Nutrients

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21 pages, 1190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Care Costs and Savings Associated with Increased Dairy Consumption among Adults in the United States

by Carolyn G. Scrafford, Xiaoyu Bi, Jasjit K. Multani, Mary M. Murphy, Jordana K. Schmier and Leila M. Barraj

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010233 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7257

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact on health care costs if United States (US) adults increased their dairy consumption to meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations. Methods: Risk estimates from recent meta-analyses quantifying the association between dairy [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact on health care costs if United States (US) adults increased their dairy consumption to meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommendations. Methods: Risk estimates from recent meta-analyses quantifying the association between dairy consumption and health outcomes were combined with the increase in dairy consumption under two scenarios where population mean dairy intakes from the 2015–2016 What We Eat in America were increased to meet the DGA recommendations: (1) according to proportions by type as specified in US Department of Agriculture Food Intake Patterns and (2) assuming the consumption of a single dairy type. The resulting change in risk was combined with published data on annual health care costs to estimate impact on costs. Health care costs were adjusted to account for potential double counting due to overlapping comorbidities of the health outcomes included. Results: Total dairy consumption among adults in the US was 1.49 cup-equivalents per day (c-eq/day), requiring an increase of 1.51 c-eq/day to meet the DGA recommendation. Annual cost savings of $12.5 billion (B) (range of $2.0B to $25.6B) were estimated based on total dairy consumption resulting from a reduction in stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer and an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease and prostate cancer. Similar annual cost savings were estimated for an increase in low-fat dairy consumption ($14.1B; range of $0.8B to $27.9B). Among dairy sub-types, an increase of approximately 0.5 c-eq/day of yogurt consumption alone to help meet the DGA recommendations resulted in the highest annual cost savings of $32.5B (range of $16.5B to $52.8B), mostly driven by a reduction in type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Adoption of a dietary pattern with increased dairy consumption among adults in the US to meet DGA recommendations has the potential to provide billions of dollars in savings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

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10 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Participation in the School Milk Program Contributes to Increased Milk Consumption and Dietary Nutrient Intake by Middle School Students in South Korea

by Jee Hyun Lee, Woo Kyoung Kim and Sun Hyo Kim

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102386 - 6 Oct 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3690

Abstract

Milk is considered to be one of the main food sources of calcium for promoting growth and bone health in children and adolescents. This study investigated whether or not participation in a school milk program affected milk consumption and nutrient intake by middle [...] Read more.

Milk is considered to be one of the main food sources of calcium for promoting growth and bone health in children and adolescents. This study investigated whether or not participation in a school milk program affected milk consumption and nutrient intake by middle school students in South Korea. In total, 692 middle school students aged 13–16 years old were enrolled in two groups: the school milk program participant group (n = 346) and the non-participant group (n = 346). The survey examined normal milk consumption status in both groups. The diet record method was applied to analyze the amount of nutrient intake levels. Milk/dairy product consumption was significantly higher in the school milk program participant group for both boys and girls (p < 0.001). The school milk program participant group also generally showed higher energy and dietary nutrient intake levels as compared to the non-participant group for both genders (p < 0.05). No differences were observed in milk consumption at home or outside school, and calcium intake from animal-derived foods was higher in the school milk program participant group (p < 0.001). Therefore, it can be assumed that participating in the school milk program directly resulted in higher calcium intake. Hence, we can report that participating in the school milk program contributes to increased milk consumption and improved the overall nutrient intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

14 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Dairy Product Consumption with Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the LabMed Study

by Sandra Abreu, César Agostinis-Sobrinho, Rute Santos, Carla Moreira, Luís Lopes, Carla Gonçalves, José Oliveira-Santos, Eduarda Sousa-Sá, Bruno Rodrigues, Jorge Mota and Rafaela Rosário

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102268 - 21 Sep 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4279

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the association between dairy product consumption and metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in Portuguese adolescents, and whether the association differed by weight status. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the school year 2011/2012 with 412 Portuguese adolescents (52.4% girls) [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the association between dairy product consumption and metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers in Portuguese adolescents, and whether the association differed by weight status. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the school year 2011/2012 with 412 Portuguese adolescents (52.4% girls) in 7th and 10th grade (aged 12 to 18 years old). The World Health Organization cutoffs were used to categorize adolescents as non-overweight (NW) or overweight (OW). Blood samples were collected to analyze C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin. Dairy product intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were divided by tertiles according to the amount of dairy product consumed. The associations between dairy product consumption with metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated using generalized linear regression models with logarithmic link and gamma distribution and adjusted for potential confounders. The majority of adolescents were NW (67.2%). NW adolescents had lower IL-6, CRP, and leptin concentration than their counterparts (p < 0.05, for all comparisons). Higher levels of total dairy product and milk intake were inversely associated with IL-6 (P for trend <0.05, for all) in NW adolescents, but not in OW adolescents. NW adolescents in the second tertile of yogurt consumption had lower level of IL-6 compared to those in the first tertile (p = 0.004). Our results suggest an inverse association between total dairy product and milk intake and serum concentrations of IL-6 only among NW adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

15 pages, 1607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antithrombotic and Hypocholesterolemic Activities of Milk Fermented with Specific Strains of Lactococcus lactis

by Miguel Ángel Rendon-Rosales, María J. Torres-Llanez, Aarón F. González-Córdova, Adrián Hernández-Mendoza, Miguel A. Mazorra-Manzano and Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092150 - 9 Sep 2019

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3875

Abstract

Milk fermented with specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was reported to be a rich source of metabolites, such as peptides with different biological activities that may have a positive effect on cardiovascular health. Thus, in this study, the antithrombotic and hypocholesterolemic activities of [...] Read more.

Milk fermented with specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was reported to be a rich source of metabolites, such as peptides with different biological activities that may have a positive effect on cardiovascular health. Thus, in this study, the antithrombotic and hypocholesterolemic activities of fermented milk with specific strains of Lactococcus lactis were investigated before and after exposure to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD) model. The inhibition of thrombin-induced fibrin polymerization (IC₅₀ peptide concentration necessary to inhibit thrombin activity by 50%), anticoagulant activity, inhibition of micellar solubility of cholesterol and bile acid binding capacity of water soluble fractions (WSF) <3 kDa from fermented milk were evaluated. Results indicated that the WSF from fermented milk with Lc-572 showed antithrombotic (IC₅₀ = 0.049 mg/mL) and hypocholesterolemic (55% inhibition of micellar solubility of cholesterol and 27% bile acid binding capacity) activities. Meanwhile, fermented milk with Lc-571 showed mainly antithrombotic activity (IC₅₀ = 0.045 mg/mL). On the other hand, fermented milk with Lc-600 presented mainly hypocholesterolemic activity (31.4% inhibition of micellar solubility of and 70% bile acid binding capacity). Moreover, biological activities were not lost after simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions. Thus, fermented milk with these specific L. lactis strains show potential for the development of functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

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12 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Selenium and Vitamin E in Dairy Cow Milk Improves the Quality of the Milk as Food for Children

by Arlindo Saran Netto, Márcia Saladini Vieira Salles, Luiz Carlos Roma Júnior, Silvia Maria Franciscato Cozzolino, Maria Teresa Moi Gonçalves, José Esler de Freitas Júnior and Marcus Antonio Zanetti

Nutrients 2019, 11(6), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061218 - 29 May 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3988

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of milk biofortified with antioxidants on the health of children. Two experiments were conducted: experiment one evaluated the milk of 24 Jersey dairy cows (450 ± 25 kg of body weight (BW); 60 ± 30 [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of milk biofortified with antioxidants on the health of children. Two experiments were conducted: experiment one evaluated the milk of 24 Jersey dairy cows (450 ± 25 kg of body weight (BW); 60 ± 30 days in milk dry matter intake (DIM)) given different diet treatments (CON = control diet; COANT = diet with vitamin E and selenium as antioxidants; OIL = diet with sunflower oil; and OANT = diet with sunflower oil containing more vitamin E and selenium as antioxidants), and experiment two evaluated the effect of the milk produced in the first experiment on the health of children (CON = control diet; COANT = diet with vitamin E and selenium as antioxidants; OIL = diet with sunflower oil; OANT = diet with sunflower oil containing more vitamin E and selenium as antioxidants; and SM = skim milk). One hundred children (8 to 10 years old) were evaluated in the second experiment. Blood samples were collected at 0 days of milk intake and 28 and 84 days after the start of milk intake. The cows fed the COANT and OANT diets showed greater selenium and vitamin E concentrations in their milk (p = 0.001), and the children who consumed the milk from those cows had higher concentrations of selenium and vitamin E in their blood (p = 0.001). The platelet (p = 0.001) and lymphocyte (p = 0.001) concentrations were increased in the blood of the children that consumed milk from cows fed the OANT diet compared to those in the children that consumed SM (p = 0.001). The children who consumed milk from cows fed the OIL diet treatment had increased concentrations of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol in their blood at the end of the supplementation period compared to children who consumed SM. The results of this study demonstrate that the consumption of biofortified milk increases the blood concentrations of selenium and vitamin E in children, which may be beneficial to their health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

Review

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21 pages, 1433 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dairy Fat Consumption and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: An Examination of the Saturated Fatty Acids in Dairy

by Allison L. Unger, Moises Torres-Gonzalez and Jana Kraft

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2200; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092200 - 12 Sep 2019

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 16705

Abstract

Lifestyle is a key modifiable risk factor involved in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome and, in particular, diet plays a pivotal role in its prevention and development. Current dietary guidelines discourage the consumption of saturated fat and dietary sources rich in saturated fat, [...] Read more.

Lifestyle is a key modifiable risk factor involved in the manifestation of metabolic syndrome and, in particular, diet plays a pivotal role in its prevention and development. Current dietary guidelines discourage the consumption of saturated fat and dietary sources rich in saturated fat, such as dairy products, despite data suggesting that full-fat dairy consumption is protective against metabolic syndrome. This narrative review assessed the recent epidemiological and clinical research that examined the consumption of dairy-derived saturated fatty acids (SFA) on metabolic syndrome risk. In addition, this review evaluated studies of individual SFA to gain insight into the potential mechanisms at play with intake of a diet enriched with these dairy-derived fatty acids. This work underscores that SFA are a heterogenous class of fatty acids that can differ considerably in their biological activity within the body depending on their length and specific chemical structure. In summary, previous work on the impact of dairy-derived SFA consumption on disease risk suggests that there is currently insufficient evidence to support current dietary guidelines which consolidate all dietary SFA into a single group of nutrients whose consumption should be reduced, regardless of dietary source, food matrix, and composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

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14 pages, 1002 KiB

Open AccessReview

Total Dairy, Cheese and Milk Intake and Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies

by Ana Diez-Fernández, Celia Álvarez-Bueno, Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno, Mercedes Sotos-Prieto, José I Recio-Rodríguez and Iván Cavero-Redondo

Nutrients 2019, 11(4), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040741 - 29 Mar 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7193

Abstract

The aim of this review was to determine the relationship between dairy product consumption and arterial stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV). We systematically searched the Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases until 30 January 2019 for cross-sectional data from studies [...] Read more.

The aim of this review was to determine the relationship between dairy product consumption and arterial stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV). We systematically searched the Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases until 30 January 2019 for cross-sectional data from studies addressing the association between dairy product consumption and PWV. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018110528). Both the inverse-variance fixed effects method and the DerSimonian and Laird method were used to compute pooled estimates of effect size (ES) and the respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 16,443 patients. Total dairy product (ES = −0.03; 95% CI [−0.04, −0.01]) and cheese (ES = −0.04; 95% CI [−0.07, −0.01]) consumption were weak, but significantly associated with lower PWV levels. Conversely, milk intake showed no significant association with PWV (ES = 0.02; 95% CI [−0.01, 0.05]). Heterogeneity in the ES was not important for the three groups of dairy products assessed. This systematic review and meta-analysis of seven studies found no detrimental effects of dairy product consumption on arterial stiffness measured by PWV. Due to the scarcity of studies, further investigations are warranted to clarify the role of dairy products on arterial stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

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22 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Glycomacropeptide Bioactivity and Health: A Review Highlighting Action Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways

by Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos, Mariela Jiménez and Eva Salinas

Nutrients 2019, 11(3), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030598 - 12 Mar 2019

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7020

Abstract

Food-derived bioactive peptides are reported as beneficial and safe for human health. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-protein-derived peptide that, in addition to its nutritional value, retains many biological properties and has therapeutic effects in several inflammatory disorders. GMP was shown under in vitro [...] Read more.

Food-derived bioactive peptides are reported as beneficial and safe for human health. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-protein-derived peptide that, in addition to its nutritional value, retains many biological properties and has therapeutic effects in several inflammatory disorders. GMP was shown under in vitro and in vivo conditions to exert a number of activities that regulate the physiology of important body systems, namely the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. This review represents a comprehensive compilation summarizing the current knowledge and updated information on the major biological properties associated with GMP. GMP bioactivity is addressed with special attention on mechanisms of action, signaling pathways involved, and structural characteristics implicated. In addition, the results of various studies dealing with the effects of GMP on models of inflammatory diseases are reviewed and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dairy Products Consumption for Human Health)

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