Nutrients

Editorial

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4 pages, 227 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Diet, Sleep and Exercise

by Henrik Oster and Inês Chaves

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4627; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214627 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5906

Abstract

Among the many factors affecting general health and resilience to disease, lifestyle is at the same time the most controllable and the most influential factor [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

Research

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18 pages, 4102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota Enterotypes Mediate the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Colorectal Neoplasm Risk in a Chinese Population

by Jia-An Cai, Yong-Zhen Zhang, En-Da Yu, Wei-Qun Ding, Qing-Wu Jiang, Quan-Cai Cai and Liang Zhong

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132940 - 28 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is influenced by dietary patterns and gut microbiota enterotypes. However, the interaction between these factors remains unclear. This study examines this relationship, hypothesizing that different diets may affect colorectal tumor risk in individuals with varied gut microbiota enterotypes. We [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is influenced by dietary patterns and gut microbiota enterotypes. However, the interaction between these factors remains unclear. This study examines this relationship, hypothesizing that different diets may affect colorectal tumor risk in individuals with varied gut microbiota enterotypes. We conducted a case-control study involving 410 Han Chinese individuals, using exploratory structural equation modeling to identify two dietary patterns, and a Dirichlet multinomial mixture model to classify 250 colorectal neoplasm cases into three gut microbiota enterotypes. We assessed the association between dietary patterns and the risk of each tumor subtype using logistic regression analysis. We found that a healthy diet, rich in vegetables, fruits, milk, and yogurt, lowers CRC risk, particularly in individuals with type I (dominated by Bacteroides and Lachnoclostridium) and type II (dominated by Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium) gut microbiota enterotypes, with adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48–0.89) and 0.42 (95% CI = 0.29–0.62), respectively. Fruit consumption was the main contributor to this protective effect. No association was found between a healthy dietary pattern and colorectal adenoma risk or between a high-fat diet and colorectal neoplasm risk. Different CRC subtypes associated with gut microbiota enterotypes displayed unique microbial compositions and functions. Our study suggests that specific gut microbiota enterotypes can modulate the effects of diet on CRC risk, offering new perspectives on the relationship between diet, gut microbiota, and colorectal neoplasm risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

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15 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet and Exercise Exert a Differential Effect on Glucose Metabolism Markers According to the Degree of NAFLD Severity

by Antonella Bianco, Isabella Franco, Ritanna Curci, Caterina Bonfiglio, Angelo Campanella, Antonella Mirizzi, Fabio Fucilli, Giuseppe Di Giovanni, Nicola Giampaolo, Pasqua Letizia Pesole and Alberto Ruben Osella

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102252 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2893

Abstract

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are highly prevalent diseases worldwide. Insulin Resistance (IR) is the common denominator of the two conditions even if the precise timing of onset is unknown. Lifestyle change remains the most effective treatment [...] Read more.

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are highly prevalent diseases worldwide. Insulin Resistance (IR) is the common denominator of the two conditions even if the precise timing of onset is unknown. Lifestyle change remains the most effective treatment to manage NAFLD. This study aimed to estimate the effect of the Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD) and exercise (aerobic and resistance) over a one-year period on the longitudinal trajectories of glucose metabolism regulatory pathways. Materials and Methods: In this observational study, 58 subjects (aged 18–65) with different degrees of NAFLD severity were enrolled by the National Institute of Gastroenterology—IRCCS “S. de Bellis”, to follow a 12-month program of combined exercise and diet. Results: The mean age was 55 ± 7 years old. Gender was equally distributed among NAFLD categories. There was a statistically significant main effect of time for glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac) over the whole period (−5.41, 95% CI: −7.51; −3.32). There was a steady, statistically significant decrease of HbA1c in participants with moderate and severe NAFLD whereas this effect was observed after the 9th month in those with mild NAFLD. Conclusions: The proposed program significantly improves glucose metabolism parameters, especially HbA1c. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

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16 pages, 328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Eating Pattern, Chronotype, and Social Jetlag: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Data Accumulated in a Japanese Food-Logging Mobile Health Application

by Lyie Nitta, Yu Tahara, Takae Shinto, Saneyuki Makino, Mai Kuwahara, Ayako Tada, Nanako Abe, Mikiko Michie and Shigenobu Shibata

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092165 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3184

Abstract

Chronotype (morningness–eveningness) and social jetlag (SJL; discrepancy in the sleep pattern between the weekday and weekend) are related to eating behavior and health. The association between sleep behavior and the daily macro- and micronutrient eating pattern of each meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) [...] Read more.

Chronotype (morningness–eveningness) and social jetlag (SJL; discrepancy in the sleep pattern between the weekday and weekend) are related to eating behavior and health. The association between sleep behavior and the daily macro- and micronutrient eating pattern of each meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) have not been discussed well and need more evidence. Here, meal pattern datasets of Japanese participants aged 20–59 years were obtained as averages over 1 month from the data stored in the food-logging app “Asken”. We allocated three groups for each chronotype and SJL. Multiple regression analyses revealed that morning chronotype and small SJL were associated with higher total daily intake of potassium, fiber, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin K. Breakfast energy intake and consumption of nutrients, including protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and minerals, were higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Lunch intake of potassium, cholesterol, fiber, magnesium, and vitamin K was also higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Dinner energy intake and nutrient intake of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, sodium, and saturated fatty acids were lower in the morning chronotype or small SJL. The current data would help to establish a detailed reference for dietary intake which considers eating patterns over a day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

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11 pages, 937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of 24 h Behavior Rhythm with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among American Adults with Overweight/Obesity

by Wenbo Gu, Tianshu Han and Changhao Sun

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092101 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2112

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to metabolic, genetic and environmental factors, circadian rhythm also plays a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to explore the association of 24 h behavior rhythm (activity–rest and feeding–fasting rhythm) with NAFLD. A [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to metabolic, genetic and environmental factors, circadian rhythm also plays a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to explore the association of 24 h behavior rhythm (activity–rest and feeding–fasting rhythm) with NAFLD. A total of 4502 adult participants with overweight/obesity from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 were included in the current study. The behavior rhythm indices were calculated and divided into quintiles for logistic regression models. Compared to those in the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile of relative amplitude (RA) had a lower risk of NAFLD (OR = 0.71, 95% CI, 0.55–0.91); participants in the highest quintile of the average activity of the least active continuous 5 h period (L5) were associated with a higher risk of NAFLD (OR = 1.35, 95% CI, 1.07–1.71). Additionally, participants in the highest quintile of fasting duration and feeding rhythm score were associated with a lower risk of NAFLD relative to those in the lowest quintile (OR = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.59–0.98 for fasting duration, OR = 0.74, 95% CI, 0.58–0.95 for feeding rhythm score). The associations were stronger among participants with obesity. No significant associations were found in the relationship of other behavior rhythm indices with NAFLD. This study indicated a significant association of 24 h behavior rhythm with NAFLD among American adults with overweight/obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

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12 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Late, but Not Early, Night Sleep Loss Compromises Neuroendocrine Appetite Regulation and the Desire for Food

by Svenja Meyhöfer, Rodrigo Chamorro, Manfred Hallschmid, Denisa Spyra, Nelli Klinsmann, Bernd Schultes, Hendrik Lehnert, Sebastian M. Meyhöfer and Britta Wilms

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092035 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4174

Abstract

Objective: There is evidence that reduced sleep duration increases hunger, appetite, and food intake, leading to metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the impact of sleep timing, irrespective of its duration and on the regulation of hunger and appetite, [...] Read more.

Objective: There is evidence that reduced sleep duration increases hunger, appetite, and food intake, leading to metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the impact of sleep timing, irrespective of its duration and on the regulation of hunger and appetite, is less clear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of sleep loss during the late vs. early part of the night on the regulation of hunger, appetite, and desire for food. Methods: Fifteen normal-weight ([mean ± SEM] body-mass index: 23.3 ± 0.4 kg/m²) healthy men were studied in a randomized, balanced, crossover design, including two conditions of sleep loss, i.e., 4 h sleep during the first night-half (‘late-night sleep loss’), 4 h sleep during the second night-half (‘early-night sleep loss’), and a control condition with 8h sleep (‘regular sleep’), respectively. Feelings of hunger and appetite were assessed through visual analogue scales, and plasma ghrelin and leptin were measured from blood samples taken before, during, and after night-time sleep. Results: Ghrelin and feelings of hunger and appetite, as well as the desire for food, were increased after ‘late-night sleep loss’, but not ‘early-night sleep loss’, whereas leptin remained unaffected by the timing of sleep loss. Conclusions: Our data indicate that timing of sleep restriction modulates the effects of acute sleep loss on ghrelin and appetite regulation in healthy men. ‘Late-night sleep loss’ might be a risk factor for metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thereby, our findings highlight the metabolic relevance of chronobiological sleep timing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

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14 pages, 1251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse Association of the Adequacy and Balance Scores in the Modified Healthy Eating Index with Type 2 Diabetes in Women

by Hye-Jeong Yang, Min-Jung Kim, Haeng-Jeon Hur, Dai-Ja Jang, Byung-Kook Lee, Myung-Sunny Kim and Sunmin Park

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071741 - 2 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1995

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has markedly increased among Asians as their diets and lifestyles become more westernized. We, therefore, investigated the hypothesis that the Korean healthy eating index (KHEI) scores are associated with gender-specific T2DM risk in adults. The hypothesis was tested using [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has markedly increased among Asians as their diets and lifestyles become more westernized. We, therefore, investigated the hypothesis that the Korean healthy eating index (KHEI) scores are associated with gender-specific T2DM risk in adults. The hypothesis was tested using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-VI (2013–2017) with a complex sample survey design. Along with the KHEI scores, the modified KHEI (MKHEI) scores for the Korean- (KSD) and Western-style diets (WSD) were used as independent parameters, calculated using a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). We estimated the association between the KHEI or MKHEI and the T2DM risk using logistic regression after adjusting for T2DM-related covariates. The adults with T2DM were more frequently older men who were less educated, married, on a lower income, and living in rural areas compared to those without T2DM. Not only the fasting serum glucose concentrations but also the waist circumferences and serum triglyceride concentrations were much higher in adults with T2DM than in those without T2DM in both genders. Serum HDL concentrations in the non-T2DM subjects exhibited a greater inverse relationship to serum glucose than in the T2DM group in both genders. Twenty-four-hour recall data revealed that women, but not men, had higher calcium, vitamin C, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, retinol, and vitamin B2 intakes than the T2DM group. Furthermore, overall, the KHEI score and the adequacy and balance scores among its components were significantly higher in the non-T2DM group than in the T2DM group, but only in women. The KHEI scores were inversely associated with T2DM only in women. The mixed grain intake score was higher in the non-T2DM than the T2DM group only in men. However, there were no differences between the groups in the MKHEI scores for KSD and WSD. In conclusion, high KHEI scores in the adequacy and balance components might prevent and/or delay T2DM risk, but only in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

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Review

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20 pages, 1704 KiB

Open AccessReview

Weight Loss and Sleep, Current Evidence in Animal Models and Humans

by Elena Gangitano, Noelia Martinez-Sanchez, Maria Irene Bellini, Irene Urciuoli, Stefania Monterisi, Stefania Mariani, David Ray and Lucio Gnessi

Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3431; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153431 - 3 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3031

Abstract

Sleep is a vital process essential for survival. The trend of reduction in the time dedicated to sleep has increased in industrialized countries, together with the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Short sleep may increase the risk of obesity, [...] Read more.

Sleep is a vital process essential for survival. The trend of reduction in the time dedicated to sleep has increased in industrialized countries, together with the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Short sleep may increase the risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and on the other hand, obesity is associated with sleep disorders, such as obstructive apnea disease, insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep and metabolic disorders are linked; therefore, identifying the physiological and molecular pathways involved in sleep regulation and metabolic homeostasis can play a major role in ameliorating the metabolic health of the individual. Approaches aimed at reducing body weight could provide benefits for both cardiometabolic risk and sleep quality, which indirectly, in turn, may determine an amelioration of the cardiometabolic phenotype of individuals. We revised the literature on weight loss and sleep, focusing on the mechanisms and the molecules that may subtend this relationship in humans as in animal models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Healthy Lifestyles on Chronic Diseases: Focusing on Diet, Sleep and Exercise)

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