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Nutrients
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Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes
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Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2024) | Viewed by 8295

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Emilia Papakonstantinou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: diabetes mellitus; glycemia; dietary patterns; glycemic index; diet; metabolic syndrome
Dr. Kalliopi Anna Poulia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: diet; nutrition; malnutrition; chronic kidney disease; nutritional support; oncology nutrition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, entitled “Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes”, will explore the impact of dietary modifications for the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus and the effect of nutrition and lifestyle on the disease progression and its complications. The aim of this Special Issue is to illuminate the role of diet and nutrition, including the factors of adherence, food, and nutrients’ role in diabetes mellitus, intervention strategies, dietary patterns, and lifestyle modifications in the overall course of metabolic alterations in diabetes mellitus.

Through this Special Issue, we hope to provide health care professionals and scientists with updated information on new diet-related approaches and their effect on diabetes with supporting evidence.

Dr. Emilia Papakonstantinou
Dr. Kalliopi Anna Poulia
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • diabetes mellitus
  • glycemia
  • dietary patterns
  • glycemic index
  • diet
  • food
  • functional foods
  • euglycaemia
  • lifestyle modifications
  • metabolic syndrome

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 822 KiB  
Article
Triglyceride and Glucose Index as an Optimal Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Lebanese Adults
by Suzan Haidar, Nadine Mahboub, Dimitrios Papandreou, Myriam Abboud and Rana Rizk
Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3718; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213718 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 871
Abstract
Background: Globally, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is on the rise, especially in Arab countries, which emphasizes the need for reliable ethnic-specific biochemical screening parameters. Methods: Two hundred twenty-one Lebanese adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Biochemical parameters including Homeostasis Model [...] Read more.
Background: Globally, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is on the rise, especially in Arab countries, which emphasizes the need for reliable ethnic-specific biochemical screening parameters. Methods: Two hundred twenty-one Lebanese adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Biochemical parameters including Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA), Triglyceride and Glucose index (TyG), ratio of Triglycerides to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (TG/HDL-C), Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), and Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) were assessed for their prediction of MetS. Analysis of covariance, logistic regression, expected-versus-observed case ratio were used to determine model calibration, concordance statistic, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values (PPV, NPV). Results: The prevalence of MetS was 44.3%. All biochemical parameters were significantly associated with MetS, with a strong model discrimination (c-statistic between 0.77 and 0.94). In both sex categories, TyG best predicted MetS (females: cut-off value, 8.34; males: cut-off value, 8.43) and showed good estimation among females, but overestimation among males. HOMA had the lowest discriminatory power in both sex categories. Conclusions: This study suggests that TyG best predicts MetS, while HOMA has the lowest predictive power. Future larger studies need to focus on harmonizing ethnic specific cut-offs and further validating our results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes)
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10 pages, 817 KiB  
Article
Effects of a Carbohydrate Meal on Lipolysis
by Kerstin Kempf and Stephan Martin
Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3531; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203531 - 18 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1617
Abstract
Background: Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, effective dietary recommendations are needed. Previously, we developed the low-insulin method: by avoiding insulinogenic, i.e., insulin-release-triggering foods, insulin secretion becomes reduced, lipolysis is stimulated, and energy production is shifted to ketosis [...] Read more.
Background: Due to the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, effective dietary recommendations are needed. Previously, we developed the low-insulin method: by avoiding insulinogenic, i.e., insulin-release-triggering foods, insulin secretion becomes reduced, lipolysis is stimulated, and energy production is shifted to ketosis with excess ketone bodies exhaled in the form of acetone. Now, we investigate how quickly stable ketosis (defined as fasting breath acetone concentration ≥ 7.0 ppm) is achieved, whether and for how long a carbohydrate meal inhibits ketosis, and whether the responses differ in healthy adults with different insulin levels. Methods: An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted, and body composition and fasting insulin were determined at the beginning and end of the 14-day study. Participants (n = 10) followed a ketogenic diet and performed continuous glucose monitoring. Ketosis levels were determined by measuring breath acetone concentrations. On day 8, two white bread rolls with jam (72 g carbohydrates) were consumed for breakfast. Results: After seven days, all participants achieved stable ketosis (defined as fasting breath acetone concentration ≥ 7.0 ppm), which dropped from 8.2 to 5.7 ppm (p = 0.0014) after the carbohydrate meal. It took five days to achieve stable ketosis again. The stratification of participants into tertiles according to their fasting insulin levels demonstrated that individuals with low fasting insulin levels achieved stable ketosis again after two days and those with medium insulin levels after five days, while those with high baseline values did not reach stable ketosis by the end of the study. Conclusions: By carbohydrate restriction, stable ketosis can be achieved within one week. However, a single carbohydrate meal inhibits ketosis for several days. This effect is pronounced in individuals with elevated fasting insulin levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes)
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16 pages, 2421 KiB  
Article
Marginal Zinc Deficiency Promotes Pancreatic Islet Enlargement While Zinc Supplementation Improves the Pancreatic Insulin Response in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
by Leslie Rech, Peter Zahradka and Carla G. Taylor
Nutrients 2024, 16(12), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121819 - 10 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
Zinc deficiency has been associated with the worsening of diabetes while zinc supplementation has been proposed to ameliorate diabetes. This study examined the effects of marginal zinc deficiency (MZD) and zinc supplementation (ZS) on obesity, glycemic control, pancreatic islets, hepatic steatosis and renal [...] Read more.
Zinc deficiency has been associated with the worsening of diabetes while zinc supplementation has been proposed to ameliorate diabetes. This study examined the effects of marginal zinc deficiency (MZD) and zinc supplementation (ZS) on obesity, glycemic control, pancreatic islets, hepatic steatosis and renal function of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Male ZDF rats were fed an MZD, zinc control (ZC) or ZS diet (4, 30 and 300 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively), and lean Zucker rats were fed a ZC diet for 8 weeks. MZD and ZS did not alter body weight or whole-body composition in ZDF rats. MZD ZDF rats had reduced zinc concentrations in the femur and pancreas, a greater number of enlarged pancreatic islets and a diminished response to an oral glucose load based on a 1.8-fold greater incremental area-under-the-curve (AUC) for glucose compared to ZC ZDF. ZS ZDF rats had elevated serum, femur and pancreatic zinc concentrations, unchanged pancreatic parameters and a 50% reduction in the AUC for insulin compared to ZC ZDF rats, suggesting greater insulin sensitivity. Dietary zinc intake did not alter hepatic steatosis, creatinine clearance, or levels of proteins that contribute to insulin signaling, inflammation or zinc transport in epididymal fat. Potential adverse effects of ZS were suggested by reduced hepatic copper concentrations and elevated serum urea compared to ZC ZDF rats. In summary, ZS improved the pancreatic insulin response but not the glucose handling. In contrast, reduced zinc status in ZDF rats led to impaired glucose tolerance and a compensatory increase in the number and size of pancreatic islets which could lead to β-cell exhaustion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes)
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20 pages, 1095 KiB  
Article
Two-Month Consumption of Orange Juice Enriched with Vitamin D3 and Probiotics Decreases Body Weight, Insulin Resistance, Blood Lipids, and Arterial Blood Pressure in High-Cardiometabolic-Risk Patients on a Westernized Type Diet: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial
by Emilia Papakonstantinou, Nikolaos Zacharodimos, Georgios Georgiopoulos, Christina Athanasaki, Dionysia-Lydia Bothou, Sofia Tsitsou, Foteini Lympaki, Stamatia Vitsou-Anastasiou, Olga S. Papadopoulou, Dimitrios Delialis, Evangelos C. Alexopoulos, Eleni Petsiou, Kalliopi Keramida, Agapi I. Doulgeraki, Ismini-Maria Patsopoulou, George-John E. Nychas and Chrysoula C. Tassou
Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091331 - 28 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3819
Abstract
This study examined the effects of orange juice (OJ) supplemented with vitamin D3 (2000 IU) and probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, 108 cfu/mL) on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults following a Westernized-type diet. Fifty-three high-risk [...] Read more.
This study examined the effects of orange juice (OJ) supplemented with vitamin D3 (2000 IU) and probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, 108 cfu/mL) on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults following a Westernized-type diet. Fifty-three high-risk individuals were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Over 8 weeks, one group consumed a vitamin D3 and probiotic-enriched OJ and the other regular OJ (control). Diets remained unchanged and were documented through food diaries. Measures of metabolic and inflammatory markers and blood pressure were measured at the start and end of the study. Post-intervention, the enriched OJ group showed the following significant metabolic improvements (without changes in triglycerides, inflammation, or central blood pressure): reduced fasting insulin, peripheral blood pressure, body weight (−1.4 kg 95% CI: −2.4, −0.4), energy (−270 kcal 95% CI: −553.2, −13.7), macronutrient (dietary fat −238 kcal 95% CI: −11.9, −1.0; carbohydrates −155 kcal 95% CI: −282.4, −27.3; sugars −16.1 g 95% CI: −11.9, −1.0) intake, and better lipid profiles (total cholesterol −10.3 mg/dL 95% CI: −21.4, 0.9; LDL-C −7 mg/dL 95% CI: −13.5, −0.5). The enriched OJ led to weight loss, less energy/macronutrient consumption, improved lipid profiles, and increased insulin sensitivity after 8 weeks in those following a Westernized diet, thus indicating potential benefits for cardiometabolic risk. This study was a part of FunJuice-T2EDK-01922, which was funded by the EU Regional Development Fund and Greek National Resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional and Dietary Approaches to Diabetes)
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