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The Role of Diet and Nutrition in the Management of...
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The Role of Diet and Nutrition in the Management of Stone Disease

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (22 December 2021) | Viewed by 526686

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Bhaskar K. Somani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Interests: endourology; urinary tract infections; benign prostate disorders
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The landscape of surgical management of kidney stone disease (KSD) has changed over the last 2 decades, yet comparatively little is known or practiced when it comes to medical management and primary disease prevention. While dietary recommendations are laid out in the guidelines, they are mostly generic and do not always take invidual patient circumstances into account. 

There has been a rise in the incidence of KSD due to warm weather, increased diagnostic testing leading to incidental stones, and changes in diet and lifestyle. The latter can be addressed by primary prevention, metabolic screening, and targeted medical management.

In this issue, we look at the role of diet and nutrition in the management of the stone disease.

Prof. Dr. Bhaskar K. Somani
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Endourology
  • Ureteroscopy
  • Medical management
  • Diet
  • Fluid
  • Hydration
  • Citrate
  • Primary prevention

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

12 pages, 310 KiB  
Review
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation and Their Association with Kidney Stone Disease: A Narrative Review
by Matteo Bargagli, Pietro Manuel Ferraro, Matteo Vittori, Gianmarco Lombardi, Giovanni Gambaro and Bhaskar Somani
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4363; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124363 - 4 Dec 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 511081
Abstract
Kidney stone disease is a multifactorial condition influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as lifestyle and dietary habits. Although different monogenic polymorphisms have been proposed as playing a causal role for calcium nephrolithiasis, the prevalence of these mutations in the [...] Read more.
Kidney stone disease is a multifactorial condition influenced by both genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as lifestyle and dietary habits. Although different monogenic polymorphisms have been proposed as playing a causal role for calcium nephrolithiasis, the prevalence of these mutations in the general population and their complete pathogenetic pathway is yet to be determined. General dietary advice for kidney stone formers includes elevated fluid intake, dietary restriction of sodium and animal proteins, avoidance of a low calcium diet, maintenance of a normal body mass index, and elevated intake of vegetables and fibers. Thus, balanced calcium consumption protects against the risk for kidney stones by reducing intestinal oxalate availability and its urinary excretion. However, calcium supplementation given between meals might increase urinary calcium excretion without the beneficial effect on oxalate. In kidney stone formers, circulating active vitamin D has been found to be increased, whereas higher plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol seems to be present only in hypercalciuric patients. The association between nutritional vitamin D supplements and the risk for stone formation is currently not completely understood. However, taken together, available evidence might suggest that vitamin D administration worsens the risk for stone formation in patients predisposed to hypercalciuria. In this review, we analyzed and discussed available literature on the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the risk for kidney stone formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Nutrition in the Management of Stone Disease)
12 pages, 595 KiB  
Review
The Relationship between Modern Fad Diets and Kidney Stone Disease: A Systematic Review of Literature
by Yazeed Barghouthy, Mariela Corrales and Bhaskar Somani
Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4270; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124270 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6180
Abstract
Objectives: Kidney stone disease (KSD) has a strong association with diet metabolic syndrome. This review aims at exploring the lithogenic risk posed by the current most popular diets. Our approach was to search for the effect of each diet type on the major [...] Read more.
Objectives: Kidney stone disease (KSD) has a strong association with diet metabolic syndrome. This review aims at exploring the lithogenic risk posed by the current most popular diets. Our approach was to search for the effect of each diet type on the major urinary risk factors, to try to draw conclusions regarding the association of a specific diet type and KSD. Methods: This systematic review searched for the available literature exploring the association between the existing popular fad diets and KSD. Articles in English, French and Spanish were included, without restriction of the search period with the final search done in August 2021. Results: Total number of studies and studies for each diet type was as follows: 22 articles for the low carbohydrate diet, 20 articles for high protein diets, 26 articles for vegetarian and vegan diets. There exists a substantial variability in different low carbohydrate and high protein diets, and considerable overlap between modern popular fad diets. High carbohydrate intake might increase urine uric acid, calcium and oxalate levels. High protein diets increase urine calcium and uric acid and lower urine pH and citrate. Consumption of fruits and vegetables increases the urinary volume and urinary citrate. In vegan diets, sufficient daily calcium intake is important to avoid possible secondary hyperoxaluria. Conclusions: Few studies evaluated the direct relationship between modern fad diets and KSD. In general, the reduction of carbohydrate in the diet, and counterbalancing protein rich diets with sufficient intake of fruits and vegetables, seem to play a protective role against KSD formation. Maintaining sufficient calcium intake in vegan and vegetarian diets is important. Additional research is needed to directly evaluate the link between KSD and each diet type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Nutrition in the Management of Stone Disease)
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10 pages, 359 KiB  
Review
Role of Citrus Fruit Juices in Prevention of Kidney Stone Disease (KSD): A Narrative Review
by Yazeed Barghouthy and Bhaskar K. Somani
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4117; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114117 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8685
Abstract
To explore the relationship between citrus fruit juices (oranges, grapefruits, and lemonades) and kidney stone disease (KSD). Methods: A systematic review was performed using the Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus databases, in concordance with the PRISMA checklist for all English, French, and Spanish language [...] Read more.
To explore the relationship between citrus fruit juices (oranges, grapefruits, and lemonades) and kidney stone disease (KSD). Methods: A systematic review was performed using the Medline, EMBASE, and Scopus databases, in concordance with the PRISMA checklist for all English, French, and Spanish language studies regarding the consumption of citrus fruit juices and the relationship to urinary stone disease. The main outcome of interest was the association of citrus fruit juices with KSD. Results: Thirteen articles met the criteria for inclusion in the final review. Three large epidemiological studies found that grapefruit juice was a risk factor for stone formation, while orange juice did not increase the risk for KSD. Ten small prospective clinical studies found that orange, grapefruit, and lemon juices all increased urinary citrate levels. Only orange and grapefruit juices had an alkalinizing effect and while lemon juice has a protective effect by raising urinary citrate levels, it lacked a significant alkalinizing effect on urine pH. Orange juice and grapefruit juices significantly increased urinary oxalate levels, while orange juice also had a high carbohydrate content. Conclusion: While orange juice seems to play a protective role against stone formation, grapefruit was found to raise the risk of KSD in epidemiological studies but had a protective role in smaller clinical studies. Lemon juice had a smaller protective role than orange juice. Larger amounts of, as well as more accurate, data is needed before recommendations can be made and a high carbohydrate content in these juices needs to be taken into consideration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Diet and Nutrition in the Management of Stone Disease)
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