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Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition Methodology & Assessment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2022) | Viewed by 36288

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Prof. Dr. Hiroyasu Iso

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Guest Editor

Public Health, Department Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
Interests: diet; socioeconomic factors; lifestyle-related disease; epidemiology; prevention

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The most renowned dietary pattern associated with cardiovascular health is the Mediterranean diet, accepted well by Europeans and Americans. However, dietary patterns are rooted in culture among different races, ethnic backgrounds, and countries. Evidence around dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk in Asian countries has not been well recognized, but such evidence has recently emerged, nevertheless. This Special Issue focuses on epidemiological evidence around the association between dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk by prospective cohort studies in Japan, China, and South Korea. Authors working on established cohort studies in each of these countries are invited to submit original or review articles. Such evidence will be helpful in obtaining a comprehensive view of dietary patterns in Asia, which constitutes half of the world’s population. Estimation of dietary patterns for cardiovascular health is useful to construct and apply preventive measures in countries with specific dietary cultures.

Prof. Dr. Hiroyasu Iso
Guest Editor

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Keywords

dietary patterns
cardiovascular disease
cohort study
Asia

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia

by Hiroyasu Iso

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2481; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112481 - 26 May 2023

Viewed by 1587

Abstract

The most renowned dietary pattern associated with cardiovascular health is the Mediterranean diet, which is well accepted by Europeans and Americans [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

13 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Evacuees after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A 7-Year Longitudinal Analysis in the Fukushima Health Management Survey

by Enbo Ma, Tetsuya Ohira, Hiroyuki Hirai, Kanako Okazaki, Masanori Nagao, Fumikazu Hayashi, Hironori Nakano, Yuriko Suzuki, Akira Sakai, Atsushi Takahashi, Junichiro J. Kazama, Hirooki Yabe, Masaharu Maeda, Seiji Yasumura, Hitoshi Ohto, Kenji Kamiya and Michio Shimabukuro

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224872 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

Background: Dietary patterns may be linked to the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after disasters. We investigated the association between dietary patterns and new-onset T2DM in evacuees of the Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident. Methods: Among the 22,740 non-diabetic participants aged 20–89 years who completed the dietary assessment in the Fukushima Health Management Survey between July 2011 and November 2012, the incidence of T2DM was evaluated until 2018. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was applied to derive dietary patterns based on a validated, short-form food frequency questionnaire. The identified dietary patterns were categorized as typical Japanese, juice, and meat. Results: The cumulative incidence of T2DM was 18.0 and 9.8 per 1000 person-years in men and women, respectively, during the follow-up period. The multiple-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of the highest vs. lowest quartile of the typical Japanese pattern scores for T2DM was 0.80 (0.68, 0.94; P for trend = 0.015) in total, 0.85 (0.68, 1.06; P for trend = 0.181) in men, and 0.76 (0.60, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04) in women. Conclusions: A typical Japanese dietary pattern may be associated with a reduced new-onset T2DM risk in evacuees, especially women, after the Great East Japan Earthquake and the FDNPP accident. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

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9 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Middle-Aged to Elderly Japanese Men and Women: The Toon Health Study

by Koutatsu Maruyama, Salsabila Khairunnisa, Isao Saito, Takeshi Tanigawa, Kiyohide Tomooka, Satomi Minato-Inokawa, Madoka Sano, Misaki Takakado, Ryoichi Kawamura, Yasunori Takata and Haruhiko Osawa

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173644 - 3 Sep 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2531

Abstract

Fish and omega-3 fatty acid consumption is known to be beneficial for cardiometabolic health. However, the related evidence for individuals with a relatively higher intake of fish or omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids, e.g., Japanese individuals, is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the association of fish and omega-3 fatty acid intakes with the carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) in the Japanese population. In total, 1803 Japanese men and women aged 30–84 years without a history of myocardial infarction or angina pectoris were included in the study. The fish and omega-3 fatty acid intakes were estimated using food frequency questionnaires. The C-IMT was measured using ultrasound imaging, and the participants were classified into three groups: normal, moderate (1.1 to 1.4 mm of maximum C-IMT), and severely increased C-IMT (≥1.5 mm). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the presence of moderately and severely increased C-IMT. The omega-3 fatty acid intake was shown to be associated with lower odds of severely increased C-IMT. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95%CI) was 0.55 (0.31–0.97; p for trend = 0.04). We also found a borderline significant negative association between fish intake and the presence of severely increased C-IMT. In conclusion, omega-3 fatty acid intake might protect against the development of atherosclerosis in the Japanese population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

16 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns Derived from Reduced Rank Regression Are Associated with the 5-Year Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome: Aichi Workers’ Cohort Study

by Yuanying Li, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Chaochen Wang, Mayu Uemura, Masaaki Matsunaga, Yupeng He, Maythet Khine and Atsuhiko Ota

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3019; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153019 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2717

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to derive dietary patterns to explain variation in a set of nutrient intakes or in the measurements of waist circumference (WC) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to prospectively investigate these patterns in relation to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components during the follow-up. The study participants were comprised of 2944 government employees aged 30–59 years without MetS. RRR was applied with 38 food groups as predictors and with two sets of response variables. The first set included intake of putatively beneficial nutrients, and the first factor retained was named the Healthy Dietary Pattern (HDP). The second one included baseline WC and FBG, and the first factor was named the Unhealthy Dietary Pattern (UHDP). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals with adjustments for age, sex, total energy consumption and other potential confounders. During the 5-year median follow-up, we ascertained 374 cases of MetS. The HDP score was inversely associated with the incidence of MetS (p-trend = 0.009) and hypertension (p-trend = 0.002) and marginally significantly associated with elevated triglyceride and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p-trend = 0.08). The UHDP score was linearly positively associated with the incidence of MetS and all its components (all p-trend < 0.05). Both the HDP and UHDP predicted the development of MetS and its components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

11 pages, 268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rice-Based Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Japan: From the Takayama Study

by Keiko Wada, Shino Oba and Chisato Nagata

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2291; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112291 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4650

Abstract

Rice is the staple food in Japan and many other Asian countries, but research on rice-based diets and cardiovascular disease is limited. We aimed to evaluate the association between rice consumption as grain dishes and cardiovascular disease mortality in comparison with bread and noodle consumption. The subjects were 13,355 men and 15,724 women aged ≥35 years who enrolled in the Takayama Study. Diet intake was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Causes of death were identified from death certificates. Cardiovascular disease was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, 10th Revision (code I00–I99). Hazard ratios in the second, third, and highest quartiles versus the lowest quartile of rice intake for cardiovascular disease mortality were 0.98, 0.80, and 0.78 for men, respectively (trend p = 0.013), but no significant association was observed among women. Rice intake was positively correlated with the intake of soy products and seaweed, and negatively correlated with the intake of meat and eggs. Neither bread nor noodles were associated with cardiovascular disease mortality. In Japan, choosing rice as a grain dish is likely to be accompanied by healthier foods as side dishes, which may have a potential role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

12 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among Chinese Adults: An 11-Year Prospective Study

by Wei Yu, Lang Pan, Weihua Cao, Jun Lv, Yu Guo, Pei Pei, Qingmei Xia, Huaidong Du, Yiping Chen, Ling Yang, Junshi Chen, Canqing Yu, Zhengming Chen, Liming Li and on behalf of China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14050996 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

The evidence about the association between dietary patterns and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Chinese adults is limited. In the present study, we analyzed the prospective data of 421,426 participants aged 30–79 years from the China Kadoorie Biobank. Factor analysis with a principal component method was employed to identify dietary patterns. Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to explore the association between dietary patterns and incident COPD. Two dietary patterns were identified: the traditional northern dietary pattern was characterized by a low intake of rice and a high intake of wheat and other staple foods, while the balanced dietary pattern was characterized by a high intake of fresh fruit and protein-rich foods (soybean, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products). During a median follow-up of 11.13 years, 5542 men and 5750 women developed COPD. After adjustments for potential confounders, the balanced dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of COPD (p for trend <0.001), with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.75 (0.67, 0.84) for those in the highest quintile compared with those in the lowest quintile. Such association was modified by sex, smoking status, and adiposity level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

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12 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prospective Associations of Lipid Metabolism-Related Dietary Patterns with the Risk of Diabetes in Chinese Adults

by Qi Liu, Qiaorui Wen, Jun Lv, Zumin Shi, Yu Guo, Pei Pei, Huaidong Du, Ling Yang, Yiping Chen, Xiaofang Zhang, Dan Schmidt, Sam Sansome, Junshi Chen, Canqing Yu, Zhengming Chen, Liming Li and on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) Collaborative Group

Nutrients 2022, 14(5), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14050980 - 25 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2791

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to identify lipid metabolism-related dietary patterns with reduced rank regression (RRR) among Chinese adults and examine their associations with incident diabetes. Methods: We derived lipid metabolism-related dietary patterns using an RRR with 21 food groups as predictors as well as total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference from the responses of 17,318 participants from the second resurvey of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB). The dietary scores were calculated for the entire cohort. We followed up 479,207 participants for diabetes incidence from the baseline and used multivariable Cox regression models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Two lipid metabolism-related dietary patterns were extracted. The dietary pattern—characterized by high intakes of fish, poultry, and other staples as well as fresh fruit and vegetables—was correlated with a higher BMI, waist circumference, and LDL cholesterol. Participants in the highest quintile (Q5) had a 44% increased risk of diabetes incidence when compared with those in the lowest quintile (Q1) (HR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.31–1.59). Conclusions: A dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of both animal and plant foods was related to obesity and dyslipidemia and could increase the risk of diabetes incidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

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Review

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13 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessReview

Healthy Taiwanese Eating Approach (TEA) toward Total Wellbeing and Healthy Longevity

by Wen-Harn Pan, Szu-Yun Wu, Nai-Hua Yeh and Shu-Yi Hung

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2774; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132774 - 5 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5755

Abstract

A healthy dietary pattern review for Asian countries is scarce, which is crucial for guiding healthy eating. We reviewed Taiwanese dietary pattern discovery studies. Included were 19 studies, the majority of which employed dimension reduction methods to find dietary patterns associated with various health conditions. To show what is a high or low intake of foods in Taiwan, we also report the average dietary content and the 25th and 75th percentile values of the adult population for six food groups gathered by the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 2017–2020. The healthy Taiwanese dietary approach is cohesive across multiple health outcomes occurring at different ages. It is featured with higher intakes of plant-based foods, aquatic foods, and some beneficial ethnic foods (soy products), drinks (tea), and cooking methods (boiling and steaming); lower intakes of fast foods, fatty and processed meats, sugar, salt rich foods/drinks, and fried foods; but with mixed findings for dairy and egg. Yet, the average Taiwanese person consumed many refined staple foods and livestock, but not sufficient vegetables, fruits, whole grains and roots, beans, and nuts. Dairy consumption remains low. In conclusion, Taiwanese discovery studies point to a mortality-lowering total wellbeing dietary pattern consistent with the current knowledge, which discloses potential benefits of soy product, tea, and boiling and steaming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

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13 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Dietary Fructose and High Salt Diet: Are Preclinical Studies Relevant to Asian Societies?

by Ban Hock Khor, Dragana Komnenov and Noreen F. Rossi

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2515; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122515 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3610

Abstract

Fructose consumption, especially in food additives and sugar-sweetened beverages, has gained increasing attention due to its potential association with obesity and metabolic syndrome. The relationship between fructose and a high-salt diet, leading to hypertension and other deleterious cardiovascular parameters, has also become more evident, especially in preclinical studies. However, these studies have been modeled primarily on Western diets. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the dietary habits of individuals from China, Japan, and Korea, in light of the existing preclinical studies, to assess the potential relevance of existing data to East Asian societies. This review is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to highlight the similarities and differences that should be considered in future preclinical, clinical, and epidemiologic studies regarding the impact of dietary fructose and salt on blood pressure and cardiovascular health worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

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12 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessReview

Japanese Diet and Mortality, Disability, and Dementia: Evidence from the Ohsaki Cohort Study

by Sanae Matsuyama, Taichi Shimazu, Yasutake Tomata, Shu Zhang, Saho Abe, Yukai Lu and Ichiro Tsuji

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102034 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5842

Abstract

The Japanese dietary pattern has long been discussed as one of the factors behind the longevity of Japanese people. However, the health benefits of the Japanese dietary pattern have not been fully elucidated. We published the first report in the world regarding the relation between the Japanese dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease mortality in 2007 using cohort studies including Japanese residents of Ohsaki City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Since then, we have developed the Japanese Diet Index (JDI) that was based on previous findings to assess the degree of the Japanese dietary pattern and to advance the evidence on the health effects of the Japanese dietary pattern. So far, we have explored the associations between the JDI score (in quartiles) and various outcomes. For all-cause mortality, in comparison to Q1 (the lowest), the multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were 0.92 (0.85–1.00) for Q2, 0.91 (0.83–0.99) for Q3, and 0.91 (0.83–0.99) for Q4 (the highest). For functional disability, the multivariable HRs (95%CIs) were 0.94 (0.81–1.09) for Q2, 0.90 (0.77–1.05) for Q3, and 0.79 (0.68–0.92) for Q4. For dementia, the multivariable HRs (95%CIs) were 0.88 (0.74–1.05) for Q2, 0.87 (0.73–1.04) for Q3, 0.79 (0.66–0.95) for Q4. In addition, people with higher adherence to the Japanese dietary pattern also showed decreases in disability and dementia risks. The purpose of this article was to review all six papers, summarize the health effects of the Japanese dietary pattern, and discuss implications for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Asia)

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