On incubation day 17, broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) viable embryos were injected intra-amniotically with 1 mL dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in H₂O. Four treatment groups (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% DSS) and two controls (H₂O/non-injected controls) were administered. We observed a significant increase in intestinal permeability and negative intestinal morphological changes, specifically, decreased villus surface area and goblet cell diameter in the 0.50% and 0.75% DSS groups. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in pathogenic bacterial (E. coli spp. and Klebsiella spp.) abundances in the 0.75% DSS group compared to the control groups, demonstrating cecal microbiota dysbiosis. These results demonstrate significant physiopathology of NEC and negative bacterial–host interactions within a premature gastrointestinal system. Our present study demonstrates a novel model of NEC through intra-amniotic administration to study the effects of NEC on intestinal functionality, morphology, and gut microbiota in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 1836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Black Corn Anthocyanin-Rich Extract (Zea mays L.) on Cecal Microbial Populations In Vivo (Gallus gallus)

by Thaisa Agrizzi Verediano, Nikita Agarwal, Hércia Stampini Duarte Martino, Nikolai Kolba, Mariana Grancieri, Maria Cristina Dias Paes and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214679 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

Black corn has been attracting attention to investigate its biological properties due to its anthocyanin composition, mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside. Our study evaluated the effects of black corn extract (BCE) on intestinal morphology, gene expression, and the cecal microbiome. The BCE intra-amniotic administration was evaluated [...] Read more.

Black corn has been attracting attention to investigate its biological properties due to its anthocyanin composition, mainly cyanidin-3-glucoside. Our study evaluated the effects of black corn extract (BCE) on intestinal morphology, gene expression, and the cecal microbiome. The BCE intra-amniotic administration was evaluated by an animal model in Gallus gallus. The eggs (n = 8 per group) were divided into: (1) no injection; (2) 18 MΩ H₂O; (3) 5% black corn extract (BCE); and (4) 0.38% cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G). A total of 1 mL of each component was injected intra-amniotic on day 17 of incubation. On day 21, the animals were euthanized after hatching, and the duodenum and cecum content were collected. The cecal microbiome changes were attributed to BCE administration, increasing the population of Bifidobacterium and Clostridium, and decreasing E. coli. The BCE did not change the gene expression of intestinal inflammation and functionality. The BCE administration maintained the villi height, Paneth cell number, and goblet cell diameter (in the villi and crypt), similar to the H₂O injection but smaller than the C3G. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, E. coli, and villi GC diameter. The BCE promoted positive changes in the cecum microbiome and maintained intestinal morphology and functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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9 pages, 3936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BRD9 Inhibition by Natural Polyphenols Targets DNA Damage/Repair and Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells

by Sabeeta Kapoor, Elisabetta Damiani, Shan Wang, Ravirajan Dharmanand, Chakrapani Tripathi, Jorge Enrique Tovar Perez, Wan Mohaiza Dashwood, Praveen Rajendran and Roderick Hugh Dashwood

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4317; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204317 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2547

Abstract

Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) and other malignancies due, in part, to deregulated bromodomain (BRD) functions. Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family have entered into clinical trials as anticancer agents, and interest has [...] Read more.

Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) and other malignancies due, in part, to deregulated bromodomain (BRD) functions. Inhibitors of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family have entered into clinical trials as anticancer agents, and interest has grown in other acetyl ‘reader’ proteins as therapeutic targets, including non-BET member bromodomain-containing protein 9 (BRD9). We report here that overexpression of BRD9 is associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients, and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of BRD9 decreased cell viability and activated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells, coincident with increased DNA damage. Seeking natural compounds as BRD9 antagonists, molecular docking in silico identified several polyphenols such as Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Equol, Quercetin, and Aspalathin, with favorable binding energies, supported by BROMOscan^® (DiscoverX) and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments. Polyphenols mimicked BRD9 knockdown and iBRD9 treatment in reducing colon cancer cell viability, inhibiting colony formation, and enhancing DNA damage and apoptosis. Normal colonic epithelial cells were unaffected, signifying cancer-specific effects. These findings suggest that natural polyphenols recognize and target BRD9 for inhibition, and might serve as useful lead compounds for bromodomain therapeutics in the clinical setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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18 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Catechin and Its Derivatives

by Nikolai Kolba, Amin Zarei, Jacquelyn Cheng, Nikita Agarwal, Younas Dadmohammadi, Leila Khazdooz, Alireza Abbaspourrad and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3924; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193924 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1806

Abstract

Catechin is a flavonoid naturally present in numerous dietary products and fruits (e.g., apples, berries, grape seeds, kiwis, green tea, red wine, etc.) and has previously been shown to be an antioxidant and beneficial for the gut microbiome. To further enhance the health [...] Read more.

Catechin is a flavonoid naturally present in numerous dietary products and fruits (e.g., apples, berries, grape seeds, kiwis, green tea, red wine, etc.) and has previously been shown to be an antioxidant and beneficial for the gut microbiome. To further enhance the health benefits, bioavailability, and stability of catechin, we synthesized and characterized catechin pentaacetate and catechin pentabutanoate as two new ester derivatives of catechin. Catechin and its derivatives were assessed in vivo via intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus), with the following treatment groups: (1) non-injected (control); (2) deionized H₂O (control); (3) Tween (0.004 mg/mL dose); (4) inulin (50 mg/mL dose); (5) Catechin (6.2 mg/mL dose); (6) Catechin pentaacetate (10 mg/mL dose); and (7) Catechin pentabutanoate (12.8 mg/mL dose). The effects on physiological markers associated with brush border membrane morphology, intestinal bacterial populations, and duodenal gene expression of key proteins were investigated. Compared to the controls, our results demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in Clostridium genera and E. coli species density with catechin and its synthetic derivative exposure. Furthermore, catechin and its derivatives decreased iron and zinc transporter (Ferroportin and ZnT1, respectively) gene expression in the duodenum compared to the controls. In conclusion, catechin and its synthetic derivatives have the potential to improve intestinal morphology and functionality and positively modulate the microbiome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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15 pages, 2030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Effects of Concord Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) Puree, Juice, and Pomace on Intestinal Morphology, Functionality, and Bacterial Populations In Vivo (Gallus gallus)

by Nikita Agarwal, Viral Shukla, Nikolai Kolba, Cydney Jackson, Jacquelyn Cheng, Olga I. Padilla-Zakour and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3539; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173539 - 27 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3381

Abstract

This is a preliminary study evaluating the effect of different fractions of Concord grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) on the brush border membrane (BBM) morphology, duodenal gene expression, and specific gut bacterial populations. For this study, we utilized a unique intraamniotic approach, wherein, [...] Read more.

This is a preliminary study evaluating the effect of different fractions of Concord grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) on the brush border membrane (BBM) morphology, duodenal gene expression, and specific gut bacterial populations. For this study, we utilized a unique intraamniotic approach, wherein, the test substances are administered into the amnion of the Gallus gallus egg (on day 17). The embryo orally consumes the amniotic fluid along with the injected test substance before the hatch. We randomly divided ~50 fertilized eggs into 5 groups including 6% grape (juice, puree, and pomace) along with controls (no injection and diluent—H₂O). The grape juice was prepared by crushing the grapes; the grape residues were used as pomace. The grape puree included the grape skin, endocarp, mesocarp, and juice but not the seeds. On day 21, the hatch day, the blood, pectoral muscle, liver, duodenum, and large intestine were harvested. Our results showed no significant differences in blood glucose, pectoral glycogen level, or body weight. However, significant (p < 0.05) differences in duodenal and liver gene expression were observed between the treatment groups. The grape puree treatment resulted in higher Clostridium numbers and lower Bifidobacterium numbers when compared to all other groups. In summary, the dietary consumption of grape polyphenols has the potential to beneficially modulate aspects of intestinal health provided their concentration is limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intraamniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Genistein Alters Mineral Transport, Intestinal Morphology, and Gut Microbiota

by Jacquelyn Cheng, Nikolai Kolba, Philip Sisser, Sondra Turjeman, Carmel Even, Omry Koren and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3473; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173473 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2525

Abstract

Genistein is an isoflavone naturally present in numerous staple food crops, such as soybeans and chickpeas. This study utilized the Gallus gallus intraamniotic administration procedure to assess genistein administration effects on trace mineral status, brush border membrane (BBM) functionality, intestinal morphology, and intestinal [...] Read more.

Genistein is an isoflavone naturally present in numerous staple food crops, such as soybeans and chickpeas. This study utilized the Gallus gallus intraamniotic administration procedure to assess genistein administration effects on trace mineral status, brush border membrane (BBM) functionality, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiome in vivo. Eggs were divided into five groups with 1 mL injection of the following treatments: no-injection, DI H₂O, 5% inulin, and 1.25% and 2.5% genistein (n = 8 per group). Upon hatch, blood, cecum, small intestine, and liver were collected for assessment of hemoglobin, intestinal microflora alterations, intestinal morphometric assessment, and mRNA gene expression of relevant iron and zinc transporter proteins, respectively. This study demonstrated that intraamniotic administration of 2.5% genistein increased villus surface area, number of acidic goblet cells, and hemoglobin. Additionally, genistein exposure downregulated duodenal cytochrome B (DcytB) and upregulated hepcidin expression. Further, genistein exposure positively altered the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. Our results suggest a physiological role for genistein administration in improving mineral status, favorably altering BBM functionality and development, positively modulating the intestinal microbiome, as well as improving physiological status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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20 pages, 3804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (Gallus gallus) of Nicotinamide Riboside and Its Derivatives

by Nikolai Kolba, Amin Zarei, Jacquelyn Cheng, Nikita Agarwal, Younas Dadmohammadi, Leila Khazdooz, Alireza Abbaspourrad and Elad Tako

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3130; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153130 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3659

Abstract

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) acts as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor where NR supplementation has previously been shown to be beneficial. Thus, we synthesized and characterized nicotinamide riboside tributyrate chloride (NRTBCl, water-soluble) and nicotinamide riboside trioleate chloride (NRTOCl, oil-soluble) as two new ester [...] Read more.

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) acts as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor where NR supplementation has previously been shown to be beneficial. Thus, we synthesized and characterized nicotinamide riboside tributyrate chloride (NRTBCl, water-soluble) and nicotinamide riboside trioleate chloride (NRTOCl, oil-soluble) as two new ester derivatives of nicotinamide riboside chloride (NRCl). NRCl and its derivatives were assessed in vivo, via intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus), with the following treatment groups: (1) non-injected (control); and injection of (2) deionized H₂O (control); (3) NRCl (30 mg/mL dose); (4) NRTBCl (30 mg/mL dose); and (5) NRTOCl (30 mg/mL dose). Post-intervention, the effects on physiological markers associated with brush border membrane morphology, intestinal bacterial populations, and duodenal gene expression of key proteins were investigated. Although no significant changes were observed in average body weights, NRTBCl exposure increased average cecum weight. NR treatment significantly increased Clostridium and NRCl treatment resulted in increased populations of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and E. coli. Duodenal gene expression analysis revealed that NRCl, NRTBCl, and NRTOCl treatments upregulated the expression of ZnT1, MUC2, and IL6 compared to the controls, suggesting alterations in brush border membrane functionality. The administration of NRCl and its derivatives appears to trigger increased expression of brush border membrane digestive proteins, with added effects on the composition and function of cecal microbial populations. Additional research is now warranted to further elucidate the effects on inflammatory biomarkers and observe changes in the specific intestinal bacterial populations post introduction of NR and its derivatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 791 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Trehalose as a Bioactive Nutrient

by Anqi Chen and Patrick A. Gibney

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061393 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 8207

Abstract

Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing disaccharide comprising two covalently-linked glucose molecules. It possesses unique physiochemical properties, which account for multiple biological roles in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the past few decades, intensive research on trehalose has uncovered its [...] Read more.

Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing disaccharide comprising two covalently-linked glucose molecules. It possesses unique physiochemical properties, which account for multiple biological roles in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the past few decades, intensive research on trehalose has uncovered its functions, and extended its uses as a sweetener and stabilizer in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Further, increased dietary trehalose consumption has sparked research on how trehalose affects the gut microbiome. In addition to its role as a dietary sugar, trehalose has gained attention for its ability to modulate glucose homeostasis, and potentially as a therapeutic agent for diabetes. This review discusses the bioactive effects of dietary trehalose, highlighting its promise in future industrial and scientific contributions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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7 pages, 687 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Resistant Maltodextrin Consumption in a Double-Blind, Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial Induces Specific Changes in Potentially Beneficial Gut Bacteria

by Volker Mai, Alyssa M. Burns, Rebecca J. Solch, Jennifer C. Dennis-Wall, Maria Ukhanova and Bobbi Langkamp-Henken

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112192 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4384

Abstract

Background: We have previously reported that the addition of resistant maltodextrin (RMD), a fermentable functional fiber, to the diet increases fecal weight as well as the amount of fecal bifidobacteria. Here, we report on the targeted analysis of changes in potentially beneficial gut [...] Read more.

Background: We have previously reported that the addition of resistant maltodextrin (RMD), a fermentable functional fiber, to the diet increases fecal weight as well as the amount of fecal bifidobacteria. Here, we report on the targeted analysis of changes in potentially beneficial gut bacteria associated with the intervention. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding 0, 15 and 25 g RMD to the diets of healthy free-living adults on potentially beneficial gut bacteria. Methods: We expanded on our previously reported microbiota analysis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled feeding study (NCT02733263) by performing additional qPCR analyses targeting fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans in samples from 49 participants. Results: RMD resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in fecal Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans (p = 0.024 for 15 g/day RMD and p = 0.017 for 25 g/day RMD). For Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, we obtained borderline evidence that showed increased amounts in participants that had low baseline levels of these bacteria (p < 0.1 for 25 g/day RMD). We did not detect any effects of RMD on LAB. Conclusions: RMD supplementation in healthy individuals increases Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans. Albeit to a lesser extent, RMD at the higher intake level may also increase Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in individuals with low baseline levels of those two species. Potential benefits associated with these microbiota changes remain to be established in studies with quantifiable health-related endpoints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Dietary Bioactives in Health and Disease)

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