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13 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Red Disperse Azo Dye Side Chains Influence on Polyethylene Terephthalate Dyeing Performances in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Media

by Yu-Wen Cheng, Jean-Sebastien Benas, Fang-Cheng Liang, Shang-Ming Lin, Yu-Hang Huang, Wei-Wen Chen, Yu-Ting Chen, Chen-Hung Lee, Yang-Yen Yu and Chi-Ching Kuo

Polymers 2022, 14(24), 5487; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14245487 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing (SDD) as a dyeing media not only provides a friendly dyeing environment but also significantly increases polymeric dyeing performances ascribed to strong azo dye affinity. Disperse azo dyes have shown to be highly efficient dyeing agents due to their [...] Read more.

Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing (SDD) as a dyeing media not only provides a friendly dyeing environment but also significantly increases polymeric dyeing performances ascribed to strong azo dye affinity. Disperse azo dyes have shown to be highly efficient dyeing agents due to their facile coupling synthesis, side chains position, and length tunability to optimize absorption properties. Herein, we first synthesize two series of disperse red azo dyes via a coupling chemical route. Further, we investigate the position of the electron withdrawing group and alkyl chains length impact onto the absorption and color fastness properties. Upon synthesis, ¹H NMR and mass spectroscopy were used to characterize our newly synthesized series dye structure. Also, according to spectroscopic characterization, the functional group positions as well as the alkyl chains length have a major impact on the dye series maximum light absorption wavelength and performance. We have performed SDD dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate woven and determined each dye color fastness, we find that a reduced electron withdrawing effect and alkyl chains increase reduce color-fastness performances. Overall, our dyes exhibited a good resistance against detergent water, perspiration, abrasion, and friction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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12 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctionality of Thermal Protective Layer Interchanging Double Cloth Conditioned by Influential Parameters

by Tea Badrov, Ivana Schwarz and Stana Kovačević

Polymers 2022, 14(21), 4561; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14214561 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1736

Abstract

The proportion of woven fabrics in the broad field of protective textiles is extremely high. By various procedures (surface treatments, fabric lamination, composite production), fabric properties that meet the requirements defined by standards are achieved. However, simultaneously, these procedures cause negative effects in [...] Read more.

The proportion of woven fabrics in the broad field of protective textiles is extremely high. By various procedures (surface treatments, fabric lamination, composite production), fabric properties that meet the requirements defined by standards are achieved. However, simultaneously, these procedures cause negative effects in the form of fabric thickness, stiffness, impermeability, non-breathability, and thus, discomfort. Therefore, there are valid and justified reasons to approach the design process of making such woven fabrics using more complex construction solutions—layer interchanging double cloth. In addition, by applying fibres with integrated desired properties and other structural fabric parameters, it is possible to influence the achievement of the properties of multi-purpose multilayer fabrics for protection, which is the aim of this research. The application and combination of aramid and modacrylic/cotton fibres and use of different yarn fineness resulted in different intensities of protection. The correlative values of mentioned parameters and thermal and thermo-physiological properties indicate their strong connection, and thus the effectiveness of the developed woven fabric samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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15 pages, 4547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Textiles Functionalized with Copper Oxides: A Sustainable Option for Prevention of COVID-19

by Luz Esmeralda Román, Cleny Villalva, Carmen Uribe, Francisco Paraguay-Delgado, José Sousa, Johnny Vigo, Concepción Mercedes Vera, Mónica Marcela Gómez and José Luis Solís

Polymers 2022, 14(15), 3066; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153066 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2935

Abstract

COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent severe problems in health centers and public areas. Polyester/cotton (PES/CO) blend fabrics have been functionalized with copper oxides on an industrial scale. For functionalization, the impregnation dyeing [...] Read more.

COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent severe problems in health centers and public areas. Polyester/cotton (PES/CO) blend fabrics have been functionalized with copper oxides on an industrial scale. For functionalization, the impregnation dyeing technique was applied. The functionalized samples were tested virologically against SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus (229E) according to ISO 18184-2019 and microbiologically against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) bacteria according to ASTM E2149-2013. The results show that the fabric functionalized with copper oxides inactivated both viruses after 30 min of exposure, presenting excellent virucidal activity against 229E and SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Furthermore, its inactivation efficiency for SARS-CoV-2 was 99.93% and 99.96% in 30 min and 60 min exposure, respectively. The fabric inhibited bacterial growth by more than 99% before and after 10 and 20 washes. In conclusion, 265 m of PES/CO fabric (wide 1.7 m) was functionalized in situ on an industrial scale with copper oxide nanoparticles. The functionalized fabric presented virucidal and bactericidal properties against SARS-CoV-2 and Escherichia coli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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16 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Azo Disperse Dyes with High Absorption for Efficient Polyethylene Terephthalate Dyeing Performances in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

by Yu-Wen Cheng, Jean-Sebastien Benas, Fang-Cheng Liang, Shang-Ming Lin, Ting-Wang Sun, Fu-Chieh Liu, Yang-Yen Yu and Chi-Ching Kuo

Polymers 2022, 14(15), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153020 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3550

Abstract

Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing (SCDD) not only enables strong dyeing performance for a versatile range of polymer material but is also regarded as a green chemical media due to its low environmental impact as well as low risk of product denaturation. Over the [...] Read more.

Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing (SCDD) not only enables strong dyeing performance for a versatile range of polymer material but is also regarded as a green chemical media due to its low environmental impact as well as low risk of product denaturation. Over the decades, azo disperse dyes have been revealed to be efficient dyes and represent the wide majority of dyeing material. Azo dyes possess a wide variety of functional groups to optimize dye synthesis and tune the light absorption properties. Using SCDD, end-chain of different lengths, and functional group exhibiting various electronic affinity, six disperse red azo dyes were synthesized to investigate dyeing performances as woven fabric type, color strain, and color fastness after dyeing are discussed. Dye structure synthesized through a coupling reaction was confirmed by ¹H NMR and mass spectroscopy. We found that the light absorption wavelength and absorption coefficient value variation are associated to the nature of the functional group. From the color strength values of the polyethylene terephthalate woven after dyeing, we find that the fiber host and dye dopant chemical structure greatly influence the dyeing process by providing enhanced woven, color strain, and color fastness. In comparison with commercial products, our approach not only improves the dyeing process but also guarantees a strong resistance of the dyed product against water, detergent, perspiration, abrasion, and friction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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17 pages, 2974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Protective Properties and Breathability of Multilayer Protective Woven Fabrics for Wildland Firefighting

by Ana Kalazić, Snježana Brnada and Ana Kiš

Polymers 2022, 14(14), 2967; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142967 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2299

Abstract

A firefighter in the wildland fields spends an average of 8 to 16 h during which he encounters enormous physical effort and very demanding outdoor conditions of high temperatures. Research shows that the most common injuries are due to the occurrence of heat [...] Read more.

A firefighter in the wildland fields spends an average of 8 to 16 h during which he encounters enormous physical effort and very demanding outdoor conditions of high temperatures. Research shows that the most common injuries are due to the occurrence of heat stress, and not due to lack of protection against burns. Therefore, for this very specific field of firefighting, it is necessary to provide clothing that will, in addition to adequate flame protection, provide good comfort properties such as lightweight suits, good porosity and breathability, so that gaseous sweat and heat generated by body heating can be released into the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of structural parameters of multi-weft woven fabrics on two mutually contradictory properties—breathability and thermal protection. When designing fabrics, the goal was to produce a structure with a high proportion of volume pores, which, regardless of the increased volume of the fabric, insure the fabric mass would be acceptably small. Volume pores in the fabric have two roles—as a heat insulator and as an inhibitor of the breathability of the material. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the thickness and mass of the fabric have a greater influence on the water vapor resistance, while the heat transmission property is more affected by the thickness, porosity and fiber content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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12 pages, 1900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Multifunctional Wet Laid Nonwoven from Marine Waste Posidonia oceanica Technical Fiber and CMC Binder

by Saoussen Zannen, Mohamed Taher Halimi, Mohamed Ben Hassen, Emad Hashim Abualsauod and Asem Majed Othman

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050865 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2584

Abstract

A Posidonia oceanica waste marine plant was used to produce a wet-laid nonwoven web for multifunction applications. To study the effect of some parameters related to the web characteristics (sheet weight, binder ratio, and pulp ratio) on the mechanical and physical properties of [...] Read more.

A Posidonia oceanica waste marine plant was used to produce a wet-laid nonwoven web for multifunction applications. To study the effect of some parameters related to the web characteristics (sheet weight, binder ratio, and pulp ratio) on the mechanical and physical properties of the web, we used a Box–Behnken design plan with three levels. The diagram of the superposed contours graphic method was used to find the optimum parameters of the process for the application of the Posidonia nonwoven fiber on an insulation field. With the measurement of the thermal conductivity properties using the box method, the results demonstrated that the nonwoven fiber from Posidonia oceanica marine waste had good insulation properties in comparison with other classical natural fibers (hemp, flax) used in the field of insulation with the big advantage of being a natural product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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17 pages, 21222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of High-Sensitivity Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Highly Breathable Spacer Fabric with TPU/PPy/PDA Coating

by Xiujuan Wang, Xiaoyu Gao, Yu Wang, Xin Niu, Tanyu Wang, Yuanjun Liu, Fangxi Qi, Yaming Jiang and Hao Liu

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050859 - 22 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3565

Abstract

In recent years, the research of flexible sensors has become a hot topic in the field of wearable technology, attracting the attention of many researchers. However, it is still a difficult challenge to prepare low-cost and high-performance flexible sensors by a simple process. [...] Read more.

In recent years, the research of flexible sensors has become a hot topic in the field of wearable technology, attracting the attention of many researchers. However, it is still a difficult challenge to prepare low-cost and high-performance flexible sensors by a simple process. Three-dimensional spacer fabric (SF) are the ideal substrate for flexible pressure sensors due to its good compression resilience and high permeability (5747.7 mm/s, approximately 10 times that of cotton). In this paper, Thermoplastic polyurethane/Polypyrrole/Polydopamine/Space Fabric (TPU/PPy/PDA/SF) composite fabrics were prepared in a simple in-situ polymerization method by sequentially coating polydopamine (PDA) and Polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of SF, followed by spin-coating of different polymers (thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Ecoflex) on the PPy/PDA/SF surface. The results showed that the TPU/PPy/PDA/SF pressure sensors prepared by spin-coating TPU at 900 rpm at a concentration of 0.3 mol of pyrrole monomer (py) and a polymerization time of 60 min have optimum sensing performance, a wide working range (0–10 kPa), high sensitivity (97.28 kPa⁻¹), fast response (60 ms), good cycling stability (>500 cycles), and real-time motion monitoring of different parts of the body (e.g., arms and knees). The TPU/PPy/PDA/SF piezoresistive sensor with high sensitivity on a highly permeable spacer fabric base developed in this paper has promising applications in the field of health monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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27 pages, 7193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Impact of the Surface Modification Processes of Cotton and Polyester Fabrics with Various Techniques on Their Structural, Biophysical, Sensory, and Mechanical Properties

by Ewa Skrzetuska, Adam K. Puszkarz and Justyna Nosal

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040796 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3938

Abstract

This article presents research on the assessment of the impact of surface modification of cotton and polyester fabrics using four techniques (flocking, layer by layer, screen printing and thermal-transfer printing) on their structural, mechanical, biophysical, and sensory properties. Depending on geometry and raw [...] Read more.

This article presents research on the assessment of the impact of surface modification of cotton and polyester fabrics using four techniques (flocking, layer by layer, screen printing and thermal-transfer printing) on their structural, mechanical, biophysical, and sensory properties. Depending on geometry and raw materials of the fabrics, the clothing made of them it is characterized by certain biophysical properties which are intended to protect the human body against external factors, but also against excessive sweating and overheating or cooling down. The aforementioned properties of the modified textiles were determined with: optical microscopy, microcomputed tomography, a tensile testing machine, sweating guarded-hotplate, air permeability tester, and the Kawabata evaluation system. Based on analysis of obtained results, it can be concluded that flocking reduces air permeability the most (−77% for cotton fabric and −99.7% for polyester fabric), and total hand value (−58% and −57%) and increases water vapor resistance the most (+769% and +612%) while the screen printing increases the thermal resistance the most (+119% and +156%) compared to unmodified textiles. It can be concluded that, when modifying textile substrates, the area of modification and their size on clothing products should be carefully selected so as not to adversely affect the feelings of potential wearers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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20 pages, 7218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Aramid Yarns Sizing

by Katarina Krstović, Stana Kovačević, Ivana Schwarz and Snježana Brnada

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040761 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3083

Abstract

The process and efficiency of sizing aramid yarns before the weaving process was studied. The sizing was carried out under different conditions, with and without the pre-wetting of the threads before the actual sizing process. Two groups of yarns were tested. The first [...] Read more.

The process and efficiency of sizing aramid yarns before the weaving process was studied. The sizing was carried out under different conditions, with and without the pre-wetting of the threads before the actual sizing process. Two groups of yarns were tested. The first group consisted of five yarn samples that were blended with 95% meta-aramid and 5% para-aramid in counts of 20 × 2, 17 × 2, 14 × 2 and 12.5 × 2 tex. The second group of yarns consisted of three yarn samples that were blended with 93% meta-aramid, 5% para-aramid and 2% carbon in counts of 20, 20 × 2 and 17 × 2 tex. The inlet moisture of the yarn before sizing was 40% (with pre-wetting) and 4% (without pre-wetting), and the outlet moisture after drying was 4%. In order to carry out such tests to reproduce them, the sizing was carried out on a laboratory-sizing machine with the possibility of adapting to industrial conditions. According to the obtained results related to the properties of yarn before and after sizing, it can be concluded that sizing of aramid yarns is justified. When sizing the yarn without pre-wetting, the mechanical properties improved, especially breaking force, strength and abrasion resistance. Irregularity and hairiness were also reduced, especially when sizing with pre-wetting. Yarn hairiness or the frequency of protruding fibres also decreased with sizing in almost all samples and sizing conditions. The second group of yarns with a carbon fibre content mostly showed better mechanical properties before sizing, which continued after sizing. In general, the aramid yarn sized with pre-wetting showed certain deformations caused by stretching in the wet state and thus reduced the size pick-up, which caused less breaking forces and strength. Sizing with pre-wetting resulted in a slightly better smoothness of the thread and its higher evenness. It can be concluded that the aramid yarn should be sized with a lower size percentage (up to 4.5%), i.e., without pre-wetting in order to minimise the deformation of the yarn during sizing and thus improve the mechanical properties in the weaving process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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18 pages, 16500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Simple and Double-Weave Structures on the Adhesive Properties of 3D Printed Fabrics

by Marjeta Čuk, Matejka Bizjak and Tanja Nuša Kočevar

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040755 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2541

Abstract

The double-weave structure of a fabric allows for the use of different materials and weave structures for the upper and lower layer, which can be advantageous in the functionalization of 3D printed textiles. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the [...] Read more.

The double-weave structure of a fabric allows for the use of different materials and weave structures for the upper and lower layer, which can be advantageous in the functionalization of 3D printed textiles. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the influence of simple and double-weave structures on the adhesion of 3D printed fabrics. From this perspective, we investigated the influence of different twill derivates and weft densities on the adhesion force. We produced fabrics specifically for this study and printed them with a polylactic acid filament using Fused Deposition Modeling technology. The T-peel test was performed to measure the adhesion, and the results were statistically analyzed. A morphological study of the surfaces and cross-sections of the 3D printed fabrics helped us interpret the results. We found that adhesion was higher for double fabrics when printed with a smaller z-distance, where the molten polymer reached the lower layer of the fabric and adhered to it. The opposite was confirmed when printing with a larger z-distance, where adhesion was higher for simple fabrics. Both weave and density had a significant effect on adhesion in all cases. Surprisingly, different twill derivatives generally had a greater influence on adhesion than density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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14 pages, 2724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Plane Deformation Behavior and the Open Area of Rotating Squares in an Auxetic Compound Fabric

by Polona Dobnik Dubrovski, Nejc Novak, Matej Borovinšek, Matej Vesenjak and Zoran Ren

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030571 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2811

Abstract

A conventional compound fabric was used to develop a modern, multifunctional material with an auxetic behaviour and a tailored open area for particle filtration. Such material was produced using traditional textile technology and laser cutting, to induce a rotating squares unit geometry. The [...] Read more.

A conventional compound fabric was used to develop a modern, multifunctional material with an auxetic behaviour and a tailored open area for particle filtration. Such material was produced using traditional textile technology and laser cutting, to induce a rotating squares unit geometry. The behaviour was investigated of three different rotating unit cell sizes. The laser slit thickness and the length of the hinges were equal for all three-unit cells. The tensile properties, Poisson’s ratio and auxetic behaviour of the tested samples were investigated, especially the influence of longitudinal displacement on the fabric’s open area and the filtered particle sizes (average and maximum). Results show that the developed compound fabric possesses an average negative Poisson’s ratio of up to −1, depending on the applied auxetic geometry. The larger rotating cell size samples offer a higher average negative Poisson’s ratio and a higher breaking strength due to the induced slits. The findings highlight the usefulness of patterned cuts in conventional textile materials to develop advanced auxetic textile materials with tailored geometrical and mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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10 pages, 573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nitrogen on the Properties of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Plants and Fibres

by Ružica Brunšek, Jasminka Butorac, Zvjezdana Augustinović and Milan Pospišil

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030558 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2923

Abstract

This paper presents a three-year study of the influence of different amounts of nitrogen on the properties of flax plants and fibres. At the same time, the acclimatization ability of five different cultivars of fibre flax was estimated through the valorisation of their [...] Read more.

This paper presents a three-year study of the influence of different amounts of nitrogen on the properties of flax plants and fibres. At the same time, the acclimatization ability of five different cultivars of fibre flax was estimated through the valorisation of their morphological (technical stem length, stem thickness) and physical-mechanical properties of the fibres (length, fineness, tenacity). Cultivar trials with fibre flax were set up across three years (2008–2010) at the following locations: the experimental fields of the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb on anthropogenized Eutric Cambisol and the College of Agriculture at Križevci on pseudogley on level terrain. The selected cultivars were fertilized without and with different nitrogen rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha) in different time. The trials were carried out according to the RCBD in four replications. According to the results of the three-year study of flax and fibres, significant differences were established among the cultivars and among the added nitrogen rates under study. Based on the results of the morphological and textile-technological properties of flax, the cultivars Viola and Agatha achieved higher values at the location of Križevci, where it was not necessary to add more than 30 kg N/ha. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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19 pages, 11407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Compression Molding Process Parameters in Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Hybrid Polymer Matrix Composites

by Thanikodi Sathish, Vinayagam Mohanavel, Thandavamoorthy Raja, Sinouvassane Djearamane, Palanivel Velmurugan, Omaima Nasif, Saleh Alfarraj, Ling Shing Wong, Velu Manikandan and Manikkam Ravichandran

Polymers 2021, 13(23), 4195; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234195 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3647

Abstract

In recent days, natural fibers are extremely influential in numerous applications such as automobile body building, boat construction, civil structure, and packing goods. Intensification of the properties of natural fibers is achieved by blending different natural fibers with resin in a proper mixing [...] Read more.

In recent days, natural fibers are extremely influential in numerous applications such as automobile body building, boat construction, civil structure, and packing goods. Intensification of the properties of natural fibers is achieved by blending different natural fibers with resin in a proper mixing ratio. This investigation aims to synthesize a hybrid polymer matrix composite with the use of natural fibers of flax and loops of hemp in the epoxy matrix. The synthesized composites were characterized in terms of tribological and mechanical properties. The Taguchi L16 orthogonal array is employed in the preparation of composite samples as well as analysis and optimization of the synthesis parameters. The optimization of compression molding process parameters has enhanced the results of this investigation. The parameters chosen are percentage of reinforcement (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%), molding temperature (150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C), molding pressure (1 MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa, and 4 MPa), and curing time (20 min, 25 min, 30 min, and 35 min). From the analysis, it was observed that the percentage of reinforcement is contributing more to altering the fatigue strength, and the curing time is influenced in the impact and wear analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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16 pages, 7455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties, Surface Assessment, and Structural Analysis of Functionalized CFRPs after Accelerated Weathering

by Dionisis Semitekolos, Georgios Konstantopoulos, Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta, Craig Jones, Amit Rana, Christopher Graham, Mauro Giorcelli, Alberto Tagliaferro, Elias P. Koumoulos and Costas A. Charitidis

Polymers 2021, 13(23), 4092; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234092 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1806

Abstract

The present study focuses on the effect of two novel carbon fibre surface treatments, electropolymerisation of methacrylic acid and air pressure plasma, on the mechanical properties and structural integrity of carbon-fibre-reinforced composites under operational conditions. Extensive mechanical testing was applied, both in nano- [...] Read more.

The present study focuses on the effect of two novel carbon fibre surface treatments, electropolymerisation of methacrylic acid and air pressure plasma, on the mechanical properties and structural integrity of carbon-fibre-reinforced composites under operational conditions. Extensive mechanical testing was applied, both in nano- and macro-scale, to assess the performance of the composites and the interphase properties after ultraviolet/humidity weathering. The results of the mechanical assessment are supported by structure, surface, and chemistry examination in order to reveal the failure mechanism of the composites. Composites with the electropolymerisation treatment exhibited an increase of 11.8% in interlaminar shear strength, while APP treatment improved the property of 23.9%, rendering both surface treatments effective in increasing the fibre-matrix adhesion. Finally, it was proven that the developed composites can withstand operational conditions in the long term, rendering them suitable for a wide variety of structural and engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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11 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction of Cyclic Oligomer and Their Influence on Polyester Dyeing in a Silicone Waterless Dyeing System

by Hao Li, Liujun Pei, Hongjuan Zhang, Zhiwen Wang, Muhammad Asad Saleem, Omer Kamal Alebeid and Jiping Wang

Polymers 2021, 13(21), 3687; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213687 - 26 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3314

Abstract

As a promising new dyeing process without using water, the non-aqueous medium dyeing of polyester has attracted people’s attention and some progress has been made in related research. However, the oligomers of polyester fiber can affect the dyeing of polyester during the use [...] Read more.

As a promising new dyeing process without using water, the non-aqueous medium dyeing of polyester has attracted people’s attention and some progress has been made in related research. However, the oligomers of polyester fiber can affect the dyeing of polyester during the use of a silicone waterless dyeing system. Based on this point, the oligomer problem in the silicone waterless dyeing system was investigated. The oligomers of some different types of polyester were extracted by solvent extraction. A treatment method with little influence on the fiber was used to reduce the oligomer content in polyester. The improvement of the dyeing effect of polyester after treatment in silicone medium was studied, and the influence of the oligomer on polyester dyeing was also analyzed. For the dyeing of disperse blue 366, the dye exhaustion was increased by 3.25–3.71%, and the color depth of the dyed sample was increased by 6–13%. Moreover, the colorfastness to rubbing was also improved. In the comparison, the changes in thermal properties and crystallization properties of polyester were tested by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The results showed that the thermal and crystalline properties of polyester fiber were not changed before and after solvent extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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27 pages, 50541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biobased Waterborne Polyurethane-Urea/SWCNT Nanocomposites for Hydrophobic and Electrically Conductive Textile Coatings

by Amado Lacruz, Mireia Salvador, Miren Blanco, Karmele Vidal, Amaia M. Goitandia, Lenka Martinková, Martin Kyselka and Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya

Polymers 2021, 13(10), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101624 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4248

Abstract

Waterborne polyurethane-urea dispersions (WPUD), which are based on 100% bio-based semi-crystalline polyester polyol and isophorone diisocyanate, have been successfully synthesized and doped with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to obtain a finishing agent that provides textiles with multifunctional properties. The chemical structure of WPUD [...] Read more.

Waterborne polyurethane-urea dispersions (WPUD), which are based on 100% bio-based semi-crystalline polyester polyol and isophorone diisocyanate, have been successfully synthesized and doped with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to obtain a finishing agent that provides textiles with multifunctional properties. The chemical structure of WPUD has been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The thermal properties have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Mechanical properties have been studied by tensile stress–strain analysis. Moreover, the particle size, particle size distribution (PSD), and stability of developed waterborne dispersions have been assessed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Z-potential, and accelerated aging tests (analytical centrifugation). Subsequently, selected fabrics have been face-coated by the WPUD using knife coating method and their properties have been assessed by measuring water contact angle (WCA), water column, fabric stiffness, and air permeability. The electrical conductivity of textiles coated with SWCNT-doped WPUD has been evaluated by EN 1149 standard. Finally, the surface morphologies of uncoated and coated fabrics have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All of the synthesized polyurethane-ureas provide the coated substrates with remarkable water-repellency and water column, being therefore a more sustainable alternative to waterproof coatings based on fluoropolymers, such as PTFE. The additivation of the polymeric matrices with SWCNT has led to textile coatings with excellent electrical conductivity, maintaining water column properties, giving rise to multifunctional coatings that are highly demanded in protective workwear and technical textiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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21 pages, 6383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Investigation of PEDOT:PSS Composition Coated Fabrics Intended for Microwave Shielding and Absorption

by Vitalija Rubeziene, Julija Baltusnikaite-Guzaitiene, Ausra Abraitiene, Audrone Sankauskaite, Paulius Ragulis, Gilda Santos and Juana Pimenta

Polymers 2021, 13(8), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13081191 - 7 Apr 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3410

Abstract

This study presents the investigation of the electromagnetic properties and resistance performance of electrically conductive fabrics coated with composition containing the conjugated polymer system poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The developed fabrics were intended for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) shielding in microwave range and for absorbing [...] Read more.

This study presents the investigation of the electromagnetic properties and resistance performance of electrically conductive fabrics coated with composition containing the conjugated polymer system poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The developed fabrics were intended for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) shielding in microwave range and for absorbing microwaves in radar operating range, so as to act as radar absorbing materials (RAM). The measurements of reflection and transmission of the developed fabrics were performed in a frequency range of 2–18 GHz, which covers the defined frequencies relevant to the application. Four types of fabrics with different fiber composition (polyamide; polyamide/cotton; wool and para-aramid/viscose) were selected and coated with conductive paste using screen printing method. It was found that EMR shielding effectiveness (SE) as well as absorption properties depend not only the amount of conductive paste topped on the fabric, but also resides in the construction parameters of fabrics. Depending on such fabric structural parameters as density, mass per unit area, type of weave, a layer of shield (or coating) just sticks on the fabric surface or penetrates into fabric, changing the shield thickness and herewith turning SE results. Meanwhile, the fiber composition of fabrics influences mostly bonding between fibers and polymer coating. To improve the resistance performance of the developed samples, a conventional textile surface modification technique, atmospheric plasma treatment, was applied. Initially, before plasma treatment and after treatment the fabrics were evaluated regarding an aqueous liquid repellency test, measuring the contact angles for the water solvent. The influence of plasma treatment on resistance performance of coated fabrics was evaluated by subjecting the plasma treated samples and untreated samples to abrasion in the Martindale abrasion apparatus and to multiplex washing cycles. These investigations revealed that applied plasma treatment visibly improved abrasion resistance as a result of better adhesion of the coating. However, washing resistance increased not so considerably. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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16 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Assessment of Porosity Parameters in Transparent Woven Fabrics

by Klara Kostajnšek, Živa Zupin, Aleš Hladnik and Krste Dimitrovski

Polymers 2021, 13(3), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030408 - 27 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2913

Abstract

This paper deals with the possibility of a fast and accurate assessment of the number, size, and distribution of pores in transparent woven fabrics based on light penetration. The procedure of analyzing the pore structure in the fabrics based on a digital image [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the possibility of a fast and accurate assessment of the number, size, and distribution of pores in transparent woven fabrics based on light penetration. The procedure of analyzing the pore structure in the fabrics based on a digital image is presented in detail. Fabric pores are treated as image particles and analyzed with the Java-based image processing software ImageJ. The obtained data relate to the constructional parameters of the fabric that allow for further analysis, provide the possibility to compare structurally similar or different samples as well as double check the results generated by optical or other means. This paper describes work on plain and similar to plain weaves. The conducted analysis revealed several expected and some unexpected results. Among the former, we can list the range of pore sizes in the examined woven fabrics, the distribution of pores in regard to their similarity, and the effect of dents. Examples of the latter are the magnitude of the cumulative percentage of pores in regard to the weave and the degree to which they participate in the inter-yarn and inter-fiber pores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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19 pages, 4571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functionalization of Woven Fabrics with PBT Yarns

by Klara Kostajnšek, Krste Dimitrovski, Hüseyin Kadoğlu, Pinar Çelik, Güldemet Başal Bayraktar, Tuba Bedez Üte, Deniz Duran, Mustafa Ertekin, Andrej Demšar and Matejka Bizjak

Polymers 2021, 13(2), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13020260 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4991

Abstract

Elasticity and recovery are important for clothing comfort, especially in the manufacture of apparel and sportswear. Recently, yarns containing PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), which are able to develop good elastic properties with high recovery after a finishing process (e.g., thermal treatment), have been used [...] Read more.

Elasticity and recovery are important for clothing comfort, especially in the manufacture of apparel and sportswear. Recently, yarns containing PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), which are able to develop good elastic properties with high recovery after a finishing process (e.g., thermal treatment), have been used for this purpose. The aim of this work is to give a comprehensive overview of the use of PBT yarns in woven structure, with the aim of improving the elastic properties of cotton-like fabrics. The experimental part was divided into three main sequences to investigate the fabric properties (physical, elastic, UPF, comfort) influenced by (1) PBT-containing yarn structure, (2) weave and fabric structure (basic weaves and complex weaves) with PBT in weft direction, and (3) processing sequence—thermal treatment of PBT yarns or fabrics after weaving. According to the results, PBT-containing yarns have great potential for the production of lightweight elastic fabrics. The advantages of improving the elastic properties of fabrics by incorporating a relatively small amount of PBT yarns into the fabric only in certain areas, thereby minimally affecting the production costs, are demonstrated by a product with partially elastic areas obtained after thermal treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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13 pages, 1016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influential Parameters of Starching Process on Mechanical Properties of Yarns Intended for Multifunctional Woven Fabrics for Thermal Protective Clothing

by Ivana Schwarz, Stana Kovačević and Ivana Vitlov

Polymers 2021, 13(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010073 - 27 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2293

Abstract

The investigation of influential parameters of the starching process on mechanical properties of yarns intended for multifunctional woven fabrics for thermal protective clothing was performed on four different yarn samples starched on an innovative starching machine, adapted to industrial starching conditions. The starching [...] Read more.

The investigation of influential parameters of the starching process on mechanical properties of yarns intended for multifunctional woven fabrics for thermal protective clothing was performed on four different yarn samples starched on an innovative starching machine, adapted to industrial starching conditions. The starching was conducted with two different processes with different starch mass concentrations: the standard starching process and a newer starching process (with yarn prewetting). Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that starching positively affects all the properties of tested samples and that the increase of starch mass concentration is not accompanied by the improvement of those yarn properties. Synthetic polymer fibers that achieve satisfactory yarn strength need to be starched with lower starch mass concentrations in order to retain the breaking properties and to be protected from abrasion and static electricity, which occurs during the weaving process. The yarn prewetting starching process shows significantly better results than the standard starching process, especially for aramid yarns, where abrasion resistance increased from 42 to 135%. Therefore, we can conclude that the goal of starching such yarns is aimed at increasing the wear resistance. Linear regressions and correlations between the values of breaking properties and abrasion resistance obtained by the testing and their values that were estimated by the analysis show a high correlation coefficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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15 pages, 7453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring of Durable Conductive and UV-Shielding Properties on Cotton and Polyester Fabrics by PEDOT:PSS Screen-Printing

by Alenka Ojstršek and Selestina Gorgieva

Polymers 2020, 12(10), 2356; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102356 - 14 Oct 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3859

Abstract

In the present study, cotton (Co) and polyester (PES) fabrics were screen-printed with a conductive poly3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) printing paste along with a commercially-available screen-printing binder (SFXC) or waterborne polyurethane resin (WPU), in order to enhance wash and wear durability, and to improve [...] Read more.

In the present study, cotton (Co) and polyester (PES) fabrics were screen-printed with a conductive poly3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) printing paste along with a commercially-available screen-printing binder (SFXC) or waterborne polyurethane resin (WPU), in order to enhance wash and wear durability, and to improve some functional properties, without essentially influencing the physical–mechanical properties of the base material, as well as the introduced fabrics’ conductivity. The application of a conductive polymer coating reduced transmittance in the whole UV region drastically, indicating good UV-shielding ability in the treated fabrics. Moreover, the employed binders improved the fabrics’ protection against harmful solar UV radiation significantly, depending on the type of fibre and binder. Furthermore, the SFXC binder intensified the hydrophobicity of Co as compared to the WPU binder, and, on the other hand, WPU reduced the hydrophobicity of PES. Finally, the screen-printed fabrics were washed up to 20 cycles and rubbed up to 20,000 cycles, and characterised by means of mass loss determination and electrical resistivity measurement. Both binders enlarged polymer stability against the effect of washing and rubbing, depending on the number of cycles, the type and amount of employed binder, the type of fibres, and the thickness and uniformity of coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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19 pages, 3893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Barrier Properties of Cotton Fabric—Influence of Weave Architecture

by Beti Rogina-Car, Stana Kovačević, Ivana Schwarz and Krste Dimitrovski

Polymers 2020, 12(7), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12071570 - 15 Jul 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5026

Abstract

The subject of the paper focuses on the effect of weave architecture on microbial barrier properties of woven fabrics or more precisely on identifying crucial elements of weave architecture that dominantly influence bacteria penetration in dry condition. For that purpose, 12 samples of [...] Read more.

The subject of the paper focuses on the effect of weave architecture on microbial barrier properties of woven fabrics or more precisely on identifying crucial elements of weave architecture that dominantly influence bacteria penetration in dry condition. For that purpose, 12 samples of cotton fabrics were woven and examined. In their structure, all samples had the same yarns (36 tex) in warp and weft, same densities of warp (24 yarns/cm), two weft densities (24 and 20 yarns/cm) and six different basic weave structures. Microbial barrier permeability was determined according to a previously developed test method in cooperation with University Hospital Center Zagreb. Bacterial endospores of apathogenic species of the genus Bacillus: Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus were used. The effect of weave pattern on microbial barrier properties was significant. Weave patterns, decisively determined the number of influencing pores and its sizes in woven fabrics, as well as the yarn floating which jointly almost perfectly correlated with bacteria penetration through the woven fabric. Multiple linear regression of pore numbers and floating threads produced equations which correspond in 99% to the measuring results for densities 24/24 and 24/20, and more than 98% considering both densities of the set. Among compared weave patterns, satin weave had significantly lower permeability of microorganisms (six–seven times) than basket weave (the highest), for both densities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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Review

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26 pages, 1617 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biodegradable Nonwoven Agrotextile and Films—A Review

by Dragana Kopitar, Paula Marasovic, Nikola Jugov and Ivana Schwarz

Polymers 2022, 14(11), 2272; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14112272 - 2 Jun 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6738

Abstract

As society becomes more aware of environmental pollution, global warming, and environmental disasters, people are increasingly turning to sustainable materials and products. This includes agrotextiles in a wide range of products, including nonwoven agrotextiles for mulching. This review provides insight into relevant available [...] Read more.

As society becomes more aware of environmental pollution, global warming, and environmental disasters, people are increasingly turning to sustainable materials and products. This includes agrotextiles in a wide range of products, including nonwoven agrotextiles for mulching. This review provides insight into relevant available data and information on the condition, possibilities, and trends of nonwoven mulches from natural fibres, biopolymers, and recycled sources. The basic definitions and differences between biodegradation and composting processes are explained, and the current standards related to biodegradation are presented. In addition, an insight into the biodegradation of various nonwoven mulches and films, including their advantages and disadvantages, is provided, to predict the future directions of nonwoven mulches development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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23 pages, 6917 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Azo Disperse Dyes for Dyeing Polyester Fabrics: Our Contributions over the Past Decade

by Alya M. Al-Etaibi and Morsy Ahmed El-Apasery

Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091703 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

Organic reactions utilizing the microwave strategy have become able to conduct in shorter times, with higher yields, and are compatible with green chemistry protocols. In recent years, microwave technologies as an effective agent in organic synthesis have been successful utilized in textile industries [...] Read more.

Organic reactions utilizing the microwave strategy have become able to conduct in shorter times, with higher yields, and are compatible with green chemistry protocols. In recent years, microwave technologies as an effective agent in organic synthesis have been successful utilized in textile industries and for the synthesis of dyes, especially disperse dyes. Herein, we present our contributions over the past decade through the use of microwave technology not only in the synthesis of new biologically active organic compounds and disperse dyes, but also the use of this effective, environmentally friendly technology in dyeing polyester fabrics as an alternative to conventional heating methods. We also demonstrate both the fastness properties and biological activities of the newly prepared compounds. In addition, we present the treatment of dyeing baths by reusing them again in the dyeing process, using microwave energy to achieve this goal, and this has environmentally friendly dimensions. Some of the possible utilizations of microwave irradiation have been presented in many different fields of chemistry. We recommend relying on this effective and environmentally safe technology instead of relying on conventional methods that take a lot of time, give low yields, and may have a negative impact on the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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52 pages, 5758 KiB

Open AccessReview

What We Are Learning from COVID-19 for Respiratory Protection: Contemporary and Emerging Issues

by Rui Li, Mengying Zhang, Yulin Wu, Peixin Tang, Gang Sun, Liwen Wang, Sumit Mandal, Lizhi Wang, James Lang, Alberto Passalacqua, Shankar Subramaniam and Guowen Song

Polymers 2021, 13(23), 4165; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13234165 - 28 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4527

Abstract

Infectious respiratory diseases such as the current COVID-19 have caused public health crises and interfered with social activity. Given the complexity of these novel infectious diseases, their dynamic nature, along with rapid changes in social and occupational environments, technology, and means of interpersonal [...] Read more.

Infectious respiratory diseases such as the current COVID-19 have caused public health crises and interfered with social activity. Given the complexity of these novel infectious diseases, their dynamic nature, along with rapid changes in social and occupational environments, technology, and means of interpersonal interaction, respiratory protective devices (RPDs) play a crucial role in controlling infection, particularly for viruses like SARS-CoV-2 that have a high transmission rate, strong viability, multiple infection routes and mechanisms, and emerging new variants that could reduce the efficacy of existing vaccines. Evidence of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmissions further highlights the importance of a universal adoption of RPDs. RPDs have substantially improved over the past 100 years due to advances in technology, materials, and medical knowledge. However, several issues still need to be addressed such as engineering performance, comfort, testing standards, compliance monitoring, and regulations, especially considering the recent emergence of pathogens with novel transmission characteristics. In this review, we summarize existing knowledge and understanding on respiratory infectious diseases and their protection, discuss the emerging issues that influence the resulting protective and comfort performance of the RPDs, and provide insights in the identified knowledge gaps and future directions with diverse perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Advanced Textile Materials)

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