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A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Circular and Green Polymer Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2024) | Viewed by 17649

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Dr. Guangpu Zhang

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National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Interests: adhesive; functional polymer; light curing; energetic polymer
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Dr. Zhengmao Ding

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Guest Editor

Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Interests: coatings; adhesives; waterborne polyurethane; nanocomposites; energy
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Dr. Yanan Zhang

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Guest Editor

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, China
Interests: resin-based composites; mechanical property; FRP; recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Coatings and adhesives are indispensable polymer materials used for modern industrial development. They are widely used in construction, aerospace, electronic information, artificial intelligence, biomedicine, and other applications. As people pay more attention to environmental protection and sustainable development, research on environmentally friendly coatings and adhesives is receiving increasing attention. For example, water-based coatings, water-based paints, photocuring resins, re-use adhesives, powder coatings, pressure-sensitive adhesives, and solvent-free adhesives have been developed and applied at high speeds. This Special Issue aims to establish a platform for the above-mentioned research on environmentally friendly coatings and adhesives. We welcome all scholars to submit papers.

Dr. Guangpu Zhang
Dr. Zhengmao Ding
Dr. Yanan Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

coating
adhesive
polymer
eco-friendly
water-based
re-use
solvent-free
composites
functional polymer

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Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology, 2nd Edition in Polymers (1 article)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 4413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Bio-Based Polyurethane Adhesives for Eco-Friendly Structural Applications: An Experimental and Numerical Study

by Ana M. S. Couto, Catarina S. P. Borges, Shahin Jalali, Beatriz D. Simões, Eduardo A. S. Marques, Ricardo J. C. Carbas, João C. Bordado, Till Vallée and Lucas F. M. da Silva

Polymers 2024, 16(17), 2546; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16172546 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 809

Abstract

In response to heightened environmental awareness, various industries, including the civil and automotive sector, are contemplating a shift towards the utilization of more sustainable materials. For adhesive bonding, this necessitates the exploration of materials derived from renewable sources, commonly denoted as bio-adhesives. This study focuses on a bio-adhesive L-joint, which is a commonly employed configuration in the automotive sector for creating bonded structural components with significant bending stiffness. In this investigation, the behavior of joints composed of pine wood and bio-based adhesives was studied. Two distinct configurations were studied, differing solely in the fiber orientation of the wood. The research combined experimental testing and finite element modeling to analyze the strength of the joints and determine their failure mode when subjected to tensile loading conditions. The findings indicate that the configuration of the joint plays a crucial role in its overall performance, with one of the solutions demonstrating higher strength. Additionally, a good degree of agreement was observed between the experimental and numerical analyses for one of the configurations, while the consideration of the maximum principal stress failure predictor (MPSFP) proved to accurately predict the location for crack propagation in both configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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15 pages, 10122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Hydroxyl-Terminated Block Copolyether-Based Binder Curing Kinetics

by Wu Yang, Zhengmao Ding, Cong Zhu, Tianqi Li, Wenhao Liu and Yunjun Luo

Polymers 2024, 16(16), 2246; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162246 - 7 Aug 2024

Viewed by 941

Abstract

In order to determine the curing reaction model and corresponding parameters of hydroxyl-terminated block copolyether (HTPE) and provide a theoretical reference for its practical application, the non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method was used to analyze the curing processes of three curing systems with HTPE and N-100 (an aliphatic polyisocyanate curing agent), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and a mixture of N-100 and IPDI as curing agents. The results show that the curing activation energy of N-100 and HTPE was about 69.37 kJ/mol, slightly lower than the curing activation energy of IPDI and HTPE (75.60 kJ/mol), and the curing activation energy of the mixed curing agent and HTPE was 69.79 kJ/mol. The curing process of HTPE conformed to the autocatalytic reaction model. The non-catalytic reaction order (n) of N-100 and HTPE was about 1.2, and the autocatalytic order (m) was about 0.3, both lower than those of IPDI and HTPE. The reaction kinetics parameters of the N-100 and IPDI mixed curing agent with HTPE were close to those of N-100 and HTPE. The verification results indicate a high degree of overlap between the experimental data and the calculated data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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10 pages, 4234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Metastable Intermolecular Composites on the Thermal Decomposition of Glycidyl Azide Polymer Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomer

by Chao Sang and Yunjun Luo

Polymers 2024, 16(15), 2107; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152107 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 783

Abstract

Glycidyl azide polymer energetic thermoplastic elastomer (GAP-ETPE) has become a research hotspot due to its excellent comprehensive performance. In this paper, metastable intermolecular energetic nanocomposites (MICs) were prepared by a simple and safe method, and the catalytic performance for decomposition of GAP-ETPE was studied. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the MICs exhibited specific crystal formation, which proved that the MICs were successfully prepared. Morphology, surface area, and pore structure analysis showed that the Al/copper ferrite and Al/Fe₂O₃ MICs had a large specific surface area mesoporous structure. The Al/CuO MICs did not have a mesoporous structure or a large surface area. The structure of MICs led to their different performance for the GAP-ETPE decomposition catalysis. The increase in specific surface area is a benefit of the catalytic performance. Due to the easier formation of complexes, MICs containing Cu have better catalytic performance for GAP-ETPE decomposition than those containing Fe. The conclusions of this study can provide a basis for the adjustment of the catalytic performance of MICs in GAP-ETPE propellants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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15 pages, 6944 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Coupling Forming Performance of Short Fiber-Reinforced PEEK by Additive Manufacturing

by Qili Sun, Xiaomu Wen, Guangzhong Yin, Zijian Jia and Xiaomei Yang

Polymers 2024, 16(13), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131789 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 894

Abstract

In this work, the PEEK/short carbon fiber (CF) composites were prepared, a new thermodynamic coupling (preheating and impact compaction) process of the FDM method is proposed, and the warp deformation mechanism was obtained by finite element simulation analysis. Results show that a new method could improve the forming quality of an FDM sample. The porosity of FDM samples of the PEEK/CF composite gradually decreased from 10.15% to 6.83% with the increase in impact temperature and frequency. However, the interlayer bonding performance was reduced from 16.9 MPa to 8.50 MPa, which was attributed to the influence of the printing layer height change from the printhead to the forming layer. To explain the above phenomenon, a thermodynamic coupling model was established and a relevant mechanism was analyzed to better understand the interlayer mechanical and porosity properties of PEEK/CF composites. The study reported here provides a reference for improving the forming quality of fabricated PEEK/CF composites by FDM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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17 pages, 4986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical, Dielectric and Flame-Retardant Properties of GF/PP Modified with Different Flame Retardants

by Jingwen Li, Yiliang Sun, Boming Zhang and Guocheng Qi

Polymers 2024, 16(12), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16121681 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 888

Abstract

With the rapid development of electronic information technology, higher requirements have been put forward for the dielectric properties and load-bearing capacity of materials. In continuous glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, polypropylene matrix is a non-polar polymer with a very low dielectric constant and dielectric loss, but polypropylene is extremely flammable which greatly limits its application. Aiming at the better application of flame retardant-modified continuous glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites (FR/GF/PP) in the field of electronic communication, the effects of four different kinds of flame retardants (Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), halogen-free one-component flame retardant (MONO), halogen-free compound flame retardant (MULTI), and intumescent flame retardant (IFR)) on the properties of FR/GF/PP were compared, including the mechanical properties, dielectric properties and flame-retardant properties. The results showed that among the FR/GF/PP, IFR has the highest performance in mechanical properties, MULTI has better performance in LOI, DBDPE and IFR have better performance in flame retardant rating, and DBDPE and IFR have lower dielectric properties. Finally, gray relational analysis is applied to propose an approach for selecting the optimal combination (flame retardant type and flame-retardant content) of comprehensive performance. In the application exemplified in this paper, the performance of IFR-3-modified GF/PP is optimized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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12 pages, 5016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Method of Improving the Mechanical Properties of Propellant Using Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomers with Bonding Groups

by Shixiong Sun, Haoyu Liu, Yang Wang, Wenhao Du, Benbo Zhao and Yunjun Luo

Polymers 2024, 16(6), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16060792 - 13 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1167

Abstract

The relatively poor mechanical properties of extruded modified double base (EMDB) propellants limit their range of applications. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel method was proposed to introduce glycidyl azide polymer-based energetic thermoplastic elastomers (GAP-ETPE) with bonding groups into the propellant adhesive. The influence of the molecular structure of three kinds of elastomers on the mechanical properties of the resultant propellant was analyzed. It was found that the mechanical properties of the propellant with 3% CBA-ETPE (a type of GAP-ETPE that features chain extensions using N-(2-Cyanoethyl) diethanolamine and 1,4-butanediol) were improved at both 50 °C and −40 °C compared to a control propellant without GAP-ETPE. The elongation and impact strength of the propellant at −40 °C were 7.49% and 6.58 MPa, respectively, while the impact strength and maximum tensile strength of the propellant at 50 °C reached 21.1 MPa and 1.19 MPa, respectively. In addition, all three types of GAP-ETPE improved the safety of EMDB propellants. The friction sensitivity of the propellant with 3% CBA-ETPE was found to be 0%, and its characteristic drop height H₅₀ was found to be 39.0 cm; 126% higher than the traditional EMDB propellant. These results provide guidance for studies aiming to optimize the performance of EMDB propellants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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19 pages, 6858 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Non-Isothermal Simulation and Safety Analysis of Twin-Screw Extrusion Process for Synthetizing Glycidyl Azide Polymer-Based Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomer

by Junming Yuan, Yan Liu, Jinying Wang, Yuan Qu, Hu Sun, Yue Qin and Nan Wang

Polymers 2023, 15(18), 3662; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183662 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1439

Abstract

In order to study the temperature variation and flow characteristics in the twin-screw reactive extrusion process of synthetizing glycidyl azide polymer-based energetic thermoplastic elastomer (GAP-ETPE), a non-isothermal simulation and a safety analysis were carried out. Firstly, based on the synthesis principle of GAP-ETPE, a mechanical sensitivity test, viscosity test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of GAP-ETPE were carried out. Secondly, a three-dimensional physical model of the intermeshing co-rotating conveying element was established by Gambit. A three-dimensional non-isothermal numerical simulation of the conveying and kneading elements was carried out using FLUENT 19.0 software. The temperature, pressure and shear stress field of conveying and kneading elements with different staggered angles were analyzed and compared. The results show that the maximum temperature of the kneading element is always slightly higher than that of the conveying element at the same rotational speed, but the average temperature in the flow channel is always slightly higher than that of the kneading element. The inlet and outlet pressure difference of the kneading elements with a 90° offset angle is the smallest and the safety is the highest. The shear stress in the flow channel of the conveying element is higher than that of the kneading element as a whole, but the shear stress near the outlet of the 90° kneading element is higher than that in the flow channel of the conveying element. Among the kneading elements, the 90° kneading element has the strongest dispersing and mixing ability, followed by the 60° and 45° kneading elements. According to the thermal and physical parameters of the material, the ignition response time is approximately 6 s, which provides a theoretical guide for the safety design of the GAP-ETPE twin-screw extruder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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11 pages, 2995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Properties of a Novel High-Toughness Solid Propellant Adhesive System Based on Glycidyl Azide Polymer–Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomer/Nitrocellulose/Butyl Nitrate Ethyl Nitramine

by Jing Zhang, Zhen Wang, Shixiong Sun and Yunjun Luo

Polymers 2023, 15(18), 3656; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183656 - 5 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1613

Abstract

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)–energetic thermoplastic elastomer (GAP-ETPE) propellants have high development prospects as green solid propellants, but the preparation of GAP-ETPEs with excellent performance is still a challenge. Improving the performance of the adhesive system in a propellant by introducing a plasticizer is an effective approach to increasing the energy and toughness of the propellant. Herein, a novel high-strength solid propellant adhesive system was proposed with GAP-ETPEs as the adhesive skeleton, butyl nitrate ethyl nitramine (Bu-NENA) as the energetic plasticizer, and nitrocellulose (NC) as the reinforcing agent. The effects of the structural factors on its properties were studied. The results showed that the binder system would give the propellant better mechanical and safety properties. The results can provide a reference for the structure design, forming process, and parameter selection of high-performance GAP-based green solid propellants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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15 pages, 3218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Properties of Hydrophobic Polyurethane Based on Silane Modification

by Yuxian Ma, Minghui Zhang, Wenhao Du, Shixiong Sun, Benbo Zhao and Yuan Cheng

Polymers 2023, 15(7), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071759 - 31 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3370

Abstract

Waterborne coatings have obtained more and more attention from researchers with increasing concerns in environmental protection, and have the advantages of being green, environmentally friendly and safe. However, the introduction of hydrophilic groups leads to lower hydrophobicity and it is difficult to meet the requirements of complex application environments. Herein, we proposed an optimization approach of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) with vinyl tris(β-methoxyethoxy) silane (A172), and it was found that the surface roughness, mechanical properties, thermal stability and water resistance of WPU will be increased to a certain extent with the addition of A172. Moreover, the hydrophobicity of the coating film is best when the silicon content is 10% of the acrylic monomer mass and the water contact angle reaches 100°, which could exceed two-thirds of the research results in the last decade. Therefore, our study can provide some theoretical basis for the research of hydrophobic polyurethane coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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10 pages, 4066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on GAP Adhesive-Based Polymer Films, Energetic Polymer Composites and Application

by Siyuan Wu, Xiaomeng Li, Zhen Ge and Yunjun Luo

Polymers 2023, 15(6), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15061538 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1678

Abstract

To lay the foundation for environmentally friendly energetic polymer composites, GAP (glycidyl azide polymer) adhesive-based polymer films with different curing parameter R (mol ratio of hydroxyl/isocyanate) and energetic polymer composites with different RDX contents were studied. GAP/TDI (toluene diisocyanate)/GLY(glycerol) was selected as the adhesive system. The tensile strength and elongation at the break of the polymer film with R = 2.2, was 14.34 MPa and 176.86%, respectively, as observed by an AGS-J electronic universal testing machine. A relatively complete cross-linking network and high hydrogen bonding interaction were observed by LF-NMR (low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, where the cross-linking density was 11.06 × 10⁻⁴ mol/cm³) and FT-IR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, where the carbonyl bonding ratio was 64.84%). Forty percent RDX(hexogen) was added into the adhesive system. The tensile strength was 4.65 MPa, and the elongation at the break was 78.49%; meanwhile, the heat of the explosive was 2.87 MJ/kg, and the residue carbon rate was only 2.47%. The tensile cross-sections of energetic polymer composites were observed by SEM (Scanning electron microscopy). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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Review

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19 pages, 4164 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Self-Healing Polymer for Ultraviolet-Curing Three-Dimensional Printing

by Wenhao Liu, Zhe Sun, Hao Ren, Xiaomu Wen, Wei Wang, Tianfu Zhang, Lei Xiao and Guangpu Zhang

Polymers 2023, 15(24), 4646; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244646 - 8 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2269

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV)-curing technology as a photopolymerization technology has received widespread attention due to its advantages of high efficiency, wide adaptability, and environmental friendliness. Ultraviolet-based 3D printing technology has been widely used in the printing of thermosetting materials, but the permanent covalent cross-linked networks of thermosetting materials which are used in this method make it hard to recover the damage caused by the printing process through reprocessing, which reduces the service life of the material. Therefore, introducing dynamic bonds into UV-curable polymer materials might be a brilliant choice which can enable the material to conduct self-healing, and thus meet the needs of practical applications. The present review first introduces photosensitive resins utilizing dynamic bonds, followed by a summary of various types of dynamic bonds approaches. We also analyze the advantages/disadvantages of diverse UV-curable self-healing polymers with different polymeric structures, and outline future development trends in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Coatings and Adhesive Technology)

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