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Nutrients
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Energy Metabolism and Diet
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Energy Metabolism and Diet

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 28072

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Arie Nieuwenhuizen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Interests: physiology; energy metabolism; mitochondria; physical activity; ageing
Dr. Evert van Schothorst

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Interests: animal physiology and biochemistry; food sciences; genomics; molecular biology; carbohydrate metabolism; energy metabolism; lipid metabolism; metabolic studies; metabolism; microarrays; nutrition physiology; physiology; gene expression; indirect calorymetry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since all living organisms require energy (ATP) in order to maintain homeostasis, adequate regulation of energy metabolism is crucial for maintaining health. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are key players in ATP production, by hosting the ATP generating process of oxidative phosphorylation. Both macro- and micronutrients potentially influence energy metabolism and mitochondrial functioning, either as substrates for (oxidative) catabolism or as essential constituents of enzymes or protein complexes involved in (mitochondrial) energy metabolism. Therefore, good metabolic health strongly depends on adequate supply of these nutrients, which, in turn, may depend on (patho) physiological and environmental conditions.

text

This Special Issue will include manuscripts that focus on the complex relationship between nutrients, (mitochondrial) energy metabolism and health, under various physiological conditions (e.g., ageing, exercise, hypoxia). Within this context, primary research papers as well as reviews in a variety of areas, including nutritional physiology and molecular physiology are welcomed.

Dr. Arie Nieuwenhuizen
Dr. Evert van Schothorst
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy metabolism
  • mitochondria
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • beta-oxidation
  • macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, protein)
  • bioactive nutrients
  • (metabolic) health

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 491 KiB  
Editorial
Energy Metabolism and Diet
by Arie G. Nieuwenhuizen and Evert M. van Schothorst
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061907 - 1 Jun 2021
Viewed by 3307
Abstract
Energy metabolism at whole body and cellular, and even organelle (i [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Metabolism and Diet)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial

24 pages, 1661 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Measured Resting Metabolic Rate for Dietary Prescription in Ageing Adults with Overweight and Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease
by Ciara Cooney, Ed Daly, Maria McDonagh and Lisa Ryan
Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041229 - 8 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3894
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to compare weight changes in two groups of ageing Irish adults with overweight and adiposity-based chronic disease: participants who had dietary energy requirements prescribed on the base of measured RMR and participants whose RMR was estimated [...] Read more.
The primary objective of this study was to compare weight changes in two groups of ageing Irish adults with overweight and adiposity-based chronic disease: participants who had dietary energy requirements prescribed on the base of measured RMR and participants whose RMR was estimated by a prediction equation. Fifty-four Caucasian adults (male n = 25; female n = 29, age 57.5 ± 6.3 years, weight 90.3 ± 15.1 kg, height 171.5 ± 9.5 cm, BMI 30.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a dietary intervention with energy prescription based on either measured RMR or estimated RMR. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast and predicted values were determined by the Mifflin et al. (1990) prediction equation. All participants received individual nutritional counselling, motivational interviewing and educational material. Anthropometric variables, blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipid profile were assessed over 12 weeks. Body weight at week 12 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for both groups following dietary interventions, mRMR: −4.2%; eRMR: −3.2% of initial body weight. There was no significant difference in weight loss between groups. Overall, 20.8% mRMR and 17.4% of eRMR participants experienced clinically meaningful (i.e., ≥5% of initial weight) weight reduction. Weight reduction in adults aged ≥50 years over the short term (12 weeks) favoured a reduction in blood pressure, triglycerides and glucose, thus reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors. This research indicates that employing a reduced-calorie diet using indirect calorimetry to determine energy needs when improving weight outcomes in adults (>50 years) with overweight and adiposity-based chronic disease is equal to employing a reduced-calorie diet based on the Mifflin et al. (1990) prediction equation. A reduced-energy diet based on mRMR or eRMR facilitates clinically meaningful weight reduction in adults (≥50 years) over the short term (12 weeks) and favours a reduction in blood pressure, triglycerides and glucose, thus reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors. Moreover, the addition of motivational interviewing and behaviour change techniques that support and encourage small behaviour changes is effective in short-term weight management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Metabolism and Diet)
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10 pages, 1251 KiB  
Article
Iron Deficiency without Anemia Decreases Physical Endurance and Mitochondrial Complex I Activity of Oxidative Skeletal Muscle in the Mouse
by Emmanuel Rineau, Naïg Gueguen, Vincent Procaccio, Franck Geneviève, Pascal Reynier, Daniel Henrion and Sigismond Lasocki
Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041056 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4291
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID), with or without anemia, is responsible for physical fatigue. This effect may be linked to an alteration of mitochondrial metabolism. Our aim was to assess the impact of ID on skeletal striated muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Iron-deficient non-anemic mice, obtained using [...] Read more.
Iron deficiency (ID), with or without anemia, is responsible for physical fatigue. This effect may be linked to an alteration of mitochondrial metabolism. Our aim was to assess the impact of ID on skeletal striated muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Iron-deficient non-anemic mice, obtained using a bloodletting followed by a low-iron diet for three weeks, were compared to control mice. Endurance was assessed using a one-hour submaximal exercise on a Rotarod device and activities of mitochondrial complexes I and IV were measured by spectrophotometry on two types of skeletal striated muscles, the soleus and the quadriceps. As expected, ID mice displayed hematologic markers of ID and reduced iron stores, although none of them were anemic. In ID mice, endurance was significantly reduced and activity of the respiratory chain complex I, normalized to citrate synthase activity, was significantly reduced in the soleus muscle but not in the quadriceps. Complex IV activities were not significantly different, neither in the soleus nor in the quadriceps. We conclude that ID without anemia is responsible for impaired mitochondrial complex I activity in skeletal muscles with predominant oxidative metabolism. These results bring pathophysiological support to explain the improved physical activity observed when correcting ID in human. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms underlying this decrease in complex I activity and to assess the role of iron therapy on muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Metabolism and Diet)
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24 pages, 6825 KiB  
Article
Krill Oil Supplementation Reduces Exacerbated Hepatic Steatosis Induced by Thermoneutral Housing in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity
by Gabriella Sistilli, Veronika Kalendova, Tomas Cajka, Illaria Irodenko, Kristina Bardova, Marina Oseeva, Petr Zacek, Petra Kroupova, Olga Horakova, Karoline Lackner, Amalia Gastaldelli, Ondrej Kuda, Jan Kopecky and Martin Rossmeisl
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020437 - 29 Jan 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4577
Abstract
Preclinical evidence suggests that n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA (Omega-3) supplemented as phospholipids (PLs) may be more effective than triacylglycerols (TAGs) in reducing hepatic steatosis. To further test the ability of Omega-3 PLs to alleviate liver steatosis, we used a model of [...] Read more.
Preclinical evidence suggests that n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA (Omega-3) supplemented as phospholipids (PLs) may be more effective than triacylglycerols (TAGs) in reducing hepatic steatosis. To further test the ability of Omega-3 PLs to alleviate liver steatosis, we used a model of exacerbated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on high-fat feeding at thermoneutral temperature. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed for 24 weeks a lard-based diet given either alone (LHF) or supplemented with Omega-3 (30 mg/g diet) as PLs (krill oil; ω3PL) or TAGs (Epax 3000TG concentrate; ω3TG), which had a similar total content of EPA and DHA and their ratio. Substantial levels of TAG accumulation (~250 mg/g) but relatively low inflammation/fibrosis levels were achieved in the livers of control LHF mice. Liver steatosis was reduced by >40% in the ω3PL but not ω3TG group, and plasma ALT levels were markedly reduced (by 68%) in ω3PL mice as well. Krill oil administration also improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, and its effects were associated with high plasma adiponectin levels (150% of LHF mice) along with superior bioavailability of EPA, increased content of alkaloids stachydrine and trigonelline, suppression of lipogenic gene expression, and decreased diacylglycerol levels in the liver. This study reveals that in addition to Omega-3 PLs, other constituents of krill oil, such as alkaloids, may contribute to its strong antisteatotic effects in the liver. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Metabolism and Diet)
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15 pages, 1385 KiB  
Article
A 2 Week Cross-over Intervention with a Low Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Compared to a High Carbohydrate Diet Attenuates Exercise-Induced Cortisol Response, but Not the Reduction of Exercise Capacity, in Recreational Athletes
by Rieneke Terink, Renger F. Witkamp, Maria T. E. Hopman, Els Siebelink, Huub F. J. Savelkoul and Marco Mensink
Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010157 - 6 Jan 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7082
Abstract
Low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diets are followed by athletes, but questions remain regarding effects of LCHF on metabolic adaptation, exercise-induced stress, immune function and their time-course. In this cross-over study, 14 recreational male athletes (32.9 ± 8.2 years, VO2max 57.3 ± 5.8 [...] Read more.
Low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diets are followed by athletes, but questions remain regarding effects of LCHF on metabolic adaptation, exercise-induced stress, immune function and their time-course. In this cross-over study, 14 recreational male athletes (32.9 ± 8.2 years, VO2max 57.3 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min) followed a two week LCHF diet (<10 En% carbohydrates (CHO), ~75En% Fat) and a two week HC diet (>50 En% CHO), in random order, with a wash-out period of >2 weeks in between. After 2 days and 2 weeks on either diet, participants performed cycle ergometry for 90 min at 60%Wmax. Blood samples for analysis of cortisol, free fatty acids (FFA), glucose and ketones, and saliva samples for immunoglobin A (s-IgA) were collected at different time points before and after exercise. The LCHF diet resulted in higher FFA, higher ketones and lower glucose levels compared to the HC diet (p < 0.05). Exercise-induced cortisol response was higher after 2 days on the LCHF diet (822 ± 215 nmol/L) compared to 2 weeks on the LCHF diet (669 ± 243 nmol/L, p = 0.004) and compared to both test days following the HC diet (609 ± 208 and 555 ± 173 nmol/L, both p < 0.001). Workload was lower, and perceived exertion higher, on the LCHF diet compared to the HC diet on both occasions. A drop in s-IgA following exercise was not seen after 2 days on the LCHF diet, in contrast to the HC diet. In conclusion, the LCHF diet resulted in reduced workload with metabolic effects and a pronounced exercise-induced cortisol response after 2 days. Although indications of adaptation were seen after 2 weeks on the LCHF diet, work output was still lower. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Metabolism and Diet)
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23 pages, 5514 KiB  
Article
Additive Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Thiazolidinediones in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet: Triacylglycerol/Fatty Acid Cycling in Adipose Tissue
by Kristina Bardova, Jiri Funda, Radek Pohl, Tomas Cajka, Michal Hensler, Ondrej Kuda, Petra Janovska, Katerina Adamcova, Ilaria Irodenko, Lucie Lenkova, Petr Zouhar, Olga Horakova, Pavel Flachs, Martin Rossmeisl, Jerry Colca and Jan Kopecky
Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123737 - 4 Dec 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3531
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3) and anti-diabetic drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) exhibit additive effects in counteraction of dietary obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions in mice. The underlying mechanisms need to be clarified. Here, we aimed to learn whether the futile cycle based on [...] Read more.
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3) and anti-diabetic drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) exhibit additive effects in counteraction of dietary obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions in mice. The underlying mechanisms need to be clarified. Here, we aimed to learn whether the futile cycle based on the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol and re-esterification of fatty acids (TAG/FA cycling) in white adipose tissue (WAT) could be involved. We compared Omega-3 (30 mg/g diet) and two different TZDs—pioglitazone (50 mg/g diet) and a second-generation TZD, MSDC-0602K (330 mg/g diet)—regarding their effects in C57BL/6N mice fed an obesogenic high-fat (HF) diet for 8 weeks. The diet was supplemented or not by the tested compound alone or with the two TZDs combined individually with Omega-3. Activity of TAG/FA cycle in WAT was suppressed by the obesogenic HF diet. Additive effects in partial rescue of TAG/FA cycling in WAT were observed with both combined interventions, with a stronger effect of Omega-3 and MSDC-0602K. Our results (i) supported the role of TAG/FA cycling in WAT in the beneficial additive effects of Omega-3 and TZDs on metabolism of diet-induced obese mice, and (ii) showed differential modulation of WAT gene expression and metabolism by the two TZDs, depending also on Omega-3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Metabolism and Diet)
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