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24 pages, 5735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Method for Switching between Pedestrian/Car Indoor Positioning Algorithms based on Multilayer Time Sequences

by Zhining Gu, Wei Guo, Chaoyang Li, Xinyan Zhu and Tao Guo

Sensors 2018, 18(3), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030711 - 27 Feb 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4230

Abstract

Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) positioning algorithms can be used to obtain a target’s location only for movement with step features and not for driving, for which the trilateral Bluetooth indoor positioning method can be used. In this study, to obtain the precise locations [...] Read more.

Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) positioning algorithms can be used to obtain a target’s location only for movement with step features and not for driving, for which the trilateral Bluetooth indoor positioning method can be used. In this study, to obtain the precise locations of different states (pedestrian/car) using the corresponding positioning algorithms, we propose an adaptive method for switching between the PDR and car indoor positioning algorithms based on multilayer time sequences (MTSs). MTSs, which consider the behavior context, comprise two main aspects: filtering of noisy data in small-scale time sequences and using a state chain to reduce the time delay of algorithm switching in large-scale time sequences. The proposed method can be expected to realize the recognition of stationary, walking, driving, or other states; switch to the correct indoor positioning algorithm; and improve the accuracy of localization compared to using a single positioning algorithm. Our experiments show that the recognition of static, walking, driving, and other states improves by 5.5%, 45.47%, 26.23%, and 21% on average, respectively, compared with convolutional neural network (CNN) method. The time delay decreases by approximately 0.5–8.5 s for the transition between states and by approximately 24 s for the entire process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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27 pages, 436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Off-Line Evaluation of Mobile-Centric Indoor Positioning Systems: The Experiences from the 2017 IPIN Competition

by Joaquín Torres-Sospedra, Antonio R. Jiménez, Adriano Moreira, Tomás Lungenstrass, Wei-Chung Lu, Stefan Knauth, Germán Martín Mendoza-Silva, Fernando Seco, Antoni Pérez-Navarro, Maria João Nicolau, António Costa, Filipe Meneses, Joaquín Farina, Juan Pablo Morales, Wen-Chen Lu, Ho-Ti Cheng, Shi-Shen Yang, Shih-Hau Fang, Ying-Ren Chien and Yu Tsao

Sensors 2018, 18(2), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020487 - 6 Feb 2018

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 8565

Abstract

The development of indoor positioning solutions using smartphones is a growing activity with an enormous potential for everyday life and professional applications. The research activities on this topic concentrate on the development of new positioning solutions that are tested in specific environments under [...] Read more.

The development of indoor positioning solutions using smartphones is a growing activity with an enormous potential for everyday life and professional applications. The research activities on this topic concentrate on the development of new positioning solutions that are tested in specific environments under their own evaluation metrics. To explore the real positioning quality of smartphone-based solutions and their capabilities for seamlessly adapting to different scenarios, it is needed to find fair evaluation frameworks. The design of competitions using extensive pre-recorded datasets is a valid way to generate open data for comparing the different solutions created by research teams. In this paper, we discuss the details of the 2017 IPIN indoor localization competition, the different datasets created, the teams participating in the event, and the results they obtained. We compare these results with other competition-based approaches (Microsoft and Perf-loc) and on-line evaluation web sites. The lessons learned by organising these competitions and the benefits for the community are addressed along the paper. Our analysis paves the way for future developments on the standardization of evaluations and for creating a widely-adopted benchmark strategy for researchers and companies in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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21 pages, 4595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Kalman Filter in the Gauss-Helmert Model for Reliability Analysis in Orientation Determination with Smartphone Sensors

by Andreas Ettlinger, Hans Neuner and Thomas Burgess

Sensors 2018, 18(2), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020414 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4629

Abstract

The topic of indoor positioning and indoor navigation by using observations from smartphone sensors is very challenging as the determined trajectories can be subject to significant deviations compared to the route travelled in reality. Especially the calculation of the direction of movement is [...] Read more.

The topic of indoor positioning and indoor navigation by using observations from smartphone sensors is very challenging as the determined trajectories can be subject to significant deviations compared to the route travelled in reality. Especially the calculation of the direction of movement is the critical part of pedestrian positioning approaches such as Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (“PDR”). Due to distinct systematic effects in filtered trajectories, it can be assumed that there are systematic deviations present in the observations from smartphone sensors. This article has two aims: one is to enable the estimation of partial redundancies for each observation as well as for observation groups. Partial redundancies are a measure for the reliability indicating how well systematic deviations can be detected in single observations used in PDR. The second aim is to analyze the behavior of partial redundancy by modifying the stochastic and functional model of the Kalman filter. The equations relating the observations to the orientation are condition equations, which do not exhibit the typical structure of the Gauss-Markov model (“GMM”), wherein the observations are linear and can be formulated as functions of the states. To calculate and analyze the partial redundancy of the observations from smartphone-sensors used in PDR, the system equation and the measurement equation of a Kalman filter as well as the redundancy matrix need to be derived in the Gauss-Helmert model (“GHM”). These derivations are introduced in this article and lead to a novel Kalman filter structure based on condition equations, enabling reliability assessment of each observation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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23 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smartphone-Based Cooperative Indoor Localization with RFID Technology

by Fernando Seco and Antonio R. Jiménez

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010266 - 18 Jan 2018

Cited by 91 | Viewed by 9012

Abstract

In GPS-denied indoor environments, localization and tracking of people can be achieved with a mobile device such as a smartphone by processing the received signal strength (RSS) of RF signals emitted from known location beacons (anchor nodes), combined with Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) [...] Read more.

In GPS-denied indoor environments, localization and tracking of people can be achieved with a mobile device such as a smartphone by processing the received signal strength (RSS) of RF signals emitted from known location beacons (anchor nodes), combined with Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) estimates of the user motion. An enhacement of this localization technique is feasible if the users themselves carry additional RF emitters (mobile nodes), and the cooperative position estimates of a group of persons incorporate the RSS measurements exchanged between users. We propose a centralized cooperative particle filter (PF) formulation over the joint state of all users that permits to process RSS measurements from both anchor and mobile emitters, as well as PDR motion estimates and map information (if available) to increase the overall positioning accuracy, particularly in regions with low density of anchor nodes. Smartphones are used as a convenient mobile platform for sensor measurements acquisition, low-level processing, and data transmission to a central unit, where cooperative localization processing takes place. The cooperative method is experimentally demonstrated with four users moving in an area of 1600

m^{2}

, with 7 anchor nodes comprised of active RFID (radio frequency identification) tags, and additional mobile tags carried by each user. Due to the limited coverage provided by the anchor beacons, RSS-based individual localization is inaccurate (6.1 m median error), but this improves to 4.9 m median error with the cooperative PF. Further gains are produced if the PDR information is added to the filter: median error of 3.1 m (individual) and 2.6 m (cooperative); and if map information is also considered, the results are 1.8 m (individual) and 1.6 m (cooperative). Thus, for each version of the particle filter, cooperative localization outperforms individual localization in terms of positioning accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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19 pages, 5563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Image-Based Localization Aided Indoor Pedestrian Trajectory Estimation Using Smartphones

by Yan Zhou, Xianwei Zheng, Ruizhi Chen, Hanjiang Xiong and Sheng Guo

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010258 - 17 Jan 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6231

Abstract

Accurately determining pedestrian location in indoor environments using consumer smartphones is a significant step in the development of ubiquitous localization services. Many different map-matching methods have been combined with pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) to achieve low-cost and bias-free pedestrian tracking. However, this works [...] Read more.

Accurately determining pedestrian location in indoor environments using consumer smartphones is a significant step in the development of ubiquitous localization services. Many different map-matching methods have been combined with pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) to achieve low-cost and bias-free pedestrian tracking. However, this works only in areas with dense map constraints and the error accumulates in open areas. In order to achieve reliable localization without map constraints, an improved image-based localization aided pedestrian trajectory estimation method is proposed in this paper. The image-based localization recovers the pose of the camera from the 2D-3D correspondences between the 2D image positions and the 3D points of the scene model, previously reconstructed by a structure-from-motion (SfM) pipeline. This enables us to determine the initial location and eliminate the accumulative error of PDR when an image is successfully registered. However, the image is not always registered since the traditional 2D-to-3D matching rejects more and more correct matches when the scene becomes large. We thus adopt a robust image registration strategy that recovers initially unregistered images by integrating 3D-to-2D search. In the process, the visibility and co-visibility information is adopted to improve the efficiency when searching for the correspondences from both sides. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through several experiments and the results demonstrate that it can offer highly acceptable pedestrian localization results in long-term tracking, with an error of only 0.56 m, without the need for dedicated infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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2691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Wi-Fi Signal Sampling on an Android Smartphone for Indoor Positioning Systems

by Hung-Huan Liu and Chun Liu

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010003 - 21 Dec 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5013

Abstract

Collecting and maintaining radio fingerprint for wireless indoor positioning systems involves considerable time and labor. We have proposed the quick radio fingerprint collection (QRFC) algorithm which employed the built-in accelerometer of Android smartphones to implement step detection in order to assist in collecting [...] Read more.

Collecting and maintaining radio fingerprint for wireless indoor positioning systems involves considerable time and labor. We have proposed the quick radio fingerprint collection (QRFC) algorithm which employed the built-in accelerometer of Android smartphones to implement step detection in order to assist in collecting radio fingerprints. In the present study, we divided the algorithm into moving sampling (MS) and stepped MS (SMS), and describe the implementation of both algorithms and their comparison. Technical details and common errors concerning the use of Android smartphones to collect Wi-Fi radio beacons were surveyed and discussed. The results of signal sampling experiments performed in a hallway measuring 54 m in length showed that in terms of the amount of time required to complete collection of access point (AP) signals, static sampling (SS; a traditional procedure for collecting Wi-Fi signals) took at least 2 h, whereas MS and SMS took approximately 150 and 300 s, respectively. Notably, AP signals obtained through MS and SMS were comparable to those obtained through SS in terms of the distribution of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and positioning accuracy. Therefore, MS and SMS are recommended instead of SS as signal sampling procedures for indoor positioning algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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9260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Vision-Based Wayfinding System for Visually Impaired People Using Situation Awareness and Activity-Based Instructions

by Eunjeong Ko and Eun Yi Kim

Sensors 2017, 17(8), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081882 - 16 Aug 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7671

Abstract

A significant challenge faced by visually impaired people is ‘wayfinding’, which is the ability to find one’s way to a destination in an unfamiliar environment. This study develops a novel wayfinding system for smartphones that can automatically recognize the situation and scene objects [...] Read more.

A significant challenge faced by visually impaired people is ‘wayfinding’, which is the ability to find one’s way to a destination in an unfamiliar environment. This study develops a novel wayfinding system for smartphones that can automatically recognize the situation and scene objects in real time. Through analyzing streaming images, the proposed system first classifies the current situation of a user in terms of their location. Next, based on the current situation, only the necessary context objects are found and interpreted using computer vision techniques. It estimates the motions of the user with two inertial sensors and records the trajectories of the user toward the destination, which are also used as a guide for the return route after reaching the destination. To efficiently convey the recognized results using an auditory interface, activity-based instructions are generated that guide the user in a series of movements along a route. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed system, experiments were conducted in several indoor environments: the sit in which the situation awareness accuracy was 90% and the object detection false alarm rate was 0.016. In addition, our field test results demonstrate that users can locate their paths with an accuracy of 97%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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5314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simple Smartphone-Based Guiding System for Visually Impaired People

by Bor-Shing Lin, Cheng-Che Lee and Pei-Ying Chiang

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061371 - 13 Jun 2017

Cited by 91 | Viewed by 10475

Abstract

Visually impaired people are often unaware of dangers in front of them, even in familiar environments. Furthermore, in unfamiliar environments, such people require guidance to reduce the risk of colliding with obstacles. This study proposes a simple smartphone-based guiding system for solving the [...] Read more.

Visually impaired people are often unaware of dangers in front of them, even in familiar environments. Furthermore, in unfamiliar environments, such people require guidance to reduce the risk of colliding with obstacles. This study proposes a simple smartphone-based guiding system for solving the navigation problems for visually impaired people and achieving obstacle avoidance to enable visually impaired people to travel smoothly from a beginning point to a destination with greater awareness of their surroundings. In this study, a computer image recognition system and smartphone application were integrated to form a simple assisted guiding system. Two operating modes, online mode and offline mode, can be chosen depending on network availability. When the system begins to operate, the smartphone captures the scene in front of the user and sends the captured images to the backend server to be processed. The backend server uses the faster region convolutional neural network algorithm or the you only look once algorithm to recognize multiple obstacles in every image, and it subsequently sends the results back to the smartphone. The results of obstacle recognition in this study reached 60%, which is sufficient for assisting visually impaired people in realizing the types and locations of obstacles around them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Smartphone Indoor Localization Algorithm Based on WLAN Location Fingerprinting with Feature Extraction and Clustering

by Junhai Luo and Liang Fu

Sensors 2017, 17(6), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061339 - 9 Jun 2017

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 5332

Abstract

With the development of communication technology, the demand for location-based services is growing rapidly. This paper presents an algorithm for indoor localization based on Received Signal Strength (RSS), which is collected from Access Points (APs). The proposed localization algorithm contains the offline information [...] Read more.

With the development of communication technology, the demand for location-based services is growing rapidly. This paper presents an algorithm for indoor localization based on Received Signal Strength (RSS), which is collected from Access Points (APs). The proposed localization algorithm contains the offline information acquisition phase and online positioning phase. Firstly, the AP selection algorithm is reviewed and improved based on the stability of signals to remove useless AP; secondly, Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is analyzed and used to remove the data redundancy and maintain useful characteristics for nonlinear feature extraction; thirdly, the Affinity Propagation Clustering (APC) algorithm utilizes RSS values to classify data samples and narrow the positioning range. In the online positioning phase, the classified data will be matched with the testing data to determine the position area, and the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimate will be employed for precise positioning. Eventually, the proposed algorithm is implemented in a real-world environment for performance evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm improves the accuracy and computational complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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1153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smartphone Location-Independent Physical Activity Recognition Based on Transportation Natural Vibration Analysis

by Taeho Hur, Jaehun Bang, Dohyeong Kim, Oresti Banos and Sungyoung Lee

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040931 - 23 Apr 2017

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6385

Abstract

Activity recognition through smartphones has been proposed for a variety of applications. The orientation of the smartphone has a significant effect on the recognition accuracy; thus, researchers generally propose using features invariant to orientation or displacement to achieve this goal. However, those features [...] Read more.

Activity recognition through smartphones has been proposed for a variety of applications. The orientation of the smartphone has a significant effect on the recognition accuracy; thus, researchers generally propose using features invariant to orientation or displacement to achieve this goal. However, those features reduce the capability of the recognition system to differentiate among some specific commuting activities (e.g., bus and subway) that normally involve similar postures. In this work, we recognize those activities by analyzing the vibrations of the vehicle in which the user is traveling. We extract natural vibration features of buses and subways to distinguish between them and address the confusion that can arise because the activities are both static in terms of user movement. We use the gyroscope to fix the accelerometer to the direction of gravity to achieve an orientation-free use of the sensor. We also propose a correction algorithm to increase the accuracy when used in free living conditions and a battery saving algorithm to consume less power without reducing performance. Our experimental results show that the proposed system can adequately recognize each activity, yielding better accuracy in the detection of bus and subway activities than existing methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Robust Crowdsourcing-Based Indoor Localization System

by Baoding Zhou, Qingquan Li, Qingzhou Mao and Wei Tu

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040864 - 14 Apr 2017

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 6496

Abstract

WiFi fingerprinting-based indoor localization has been widely used due to its simplicity and can be implemented on the smartphones. The major drawback of WiFi fingerprinting is that the radio map construction is very labor-intensive and time-consuming. Another drawback of WiFi fingerprinting is the [...] Read more.

WiFi fingerprinting-based indoor localization has been widely used due to its simplicity and can be implemented on the smartphones. The major drawback of WiFi fingerprinting is that the radio map construction is very labor-intensive and time-consuming. Another drawback of WiFi fingerprinting is the Received Signal Strength (RSS) variance problem, caused by environmental changes and device diversity. RSS variance severely degrades the localization accuracy. In this paper, we propose a robust crowdsourcing-based indoor localization system (RCILS). RCILS can automatically construct the radio map using crowdsourcing data collected by smartphones. RCILS abstracts the indoor map as the semantics graph in which the edges are the possible user paths and the vertexes are the location where users may take special activities. RCILS extracts the activity sequence contained in the trajectories by activity detection and pedestrian dead-reckoning. Based on the semantics graph and activity sequence, crowdsourcing trajectories can be located and a radio map is constructed based on the localization results. For the RSS variance problem, RCILS uses the trajectory fingerprint model for indoor localization. During online localization, RCILS obtains an RSS sequence and realizes localization by matching the RSS sequence with the radio map. To evaluate RCILS, we apply RCILS in an office building. Experiment results demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of RCILS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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10679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Smartphone Camera-Based Indoor Positioning Algorithm of Crowded Scenarios with the Assistance of Deep CNN

by Jichao Jiao, Fei Li, Zhongliang Deng and Wenjing Ma

Sensors 2017, 17(4), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040704 - 28 Mar 2017

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 6159

Abstract

Considering the installation cost and coverage, the received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based indoor positioning system is widely used across the world. However, the indoor positioning performance, due to the interference of wireless signals that are caused by the complex indoor environment that includes [...] Read more.

Considering the installation cost and coverage, the received signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based indoor positioning system is widely used across the world. However, the indoor positioning performance, due to the interference of wireless signals that are caused by the complex indoor environment that includes a crowded population, cannot achieve the demands of indoor location-based services. In this paper, we focus on increasing the signal strength estimation accuracy considering the population density, which is different to the other RSSI-based indoor positioning methods. Therefore, we propose a new wireless signal compensation model considering the population density, distance, and frequency. First of all, the number of individuals in an indoor crowded scenario can be calculated by our convolutional neural network (CNN)-based human detection approach. Then, the relationship between the population density and the signal attenuation is described in our model. Finally, we use the trilateral positioning principle to realize the pedestrian location. According to the simulation and tests in the crowded scenarios, the proposed model increases the accuracy of the signal strength estimation by 1.53 times compared to that without considering the human body. Therefore, the localization accuracy is less than 1.37 m, which indicates that our algorithm can improve the indoor positioning performance and is superior to other RSSI models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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5667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activity Recognition and Semantic Description for Indoor Mobile Localization

by Sheng Guo, Hanjiang Xiong, Xianwei Zheng and Yan Zhou

Sensors 2017, 17(3), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030649 - 21 Mar 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5723

Abstract

As a result of the rapid development of smartphone-based indoor localization technology, location-based services in indoor spaces have become a topic of interest. However, to date, the rich data resulting from indoor localization and navigation applications have not been fully exploited, which is [...] Read more.

As a result of the rapid development of smartphone-based indoor localization technology, location-based services in indoor spaces have become a topic of interest. However, to date, the rich data resulting from indoor localization and navigation applications have not been fully exploited, which is significant for trajectory correction and advanced indoor map information extraction. In this paper, an integrated location acquisition method utilizing activity recognition and semantic information extraction is proposed for indoor mobile localization. The location acquisition method combines pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR), human activity recognition (HAR) and landmarks to acquire accurate indoor localization information. Considering the problem of initial position determination, a hidden Markov model (HMM) is utilized to infer the user’s initial position. To provide an improved service for further applications, the landmarks are further assigned semantic descriptions by detecting the user’s activities. The experiments conducted in this study confirm that a high degree of accuracy for a user’s indoor location can be obtained. Furthermore, the semantic information of a user’s trajectories can be extracted, which is extremely useful for further research into indoor location applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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8515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Smartphone-Based Offline Indoor Location Competition at IPIN 2016: Analysis and Future Work

by Joaquín Torres-Sospedra, Antonio R. Jiménez, Stefan Knauth, Adriano Moreira, Yair Beer, Toni Fetzer, Viet-Cuong Ta, Raul Montoliu, Fernando Seco, Germán M. Mendoza-Silva, Oscar Belmonte, Athanasios Koukofikis, Maria João Nicolau, António Costa, Filipe Meneses, Frank Ebner, Frank Deinzer, Dominique Vaufreydaz, Trung-Kien Dao and Eric Castelli

Sensors 2017, 17(3), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030557 - 10 Mar 2017

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 10550

Abstract

This paper presents the analysis and discussion of the off-site localization competition track, which took place during the Seventh International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN 2016). Five international teams proposed different strategies for smartphone-based indoor positioning using the same reference [...] Read more.

This paper presents the analysis and discussion of the off-site localization competition track, which took place during the Seventh International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN 2016). Five international teams proposed different strategies for smartphone-based indoor positioning using the same reference data. The competitors were provided with several smartphone-collected signal datasets, some of which were used for training (known trajectories), and others for evaluating (unknown trajectories). The competition permits a coherent evaluation method of the competitors’ estimations, where inside information to fine-tune their systems is not offered, and thus provides, in our opinion, a good starting point to introduce a fair comparison between the smartphone-based systems found in the literature. The methodology, experience, feedback from competitors and future working lines are described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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10213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Space Estimation: Increasing WiFi-Based Indoor Localization Resolution without Increasing the Site-Survey Effort

by Noelia Hernández, Manuel Ocaña, Jose M. Alonso and Euntai Kim

Sensors 2017, 17(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17010147 - 13 Jan 2017

Cited by 75 | Viewed by 9329

Abstract

Although much research has taken place in WiFi indoor localization systems, their accuracy can still be improved. When designing this kind of system, fingerprint-based methods are a common choice. The problem with fingerprint-based methods comes with the need of site surveying the environment, [...] Read more.

Although much research has taken place in WiFi indoor localization systems, their accuracy can still be improved. When designing this kind of system, fingerprint-based methods are a common choice. The problem with fingerprint-based methods comes with the need of site surveying the environment, which is effort consuming. In this work, we propose an approach, based on support vector regression, to estimate the received signal strength at non-site-surveyed positions of the environment. Experiments, performed in a real environment, show that the proposed method could be used to improve the resolution of fingerprint-based indoor WiFi localization systems without increasing the site survey effort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smartphone-based Pedestrian Localization and Navigation)

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