Nutrients

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11 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Heart Rate Variability in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Hanne Sether Lilleberg, Simon Lebech Cichosz, My Svensson, Jeppe Hagstrup Christensen, Jesper Fleischer, Ivar Eide and Trond Jenssen

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122847 - 20 Nov 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3162

Abstract

Resting heart rate (rHR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are non-invasive measurements that predict the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation may decrease rHR, increase HRV, and reduce the risk of SCD. To date, no [...] Read more.

Resting heart rate (rHR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are non-invasive measurements that predict the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation may decrease rHR, increase HRV, and reduce the risk of SCD. To date, no studies have investigated the effect of marine n-3 PUFA on HRV in renal transplant recipients. In a randomized controlled trial, 132 renal transplant recipients were randomized to receive either three 1 g capsules of marine n-3 PUFA, each containing 460 mg/g EPA and 380 mg/g DHA, or control (olive oil) for 44 weeks. HRV was calculated in the time and frequency domains during a conventional cardiovascular reflex test (response to standing, deep breathing, and Valsalva maneuver) and during 2 min of resting in the supine position. There was no significant effect of marine n-3 PUFA supplementation on time-domain HRV compared with controls. rHR decreased 3.1 bpm (± 13.1) for patients receiving marine n-3 PUFA compared to 0.8 (± 11.0) in controls (p = 0.28). In the frequency domain HRV analyses, there was a significant change in response to standing in both high and low frequency measures, 2.9 (p = 0.04, 95% CI (1.1;8)) and 2.7 (p = 0.04, 95% CI (1.1;6.5)), respectively. In conclusion, 44 weeks of supplemental marine n-3 PUFAs in renal transplant recipients significantly improved the cardiac autonomic function, assessed by measuring HRV during conventional cardiovascular reflex tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

13 pages, 13507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Status before and after Renal Replacement Therapy: Differences between Conventional High Flux Hemodialysis and on-Line Hemodiafiltration

by José Alberto Navarro-García, Elena Rodríguez-Sánchez, Jennifer Aceves-Ripoll, Judith Abarca-Zabalía, Andrea Susmozas-Sánchez, Laura González Lafuente, Teresa Bada-Bosch, Eduardo Hernández, Evangelina Mérida-Herrero, Manuel Praga, Luis Miguel Ruilope and Gema Ruiz-Hurtado

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112809 - 17 Nov 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4495

Abstract

Hemodialysis patients experience high oxidative stress because of systemic inflammation and depletion of antioxidants. Little is known about the global oxidative status during dialysis or whether it is linked to the type of dialysis. We investigated the oxidative status before (pre-) and after [...] Read more.

Hemodialysis patients experience high oxidative stress because of systemic inflammation and depletion of antioxidants. Little is known about the global oxidative status during dialysis or whether it is linked to the type of dialysis. We investigated the oxidative status before (pre-) and after (post-) one dialysis session in patients subjected to high-flux dialysis (HFD) or on-line hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF). We analyzed carbonyls, oxidized LDL (oxLDL), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, and xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity as oxidative markers, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities as measures of antioxidant defense. Indices of oxidative damage (OxyScore) and antioxidant defense (AntioxyScore) were computed and combined into a global DialysisOxyScore. Both dialysis modalities cleared all markers (p < 0.01) except carbonyls, which were unchanged, and oxLDL, which increased post-dialysis (p < 0.01). OxyScore increased post-dialysis (p < 0.001), whereas AntioxyScore decreased (p < 0.001). XOD and catalase activities decreased post-dialysis after OL-HDF (p < 0.01), and catalase activity was higher after OL-HDF than after HFD (p < 0.05). TAC decreased in both dialysis modalities (p < 0.01), but remained higher in OL-HDF than in HFD post-dialysis (p < 0.05), resulting in a lower overall DialysisOxyScore (p < 0.05). Thus, patients on OL-HDF maintain higher levels of antioxidant defense, which might balance the elevated oxidative stress during dialysis, although further longitudinal studies are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

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10 pages, 947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Carnitine Deficiency and Decreased Carnitine Levels in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

by Satoshi Shimizu, Hiroyuki Takashima, Ritsukou Tei, Tetsuya Furukawa, Makiyo Okamura, Maki Kitai, Chinami Nagura, Takashi Maruyama, Terumi Higuchi and Masanori Abe

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2645; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112645 - 4 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3199

Abstract

Background: Carnitine deficiency is common in patients on dialysis. Serum free carnitine concentration is significantly lower in patients on hemodialysis (HD) than in healthy individuals. However, there are few reports on serum free carnitine concentration in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background: Carnitine deficiency is common in patients on dialysis. Serum free carnitine concentration is significantly lower in patients on hemodialysis (HD) than in healthy individuals. However, there are few reports on serum free carnitine concentration in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: We examined serum concentrations of total, free, and acylcarnitine and the acylcarnitine/free carnitine ratio in 34 PD and 34 age-, sex-, and dialysis duration-matched HD patients. We investigated the prevalence of carnitine deficiency and clinical factors associated with carnitine deficiency in the PD group. Results: Prevalence of carnitine deficiency was 8.8% in the PD group and 17.7% in the HD group (p = 0.283). High risk of carnitine deficiency was found in 73.5% of the PD group and 76.4% of the HD group (p = 0.604). Carnitine insufficiency was found in 82.3% of the PD group and 88.2% of HD group (p = 0.733). Multivariate analysis revealed that duration of dialysis and age were independent predictors of serum free carnitine level in the PD group. Conclusions: The prevalence of carnitine deficiency, high risk of carnitine deficiency, and carnitine insufficiency in PD patients was 8.8%, 73.5%, and 82.3%, respectively. These rates were comparable to those in patients on HD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

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12 pages, 764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Intradialytic Exercise on Hyperphosphatemia and Malnutrition

by Nada Salhab, Mona Alrukhaimi, Jeroen Kooman, Enrico Fiaccadori, Harith Aljubori, Rana Rizk and Mirey Karavetian

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102464 - 15 Oct 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5238

Abstract

Intradialytic exercise (IDE) is not routinely prescribed in hemodialysis (HD) units despite its potential benefits on patients’ outcomes. This study was the first in the United Arab Emirates to examine the effect of aerobic IDE on hyperphosphatemia, malnutrition, and other health outcomes among [...] Read more.

Intradialytic exercise (IDE) is not routinely prescribed in hemodialysis (HD) units despite its potential benefits on patients’ outcomes. This study was the first in the United Arab Emirates to examine the effect of aerobic IDE on hyperphosphatemia, malnutrition, and other health outcomes among HD patients. Participants were chosen from the largest HD unit in Sharjah Emirate for a quasi-experimental intervention with pre and post evaluation. The study lasted for 12 months. Study parameters were collected at baseline, post intervention, and follow-up. The intervention included a moderate-intensity aerobic IDE of 45 min per HD session; intensity was assessed using the Borg Scale. Patients were educated on the importance of exercise. Study outcomes were serum phosphorus (P), malnutrition inflammation score (MIS), quality of life (QOL), and pertinent blood tests. Forty-one eligible consenting HD patients were included in the study. Results at follow-up showed a non-significant reduction in P (p = 0.06) in patients who were hyperphosphatemic at baseline, but not in the sample as whole. MIS did not deteriorate throughout the study (p = 0.97). IDE resulted in a non-significant increase in the QOL visual analogue scale (p = 0.34). To conclude, aerobic IDE for 45 min is safe and could be beneficial, especially for hyperphosphatemic patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

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13 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Facilitators of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Renal Transplant Recipients, Family Members and Healthcare Professionals—A Focus Group Study

by Karin Boslooper-Meulenbelt, Olga Patijn, Marieke C. E. Battjes-Fries, Hinke Haisma, Gerda K. Pot and Gerjan J. Navis

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102427 - 11 Oct 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3233

Abstract

Low fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with poor outcomes after renal transplantation. Insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption is reported in the majority of renal transplant recipients (RTR). The aim of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators of fruit and vegetable [...] Read more.

Low fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with poor outcomes after renal transplantation. Insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption is reported in the majority of renal transplant recipients (RTR). The aim of this study was to identify barriers and facilitators of fruit and vegetable consumption after renal transplantation and explore if certain barriers and facilitators were transplant-related. After purposive sampling, RTR (n = 19), their family members (n = 15) and healthcare professionals (n = 5) from a Dutch transplant center participated in seven focus group discussions (three each for RTR and family members, one with healthcare professionals). Transcripts were analyzed using social cognitive theory as conceptual framework and content analysis was used for identification of themes. Transplant-related barriers and facilitators were described separately. In categorizing barriers and facilitators, four transplant-related themes were identified: transition in diet (accompanied by, e.g., fear or difficulties with new routine), physical health (e.g., recovery of uremic symptoms), medication (e.g., cravings by prednisolone) and competing priorities after transplantation (e.g., social participation activities). Among the generic personal and environmental barriers and facilitators, food literacy and social support were most relevant. In conclusion, transplant-related and generic barriers and facilitators were identified for fruit and vegetable consumption in RTR. The barriers that accompany the dietary transition after renal transplantation may contribute to the generally poorer fruit and vegetable consumption of RTR. These findings can be used for the development of additional nutritional counseling strategies in renal transplant care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

18 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Taurine Excretion and Risk of Late Graft Failure in Renal Transplant Recipients

by Adrian Post, M. Yusof Said, Antonio W. Gomes-Neto, Jennifer van der Krogt, Pim de Blaauw, Stefan P. Berger, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Karin Borgonjen, Else van den Berg, Harry van Goor, Gerald Rimbach, Ido P. Kema, Dimitrios Tsikas, M. Rebecca Heiner-Fokkema and Stephan J. L. Bakker

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092212 - 13 Sep 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4451

Abstract

Taurine is a sulfur containing nutrient that has been shown to protect against oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology leading to late graft failure after renal transplantation. We prospectively investigated whether high urinary taurine excretion, reflecting high taurine intake, is [...] Read more.

Taurine is a sulfur containing nutrient that has been shown to protect against oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology leading to late graft failure after renal transplantation. We prospectively investigated whether high urinary taurine excretion, reflecting high taurine intake, is associated with low risk for development of late graft failure in renal transplant recipients (RTR). Urinary taurine excretion was measured in a longitudinal cohort of 678 stable RTR. Prospective associations were assessed using Cox regression analyses. Graft failure was defined as the start of dialysis or re-transplantation. In RTR (58% male, 53 ± 13 years old, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 45 ± 19 mL/min/1.73 m²), urinary taurine excretion (533 (210–946) µmol/24 h) was significantly associated with serum free sulfhydryl groups (β = 0.126; P = 0.001). During median follow-up for 5.3 (4.5–6.0) years, 83 (12%) patients developed graft failure. In Cox regression analyses, urinary taurine excretion was inversely associated with graft failure (hazard ratio: 0.74 (0.67–0.82); P < 0.001). This association remained significant independent of potential confounders. High urinary taurine excretion is associated with low risk of late graft failure in RTR. Therefore, increasing taurine intake may potentially support graft survival in RTR. Further studies are warranted to determine the underlying mechanisms and the potential of taurine supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

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12 pages, 1101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Effect of Folic Acid and Pentoxifylline on Delaying Dialysis Initiation in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

by Hsun Yang, Shiun-Yang Juang, Kuan-Fu Liao and Yi-Hsin Chen

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092192 - 12 Sep 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3780

Abstract

Background: We hypothesized that the nutrient loss and chronic inflammation status may stimulate progression in advanced chronic kidney disease. Therefore, we aimed to generate a study to state the influence of combined nutritional and anti-inflammatory interventions. Methods: The registry from the National Health [...] Read more.

Background: We hypothesized that the nutrient loss and chronic inflammation status may stimulate progression in advanced chronic kidney disease. Therefore, we aimed to generate a study to state the influence of combined nutritional and anti-inflammatory interventions. Methods: The registry from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan was searched for 20–90 years individuals who had certified end-stage renal disease. From January 2005 through December 2010, the diagnosis code ICD-9 585 (chronic kidney disease, CKD) plus erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) use was defined as entering advanced chronic kidney disease. The ESA starting date was defined as the first index date, whereas the initiation day of maintenance dialysis was defined as the second index date. The duration between the index dates was analyzed in different medical treatments. Results: There were 10,954 patients analyzed. The combination therapy resulted in the longest duration (n = 2184, median 145 days, p < 0.001) before the dialysis initiation compared with folic acid (n = 5073, median 111 days), pentoxifylline (n = 1119, median 102 days, p = 0.654), and no drug group (control, n = 2578, median 89 days, p < 0.001). Lacking eGFR data and the retrospective nature are important limitations. Conclusions: In patients with advanced CKD on the ESA treatment, the combination of folic acid and pentoxifylline was associated with delayed initiation of hemodialysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

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Review

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13 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessReview

Body Fluid-Independent Effects of Dietary Salt Consumption in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Jetta J. Oppelaar and Liffert Vogt

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2779; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112779 - 15 Nov 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8978

Abstract

The average dietary salt (i.e., sodium chloride) intake in Western society is about 10 g per day. This greatly exceeds the lifestyle recommendations by the WHO to limit dietary salt intake to 5 g. There is robust evidence that excess salt intake is [...] Read more.

The average dietary salt (i.e., sodium chloride) intake in Western society is about 10 g per day. This greatly exceeds the lifestyle recommendations by the WHO to limit dietary salt intake to 5 g. There is robust evidence that excess salt intake is associated with deleterious effects including hypertension, kidney damage and adverse cardiovascular health. In patients with chronic kidney disease, moderate reduction of dietary salt intake has important renoprotective effects and positively influences the efficacy of common pharmacological treatment regimens. During the past several years, it has become clear that besides influencing body fluid volume high salt also induces tissue remodelling and activates immune cell homeostasis. The exact pathophysiological pathway in which these salt-induced fluid-independent effects contribute to CKD is not fully elucidated, nonetheless it is clear that inflammation and the development of fibrosis play a major role in the pathogenic mechanisms of renal diseases. This review focuses on body fluid-independent effects of salt contributing to CKD pathogenesis and cardiovascular health. Additionally, the question whether better understanding of these pathophysiological pathways, related to high salt consumption, might identify new potential treatment options will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD))

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