Pathogens

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16 pages, 2598 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identifying Knowledge Gaps through the Systematic Review of Temperature-Driven Variability in the Competence of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus for Chikungunya Virus

by Rebecca C. Christofferson, Erik A. Turner and Víctor Hugo Peña-García

Pathogens 2023, 12(11), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111368 - 18 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2132

Abstract

Temperature is a well-known effector of several transmission factors of mosquito-borne viruses, including within mosquito dynamics. These dynamics are often characterized by vector competence and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP). Vector competence is the intrinsic ability of a mosquito population to become infected [...] Read more.

Temperature is a well-known effector of several transmission factors of mosquito-borne viruses, including within mosquito dynamics. These dynamics are often characterized by vector competence and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP). Vector competence is the intrinsic ability of a mosquito population to become infected with and transmit a virus, while EIP is the time it takes for the virus to reach the salivary glands and be expectorated following an infectious bloodmeal. Temperatures outside the optimal range act on life traits, decreasing transmission potential, while increasing temperature within the optimal range correlates to increasing vector competence and a decreased EIP. These relatively well-studied effects of other Aedes borne viruses (dengue and Zika) are used to make predictions about transmission efficiency, including the challenges presented by urban heat islands and climate change. However, the knowledge of temperature and chikungunya (CHIKV) dynamics within its two primary vectors—Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus—remains less characterized, even though CHIKV remains a virus of public-health importance. Here, we review the literature and summarize the state of the literature on CHIKV and temperature dependence of vector competence and EIP and use these data to demonstrate how the remaining knowledge gap might confound the ability to adequately predict and, thus, prepare for future outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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7 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Detection of Virulence-Associated Genes among Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus Clinical Isolates in Greece, 2001–2022

by Joseph Papaparaskevas, Alexandra Procopiou, John Routsias, Georgia Vrioni and Athanasios Tsakris

Pathogens 2023, 12(11), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12111274 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1682

Abstract

Brucellosis remains an important zoonotic disease in several parts of the world; in Greece, although it is declining, it is still endemic, affecting both the financial and public health sectors. The current study was undertaken to investigate the presence and distribution of virulence-associated [...] Read more.

Brucellosis remains an important zoonotic disease in several parts of the world; in Greece, although it is declining, it is still endemic, affecting both the financial and public health sectors. The current study was undertaken to investigate the presence and distribution of virulence-associated genes among Brucella spp. clinical strains isolated during 2001–2022. Species identification was performed using conventional methodology and Bruce-ladder PCR. The presence of the virulence genes mviN, manA, wbkA, perA, omp19, ure, cbg and virB was investigated using PCR. During the study period, a total of 334 Brucella isolates were identified, of which 328 (98.2%) were detected from positive blood cultures; 315 (94.3%) of the isolates were identified as B. melitensis, whilst the remaining 16 (4.8%) and 3 (0.9%) were identified as B. abortus and B. suis, respectively. Notably, two of the B. melitensis were assigned to the REV-1 vaccine strain type. The presence of the omp19, manA, mviN and perA genes was confirmed in all 315 B. melitensis isolates, while ure, wbkA, cbg and virB genes were detected in all but 9, 2, 1 and 1 of the isolates, respectively. All eight virulence genes were amplified in all B. abortus and B. suis isolates. The detection rate of virulence genes did not differ significantly among species. In conclusion, brucellosis is still considered a prevailing zoonotic disease in Greece, with the majority of the isolates identified as B. melitensis. The eight pathogenicity-associated genes were present in almost all Brucella isolates, although the ure gene was absent from a limited number of B. melitensis isolates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

16 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Isolated from Livestock Animals to C. jejuni and C. coli Isolated from Surface Water Using DNA Sequencing and MALDI-TOF

by Martine Denis, Valérie Rose, Bérengère Nagard, Amandine Thépault, Pierrick Lucas, Meagan Meunier, Fabienne Benoit, Amandine Wilhem, Benoit Gassilloud, Elodie Cauvin, Alain Rincé and Michèle Gourmelon

Pathogens 2023, 12(9), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091069 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

This study evaluated the contribution of cattle, sheep, poultry and pigs to the contamination of surface water from rivers by Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli using MLST, cgMLST and considered MALDI-TOF MS as an alternative technique. The 263 strains isolated from cattle (n [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the contribution of cattle, sheep, poultry and pigs to the contamination of surface water from rivers by Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli using MLST, cgMLST and considered MALDI-TOF MS as an alternative technique. The 263 strains isolated from cattle (n = 61), sheep (n = 42), poultry (n = 65), pigs (n = 60) and surface water (n = 35) were distributed across 115 sequence types (STs), 49 for C. jejuni and 66 for C. coli. Considering MLST data, 14.2%, 11.4% and 2.8% of the surface water strains could be attributed to cattle, poultry and sheep, respectively, none to pigs, and 85.7% were non-attributed. Analysis of cg-MLST data with STRUCTURE indicated that C. jejuni strains from water were predominantly attributed to poultry (93.5%), weakly to sheep (<1%) and 6.3% non-attributed, and that conversely, C. coli strains from water were predominantly non-attributed (94.3%) and 5.7% attributed to poultry. Considering the protein profiles with a threshold of 94% and 97% of similarity, respectively, strains from surface water could be attributed to poultry (31.4% and 17.1%), and to cattle (17.1% and 5.7%); 54.1% and 77.1% were non-attributed. This study confirmed these livestock animals might contribute to the contamination of surface water, with a level of contribution depending on the typing technique and the method of analysis. MALDI-TOF could potentially be an alternative approach for source attribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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23 pages, 3241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Brucella ceti Infection in Striped Dolphins from Italian Seas: Associated Lesions and Epidemiological Data

by Carla Grattarola, Antonio Petrella, Giuseppe Lucifora, Gabriella Di Francesco, Fabio Di Nocera, Antonio Pintore, Cristiano Cocumelli, Giuliana Terracciano, Antonio Battisti, Ludovica Di Renzo, Donatella Farina, Cristina Esmeralda Di Francesco, Maria Ines Crescio, Simona Zoppi, Alessandro Dondo, Barbara Iulini, Katia Varello, Walter Mignone, Maria Goria, Virginia Mattioda, Federica Giorda, Giovanni Di Guardo, Anna Janowicz, Manuela Tittarelli, Fabrizio De Massis, Cristina Casalone and Giuliano Garofolo Show full author list Hide full author list

Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081034 - 13 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3105

Abstract

Brucella ceti infections have been increasingly reported in cetaceans. In this study, we analyzed all cases of B. ceti infection detected in striped dolphins stranded along the Italian coastline between 2012 and 2021 (N = 24). We focused on the pathogenic role [...] Read more.

Brucella ceti infections have been increasingly reported in cetaceans. In this study, we analyzed all cases of B. ceti infection detected in striped dolphins stranded along the Italian coastline between 2012 and 2021 (N = 24). We focused on the pathogenic role of B. ceti through detailed pathological studies, and ad hoc microbiological, biomolecular, and serological investigations, coupled with a comparative genomic analysis of the strains. Neurobrucellosis was observed in 20 animals. The primary histopathologic features included non-suppurative meningoencephalitis (N = 9), meningitis (N = 6), and meningoencephalomyelitis (N = 5), which was also associated with typical lesions in other tissues (N = 8). Co-infections were detected in more than half of the cases, mostly involving Cetacean Morbillivirus (CeMV). The 24 B. ceti isolates were assigned primarily to sequence type 26 (ST26) (N = 21) and, in a few cases, ST49 (N = 3). The multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) data showed that strains from Italy clustered into four genetically distinct clades. Plotting these clades onto a geographic map suggests a link between their phylogeny and the topographical distribution. These results support the role of B. ceti as a primary neurotropic pathogen for striped dolphins and highlight the utility of WGS data in understanding the evolution of this emerging pathogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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11 pages, 11093 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

HPV16 Impacts NHERF2 Expression in Oropharyngeal Cancers

by Lucija Lulić, Antonia Jakovčević, Iva Kovačić, Luka Manojlović, Emil Dediol, Josipa Skelin and Vjekoslav Tomaić

Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081013 - 3 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1373

Abstract

Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs), in particular with HPV type 16, is now considered to be a key risk factor for the development of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) that show different epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic characteristics from HPV-negative (HPV−) [...] Read more.

Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPVs), in particular with HPV type 16, is now considered to be a key risk factor for the development of a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) that show different epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic characteristics from HPV-negative (HPV−) OPSCCs. So far, extensive research efforts aiming to distinguish these two distinct entities have not identified specific biomarkers, nor led to different therapies. Previous research has shown that HPV16 E6 oncoprotein binds NHERF2, inducing its proteasomal degradation, and consequently increasing cell proliferation; we therefore aimed to investigate how this might be reflected in human histological samples. We analyzed NHERF2 expression patterns in HPV16-positive (HPV16+) and HPV− OPSCC samples, to investigate any potential differences in NHERF2 pattern. Interestingly, we observed a statistically significant decrease in NHERF2 levels in HPV16+ and poorly differentiated HPV− OPSCCs, compared with healthy tissue. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in the percentage of NHERF2 immunoreactive cancer cells in HPV16+ tumors, compared with well and moderately differentiated HPV− OPSCCs, suggesting the importance of 16E6’s targeting of NHERF2 in HPV-driven oncogenesis in the head and neck area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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13 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological, Clinical and Laboratory Features of Strongyloidiasis in 69 Attendees at a French Outpatient Clinic

by Jean-François Magnaval, Judith Fillaux, Richard Fabre, Sophie Cassaing, Alexis Valentin, Xavier Iriart and Antoine Berry

Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12080983 - 27 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1110

Abstract

The present retrospective study analyzed the characteristics of strongyloidiasis in patients who were diagnosed at the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse, France. Sixty-nine file records were included in the study on the basis of a positive stool examination that used [...] Read more.

The present retrospective study analyzed the characteristics of strongyloidiasis in patients who were diagnosed at the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse, France. Sixty-nine file records were included in the study on the basis of a positive stool examination that used Baermann’s method. The prominent epidemiological findings were the presence of former immigrants from Italy or Portugal, veterans from the 1st Indochina war, and autochthonous cases. Almost 1/4 of the patients were asymptomatic. Manifestations of skin allergy were the main clinical feature. Blood eosinophilia was present in 76.8% of the patients, and serum total IgE was ≥150 kIU/L in 79.7%. Immunodiagnosis was achieved from 1990 to 2001 by indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) that was then replaced with ELISA, both methods using Strongyloides ratti filariform larvae. ELISA was found to be similar to IFAT in terms of specificity but exhibited a greater sensitivity. Patients were primarily treated with albendazole or ivermectin beginning in 1993. Forty-eight patients attended the follow-up consultation. Kinetics of the clinical picture and blood eosinophilia were found to be the most convenient parameters to assess the efficacy of anthelmintic therapy. In conclusion, strongyloidiasis remains a neglected disease in Southwestern France. The resolution of clinical features along with the kinetics of eosinophilia appeared to be the most appropriate parameters to check during the posttreatment follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

22 pages, 3710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli during Cold Stress

by Anand B. Karki, Bhuwan Khatri and Mohamed K. Fakhr

Pathogens 2023, 12(7), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070960 - 21 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1602

Abstract

Campylobacter spp. are known to cause campylobacteriosis, a bacterial disease that remains a public health threat. Campylobacter spp. are prevalent in retail meat and liver products, and the prolonged survival of Campylobacter in the low temperatures needed for storage is a challenge for [...] Read more.

Campylobacter spp. are known to cause campylobacteriosis, a bacterial disease that remains a public health threat. Campylobacter spp. are prevalent in retail meat and liver products, and the prolonged survival of Campylobacter in the low temperatures needed for storage is a challenge for food safety. In this study, RNA-seq was used for the analysis of the C. coli HC2-48 (Cc48) and C. jejuni OD2-67 (Cj67) transcriptomes at 4 °C in a nutrient-rich medium (chicken juice, CJ) and Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB) for 0 h, 0.5 h, 24 h and 48 h. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in flagellar assembly were highly impacted by low temperatures (4 °C) in C. coli HC2-48, whereas genes related to the ribosome and ribonucleoprotein complex were modulated for C. jejuni OD2-67 at 4 °C. Most of the DEGs in cells grown at 4 °C in the two medium formulations were not significantly expressed at different incubation times. Although more DEGs were observed in CJ as compared to MHB in both Campylobacter strains, the absence of common genes expressed at all incubation times indicates that the food matrix environment is not the sole determinant of differential expression in Campylobacter spp. at low temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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9 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Infection in Hemodialysis Patients: A Multicenter Epidemiological Cohort Study in North-Eastern Greece

by Dionysios Kogias, Aikaterini Skeva, Andreas Smyrlis, Efthymia Mourvati, Konstantinia Kantartzi, Gioulia Romanidou, Maria Kalientzidou, Vasiliki Rekari, Eleni Konstantinidou, Parthena Kiorteve, Ioannis Paroglou, Vasileios Papadopoulos, Theocharis Konstantinidis, Maria Panopoulou and Konstantinos Mimidis

Pathogens 2023, 12(5), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050667 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a common cause of viral hepatitis in developing countries, is mainly transmitted via the fecal–oral route, but also may be a prevalent hospital-transmitted agent among patients on regular hemodialysis due to parenteral transmission. Previous epidemiological studies among hemodialysis patients [...] Read more.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a common cause of viral hepatitis in developing countries, is mainly transmitted via the fecal–oral route, but also may be a prevalent hospital-transmitted agent among patients on regular hemodialysis due to parenteral transmission. Previous epidemiological studies among hemodialysis patients in Greece, using different diagnostic techniques, gave conflicting results. Τhe present study aimed to measure the exposure rate of hemodialysis patients of north-eastern Greece to HEV by estimating the overall seroprevalence, and to identify potential risk factors. Serum samples from all patients attending the hemodialysis centers of north-eastern Greece (n = 6) were tested for the presence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies using a modern and sensitive ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique (Wantai). In total, 42 out of 405 hemodialysis patients were positive for anti-HEV IgG (10.4%), while all samples were negative for HEV RNA when tested using nested RT-PCR. HEV seropositivity among hemodialysis patients was significantly associated with area of residence and contact with specific animals (pork, deer). No association was found with religion, gender distribution and hemodialysis duration. This study showed an increased seroprevalence of HEV among hemodialysis patients in Greece. Agricultural or livestock occupation and place of residence seem to be independent factors that increase the risk of HEV infection. In conclusion, HEV infection calls for the regular screening of hemodialysis patients regardless of the hemodialysis duration or clinical symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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11 pages, 3201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Characterization and Phylogeny of Godronia myrtilli (Anamorph: Topospora myrtilli)—Causal Agent of Godronia Canker on Highbush Blueberry

by Ewa Mirzwa-Mróz, Marek Stefan Szyndel, Mateusz Wdowiak, Marcin Wit, Elżbieta Paduch-Cichal, Anna Wilkos, Karolina Felczak-Konarska and Wojciech Wakuliński

Pathogens 2023, 12(5), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050642 - 26 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1653

Abstract

Godronia canker caused by Godronia myrtilli (Feltgen) J.K. Stone is considered one of the most dangerous diseases of blueberry crops. The purpose of the study was the phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of this fungus. Infected stems were collected from blueberry crops in [...] Read more.

Godronia canker caused by Godronia myrtilli (Feltgen) J.K. Stone is considered one of the most dangerous diseases of blueberry crops. The purpose of the study was the phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of this fungus. Infected stems were collected from blueberry crops in the Mazovian, Lublin, and West Pomeranian Voivodships in 2016–2020. Twenty-four Godronia isolates were identified and tested. The isolates were identified on the basis of their morphology and molecular characteristics (PCR). The average conidia size was 9.36 ± 0.81 × 2.45 ± 0.37 µm. The conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid or straight, two-celled, rounded, or terminally pointed. The pathogen growth dynamics were tested on six media: PDA, CMA, MEA, SNA, PCA, and Czapek. The fastest daily growth of fungal isolates was observed on SNA and PCA, and the slowest on CMA and MEA. Pathogen rDNA amplification was performed with ITS1F and ITS4A primers. The obtained DNA sequence of the fungus showed 100% nucleotide similarity to the reference sequence deposited in the GenBank. Molecular characterization of G. myrtilli isolates was performed for the first time in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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12 pages, 425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feral Swine as Indirect Indicators of Environmental Anthrax Contamination and Potential Mechanical Vectors of Infectious Spores

by Rachel M. Maison, Maggie R. Priore, Vienna R. Brown, Michael J. Bodenchuk, Bradley R. Borlee, Richard A. Bowen and Angela M. Bosco-Lauth

Pathogens 2023, 12(4), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040622 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2127

Abstract

Anthrax is a disease that affects livestock, wildlife, and humans worldwide; however, its relative impacts on these populations remain underappreciated. Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are relatively resistant to developing anthrax, and past serosurveys have alluded to their utility as sentinels, yet [...] Read more.

Anthrax is a disease that affects livestock, wildlife, and humans worldwide; however, its relative impacts on these populations remain underappreciated. Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are relatively resistant to developing anthrax, and past serosurveys have alluded to their utility as sentinels, yet empirical data to support this are lacking. Moreover, whether feral swine may assist in the dissemination of infectious spores is unknown. To address these knowledge gaps, we intranasally inoculated 15 feral swine with varying quantities of Bacillus anthracis Sterne 34F2 spores and measured the seroconversion and bacterial shedding over time. The animals also were inoculated either one or three times. The sera were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies against B. anthracis, and nasal swabs were cultured to detect bacterial shedding from the nasal passages. We report that the feral swine developed antibody responses to B. anthracis and that the strength of the response correlated with the inoculum dose and the number of exposure events experienced. Isolation of viable bacteria from the nasal passages of the animals throughout the study period suggests that feral swine may assist in the spread of infectious spores on the landscape and have implications for the identification of environments contaminated with B. anthracis as well as the exposure risk to more susceptible hosts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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12 pages, 6120 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Report on Detection and Complete Genomic Analysis of a Novel CRESS DNA Virus from Sea Turtles

by Kerry Gainor, Kimberly M. Stewart, Angela Picknell, Morgan Russ, Noah Makela, Kierra Watson, Diana M. Mancuso, Yashpal Singh Malik and Souvik Ghosh

Pathogens 2023, 12(4), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040601 - 15 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2463

Abstract

To date, only a handful of viruses have been identified in sea turtles. Although eukaryotic circular Rep (replication initiation protein)-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses have been reported from a wide variety of terrestrial species, and some of these viruses have been associated [...] Read more.

To date, only a handful of viruses have been identified in sea turtles. Although eukaryotic circular Rep (replication initiation protein)-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses have been reported from a wide variety of terrestrial species, and some of these viruses have been associated with clinical conditions in certain animals, limited information is available on CRESS DNA viruses from marine life. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of CRESS DNA viruses in sea turtles. In the present study, two (samples T3 and T33) of the 34 cloacal samples from 31 sea turtles (found in ocean waters around the Caribbean Islands of St. Kitts and Nevis) tested positive for CRESS DNA viruses by a pan-rep nested PCR assay. The partial Rep sequence of T3 shared 75.78% of a deduced amino acid (aa) identity with that of a CRESS DNA virus (classified under family Circoviridae) from a mollusk. On the other hand, the complete genome (2428 bp) of T33 was determined by an inverse nested PCR assay. The genomic organization of T33 mirrored those of type II CRESS DNA viral genomes of cycloviruses, characterized by the putative “origin of replication” in the 5’-intergenic region, and the putative Capsid (Cap)- and Rep-encoding open reading frame on the virion-sense- and antisense-strand, respectively. The putative Rep (322 aa) of T33 retained the conserved “HUH endonuclease” and the “super 3 family helicase” domains and shared pairwise aa identities of ~57% with unclassified CRESS DNA viruses from benthic sediment and mollusks. Phylogenetically, the T33 Rep formed a distinct branch within an isolated cluster of unclassified CRESS DNA viruses. The putative Cap (370 aa) of T33 shared maximum pairwise aa identity of 30.51% with an unclassified CRESS DNA virus from a capybara. Except for a blood sample from T33 that tested negative for CRESS DNA viruses, other tissue samples were not available from the sea turtles. Therefore, we could not establish whether the T3 and T33 viral strains infected the sea turtles or were of dietary origin. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of CRESS DNA viruses from sea turtles, adding yet another animal species to the rapidly expanding host range of these viruses. Complete genome analysis of T33 identified a novel, unclassified CRESS DNA virus, providing insights into the high genetic diversity between viruses within the phylum Cressdnaviricota. Considering that sea turtles are an at-risk species, extensive studies on virus discovery, surveillance, and pathogenesis in these marine animals are of the utmost importance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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22 pages, 5347 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rift Valley Fever Virus Primes Immune Responses in Aedes aegypti Cells

by Mathilde Laureti, Rui-Xue Lee, Amelia Bennett, Lucas Aladar Wilson, Victoria Elena Sy, Alain Kohl and Isabelle Dietrich

Pathogens 2023, 12(4), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040563 - 6 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4110

Abstract

The ongoing global emergence of arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses has accelerated research into the interactions of these viruses with the immune systems of their vectors. Only limited information exists on how bunyaviruses, such as Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), are sensed by mosquito immunity [...] Read more.

The ongoing global emergence of arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses has accelerated research into the interactions of these viruses with the immune systems of their vectors. Only limited information exists on how bunyaviruses, such as Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), are sensed by mosquito immunity or escape detection. RVFV is a zoonotic phlebovirus (Bunyavirales; Phenuiviridae) of veterinary and human public health and economic importance. We have shown that the infection of mosquitoes with RVFV triggers the activation of RNA interference pathways, which moderately restrict viral replication. Here, we aimed to better understand the interactions between RVFV and other vector immune signaling pathways that might influence RVFV replication and transmission. For this, we used the immunocompetent Aedes aegypti Aag2 cell line as a model. We found that bacteria-induced immune responses restricted RVFV replication. However, virus infection alone did not alter the gene expression levels of immune effectors. Instead, it resulted in the marked enhancement of immune responses to subsequent bacterial stimulation. The gene expression levels of several mosquito immune pattern recognition receptors were altered by RVFV infection, which may contribute to this immune priming. Our findings imply that there is a complex interplay between RVFV and mosquito immunity that could be targeted in disease prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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12 pages, 1970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunoreactivity of a Putative ECF σ Factor, LIC_10559, from Leptospira interrogans with Sera from Leptospira-Infected Animals

by Sabina Kędzierska-Mieszkowska and Zbigniew Arent

Pathogens 2023, 12(4), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040512 - 25 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1979

Abstract

L. interrogans belongs to highly invasive spirochaetes causing leptospirosis in mammals, including humans. During infection, this pathogen is exposed to various stressors, and therefore, it must reprogram its gene expression to survive in the host and establish infection in a short duration of [...] Read more.

L. interrogans belongs to highly invasive spirochaetes causing leptospirosis in mammals, including humans. During infection, this pathogen is exposed to various stressors, and therefore, it must reprogram its gene expression to survive in the host and establish infection in a short duration of time. Host adaptation is possible thanks to molecular responses where appropriate regulators and signal transduction systems participate. Among the bacterial regulators, there are σ factors, including ECF (extracytoplasmic function) σ factors. The L. interrogans genome encodes 11 putative ECF σ^E-type factors. Currently, none of them has been characterized biochemically, and their functions are still unknown. One of them, LIC_10559, is the most likely to be active during infection because it is only found in the highly pathogenic Leptospira. The aim of this study was to achieve LIC_10559 overexpression to answer the question whether it may be a target of the humoral immune response during leptospiral infections. The immunoreactivity of the recombinant LIC_10559 was evaluated by SDS-PAGE, ECL Western blotting and ELISA assay using sera collected from Leptospira-infected animals and uninfected healthy controls. We found that LIC_10559 was recognized by IgG antibodies from the sera of infected animals and is, therefore, able to induce the host’s immune response to pathogenic Leptospira. This result suggests the involvement of LIC_10559 in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

24 pages, 2212 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Role of the NRF2 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Viral Respiratory Infections

by Maria Daskou, Leila Fotooh Abadi, Chandrima Gain, Michael Wong, Eashan Sharma, Arnaud John Kombe Kombe, Ravikanth Nanduri and Theodoros Kelesidis

Pathogens 2024, 13(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010039 - 31 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3981

Abstract

In humans, acute and chronic respiratory infections caused by viruses are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Respiratory viruses infect airway epithelial cells and induce oxidative stress, yet the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Oxidative stress activates the transcription factor NRF2, which plays a [...] Read more.

In humans, acute and chronic respiratory infections caused by viruses are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Respiratory viruses infect airway epithelial cells and induce oxidative stress, yet the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Oxidative stress activates the transcription factor NRF2, which plays a key role in alleviating redox-induced cellular injury. The transcriptional activation of NRF2 has been reported to affect both viral replication and associated inflammation pathways. There is complex bidirectional crosstalk between virus replication and the NRF2 pathway because virus replication directly or indirectly regulates NRF2 expression, and NRF2 activation can reversely hamper viral replication and viral spread across cells and tissues. In this review, we discuss the complex role of the NRF2 pathway in the regulation of the pathogenesis of the main respiratory viruses, including coronaviruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses. We also summarize the scientific evidence regarding the effects of the known NRF2 agonists that can be utilized to alter the NRF2 pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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14 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessReview

Coxiella burnetii Infection in Cats

by Valentina Virginia Ebani

Pathogens 2023, 12(12), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12121415 - 2 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2331

Abstract

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, with farm ruminants being considered the main sources of infection for humans. However, there have been several cases of the disease in people that have been related to domestic cats as well. [...] Read more.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, with farm ruminants being considered the main sources of infection for humans. However, there have been several cases of the disease in people that have been related to domestic cats as well. Cats can become infected through various routes, including ingestion of raw milk, hunting and consuming infected rodents and birds, consumption of contaminated pet food, inhalation of contaminated aerosols and dust, and bites from hematophagous arthropods. Infected cats typically do not show symptoms, but pregnant queens may experience abortion or give birth to weak kittens. Accurate diagnosis using serological and molecular methods is crucial in detecting infected cats, allowing for prompt action with appropriate treatments and preventive measures. Breeders, cattery personnel, veterinarians, and owners should be informed about the risks of C. burnetii infections associated with cats experiencing reproductive disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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11 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Management Strategies for Buruli Ulcers

by Gabriela Loredana Popa, Alexandru Andrei Muntean and Mircea Ioan Popa

Pathogens 2023, 12(9), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091088 - 27 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1428

Abstract

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a bacterial skin infection that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and mainly affects people who reside in the rural areas of Africa and in suburban and beach resort communities in Australia. The infection typically begins as a painless papule [...] Read more.

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a bacterial skin infection that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and mainly affects people who reside in the rural areas of Africa and in suburban and beach resort communities in Australia. The infection typically begins as a painless papule or nodule that gradually develops into a large ulcer that can cause substantial impairment, damaging soft tissues and even bones. Early detection and immediate treatment are crucial to preventing further tissue damage and any potential complications, although it is worth noting that access to proper therapeutic resources can be limited in certain areas. The most commonly used antibiotics for treating BU are rifampicin, streptomycin, and clarithromycin; efforts have recently been made to introduce new treatments that increase the effectiveness and adherence to therapy. This article presents the latest research and management strategies regarding BU, providing an updated and intriguing perspective on this topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

64 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cultivation of Asexual Intraerythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium falciparum

by Leonardo K. Basco

Pathogens 2023, 12(7), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070900 - 1 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3708

Abstract

Successfully developed in 1976, the continuous in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum has many applications in the field of malaria research. It has become an important experimental model that directly uses a human pathogen responsible for a high prevalence of morbidity and mortality [...] Read more.

Successfully developed in 1976, the continuous in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum has many applications in the field of malaria research. It has become an important experimental model that directly uses a human pathogen responsible for a high prevalence of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world and is a major source of biological material for immunological, biochemical, molecular, and pharmacological studies. Until present, the basic techniques described by Trager and Jensen and Haynes et al. remain unchanged in many malaria research laboratories. Nonetheless, different factors, including culture media, buffers, serum substitutes and supplements, sources of erythrocytes, and conditions of incubation (especially oxygen concentration), have been modified by different investigators to adapt the original technique in their laboratories or enhance the in vitro growth of the parasites. The possible effects and benefits of these modifications for the continuous cultivation of asexual intraerythrocytic stages of P. falciparum, as well as future challenges in developing a serum-free cultivation system and axenic cultures, are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

19 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance?

by Giambattista Carluccio, Davide Greco, Erika Sabella, Marzia Vergine, Luigi De Bellis and Andrea Luvisi

Pathogens 2023, 12(6), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060825 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3315

Abstract

The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing [...] Read more.

The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature suggests that on grapevine and olive, some xylem features can determine plant tolerance to vascular pathogens. However, the same trend was not reported in citrus, indicating that X. fastidiosa interactions with host plants differ by species. Unfortunately, studies in this area are still limited, with few explaining inter-cultivar insights. Thus, in a global context seriously threatened by X. fastidiosa, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the xylem and resistance to stresses can be useful for selecting cultivars that may be more resistant to environmental changes, such as drought and vascular pathogens, as a way to preserve agricultural productions and ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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17 pages, 2005 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Urinary Tract Infections: The Current Scenario and Future Prospects

by Giuseppe Mancuso, Angelina Midiri, Elisabetta Gerace, Maria Marra, Sebastiana Zummo and Carmelo Biondo

Pathogens 2023, 12(4), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040623 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 31927

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, occurring in both community and healthcare settings. Although the clinical symptoms of UTIs are heterogeneous and range from uncomplicated (uUTIs) to complicated (cUTIs), most UTIs are usually treated empirically. Bacteria are [...] Read more.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, occurring in both community and healthcare settings. Although the clinical symptoms of UTIs are heterogeneous and range from uncomplicated (uUTIs) to complicated (cUTIs), most UTIs are usually treated empirically. Bacteria are the main causative agents of these infections, although more rarely, other microorganisms, such as fungi and some viruses, have been reported to be responsible for UTIs. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common causative agent for both uUTIs and cUTIs, followed by other pathogenic microorganisms, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus spp. In addition, the incidence of UTIs caused by multidrug resistance (MDR) is increasing, resulting in a significant increase in the spread of antibiotic resistance and the economic burden of these infections. Here, we discuss the various factors associated with UTIs, including the mechanisms of pathogenicity related to the bacteria that cause UTIs and the emergence of increasing resistance in UTI pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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8 pages, 1175 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by In Situ Hybridization in Lung-Cancer Cells Metastatic to Brain and in Adjacent Brain Parenchyma

by Tibor Valyi-Nagy, Brian Fredericks, Jessica Wilson, Sajal Deea Shukla, Suman Setty, Konstantin V. Slavin and Klara Valyi-Nagy

Pathogens 2023, 12(6), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060772 - 29 May 2023

Viewed by 1951

Abstract

The mechanisms by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may spread to the human brain are poorly understood, and the infection of cancer cells in the brain by SARS-CoV-2 in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been the subject of only [...] Read more.

The mechanisms by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may spread to the human brain are poorly understood, and the infection of cancer cells in the brain by SARS-CoV-2 in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been the subject of only one previous case report. Here, we report the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by in situ hybridization in lung-cancer cells metastatic to the brain and adjacent brain parenchyma in a 63-year-old male patient with COVID-19. These findings suggest that metastatic tumors may transport the virus from other parts of the body to the brain or may break down the blood–brain barrier to allow for the virus to spread to the brain. These findings confirm and extend previous observations that cancer cells in the brain can become infected by SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 and raise the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 can have a direct effect on cancer growth and outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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15 pages, 1672 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical Spectrum and Outcomes of Cryptogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae Liver Abscess in the Americas: A Scoping Review

by Jorge Cardenas-Alvarez, Galit Balayla, Abel Triana, Rodrigo Diaz Lankenau, Carlos Franco-Paredes, Andrés F. Henao-Martínez and Gabriel Motoa

Pathogens 2023, 12(5), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050661 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2875

Abstract

(1) Background: Cryptogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscesses are an invasive infection with or without extra hepatic involvement in the absence of hepatobiliary disease or abdominal malignancy. Most of the evidence has emanated from reports from Asia, and previous studies in the Americas have [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cryptogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscesses are an invasive infection with or without extra hepatic involvement in the absence of hepatobiliary disease or abdominal malignancy. Most of the evidence has emanated from reports from Asia, and previous studies in the Americas have limited clinical characterization. (2) Methods: To understand this syndrome’s characteristics on our continent, we conducted a scoping review to identify adult cases of idiopathic, community-acquired monomicrobial K. pneumoniae liver abscess in the Americas. (3) Results: We identified 144 cases spanning 1978–2022. Most cases were reported in males that had traveled or migrated from Southeast or East Asia with diabetes mellitus. Extrahepatic involvement and bacteremia were common, including seeding to the lungs, ocular structures, and central nervous system. Although limited by sample size, the most commonly reported genes were magA or rmpA. Concomitant percutaneous drainage and third generation cephalosporins (alone or in combination with other antibiotics) were frequently used, yet pooled fatality occurred in 9% of the reported cases. (4) Conclusions: The features of cryptogenic K. pneumoniae liver abscess in the Americas mirror those described in Asia, confirming its global dissemination. This condition is increasingly being reported in our continent and carries significant clinical impact due to its systemic invasiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in 2023)

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