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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Resources and Sustainable Utilization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2024) | Viewed by 22941

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marek Jasinski

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Guest Editor

Association of Polish Power Engineers Branch in Lubin, 59-300 Lubin, Poland
Interests: smart grids; renewable sources of energy; energy storage systems; distributed generation; electrical engineering; mining industry; reliability analysis; maintenance

Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Leonowicz

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Guest Editor

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708-00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: signal analysis; advanced signal processing methods; renewable energy; ecology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Michał Jasiński

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Guest Editor

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708-00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: power quality; electrical power engineering; renewable energy technologies; machine learning; clean energy; multi-energy systems; data mining; sustainable development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Elżbieta Jasińska

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Guest Editor

Department of Operations Research and Business Intelligence, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: sustainable development; diversity; sustainable education; corporate social responsibility; resources management; renewable energy sources; mining industry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is intended as a forum for advancing research concerning renewable energy sources (RES). As the range of RES application increases, it is necessary to address the different research gaps. Submissions may concern, but are not limited to, the following topics:

Renewable energy sources’ impact on the operation and planning of smart distribution networks;
Reliability of renewable energy sources;
Power quality issues for renewable energy sources;
Energy efficiency issues for renewable energy sources;
Integration of renewable energy sources and electric energy storages into microgrids and virtual power plants;
Impact of renewable energy sources on sustainable development;
Renewable energy and load forecasting;
Significance of renewable energy resources for energy market;
Economic issues of renewable energy sources;
Optimal placement of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems;
Optimal energy management;
Renewable energy resources and electric vehicles.

We believe that the formulated solutions to ongoing problems, and the results obtained, in the articles published in this SI could have a meaningful impact on energy resource development in light of the abovementioned areas.

Dr. Marek Jasinski
Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Leonowicz
Dr. Michał Jasinski
Dr. Elzbieta jasinska
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

renewable energy resources
energy storage systems
microgrids
virtual power plants
smart grids
energy forecasting
load forecasting
power quality
reliability
energy management

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 6592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Various Single Wind-Power Distributed Generation Placements for Voltage Drop Improvement in a 22 kV Distribution System

by Santipont Ananwattanaporn, Surakit Thongsuk, Praikanok Lertwanitrot, Suntiti Yoomak and Issarachai Ngamroo

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 4295; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104295 - 20 May 2024

Viewed by 883

Abstract

A major challenge in distribution systems is the issue of voltage drop along the distribution line resulting from an increased load capacity connected to the utility. A significant voltage drop can affect the performance of a distribution system and cause quality issues for end users, impacting the system’s long-term sustainability and reliability. Therefore, regulations have been set stating that the voltage level should not be more that 5% higher or lower than the rated voltage. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the voltage level characteristics of a 22 kV distribution system that replicates the actual distribution system in the Provincial Electricity Authority. A voltage improvement technique based on distributed generation placement was proposed. In addition, the distribution system characteristics with and without distributed generation placement were evaluated under fault conditions. The results indicate that distributed generation placement in the distribution system can improve the voltage level along the distribution line. However, the level of increase in voltage depends on the size of the load, the capacity of the distributed generation, and the location of the distributed generation system on the distribution line. Furthermore, placing a distributed generation system with a minimum capacity at the proposed location can improve the voltage within the utility’s standard level. Thus, the installation of a distributed generation system in the distribution system is beneficial in terms of voltage improvement in the distribution system and provides the power system with a sustainable method to address the issue of voltage drop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raising Power Energy from Distributed Renewable Sources)

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26 pages, 4749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Stability Evaluation of an Integrated Biodiesel-Geothermal Power Plant-Based Power System with Spotted Hyena Optimized Cascade Controller

by Arindita Saha, Puja Dash, Naladi Ram Babu, Tirumalasetty Chiranjeevi, Mudadla Dhananjaya and Łukasz Knypiński

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 14842; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214842 - 10 Nov 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

The perception of automatic generation control (AGC) has a massive part in delivering eminence power in an interrelated structure. To acquire eminence power by monitoring the fluctuations of frequency and tie-link power, an appropriate controller strategy is essential. This work explores AGC learning under the traditional situation. In this study, we employ a cascade controller with proportional amalgamation with a tilt-integral-derivative with a filter (TIDN) and fractional order integral-derivative (FOID), named TIDN-FOID. In order to acquire the controller’s attributes, a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm spotted hyena optimizer (SHO) is employed. Several investigations express the excellency of the TIDN-FOID controller over other controllers from outlook regarding the lessened level of peak_overshoot, peak_undershoot, and settling_time for the considered structure. The structure comprises thermal, biodiesel units in area 1, thermal, and geothermal units in area-2, and hydrothermal units in area-3. Both biodiesel and GPP have a better effect on system dynamics even in the presence of time delay. Action in the redox flow battery is also examined, providing a noteworthy outcome. Eigenvalue assessment is carried out to comment on the stability of the system. TIDN-FOID parameter values at nominal conditions are appropriate for a higher disturbance value without the need for optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raising Power Energy from Distributed Renewable Sources)

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16 pages, 3239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for the Automated Inspection of the Surfaces of Photovoltaic Modules

by Pavel Kuznetsov, Dmitry Kotelnikov, Leonid Yuferev, Vladimir Panchenko, Vadim Bolshev, Marek Jasiński and Aymen Flah

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 11930; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141911930 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1884

Abstract

One of the most important conditions for the efficient operation of solar power plants with a large installed capacity is to ensure the systematic monitoring of the surface condition of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure is aimed at the timely detection of external damage to the modules, as well as their partial shading. The implementation of these measures solely through visual inspection by the maintenance personnel of the power plant requires significant labor intensity due to the large areas of the generation fields and the operating conditions. Authors propose an approach aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of high-power solar power plants by automating the inspection procedures of the surfaces of photovoltaic modules. The solution is based on the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle with a payload capable of video and geospatial data recording. To perform the procedures for detecting problem modules, it is proposed to use “object-detection” technology, which uses neural network classification methods characterized by high adaptability to various image parameters. The results of testing the technology showed that the use of a neural network based on the R-CNN architecture with the learning algorithm—Inception v2 (COCO)—allows detecting problematic photovoltaic modules with an accuracy of more than 95% on a clear day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raising Power Energy from Distributed Renewable Sources)

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24 pages, 5239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Enumeration of Redundant Data Anomalies in Energy Consumption Readings of Smart Buildings with a Case Study of Darmstadt Smart City in Germany

by Purna Prakash Kasaraneni, Venkata Pavan Kumar Yellapragada, Ganesh Lakshmana Kumar Moganti and Aymen Flah

Sustainability 2022, 14(17), 10842; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710842 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1746

Abstract

High-quality data are always desirable for superior decision-making in smart buildings. However, latency issues, communication failures, meter glitches, etc., create data anomalies. Especially, the redundant/duplicate records captured at the same time instants are critical anomalies. Two such cases are the same timestamps with the same energy consumption reading and the same timestamps with different energy consumption readings. This causes data inconsistency that deludes decision-making and analytics. Thus, such anomalies must be properly identified. So, this paper performs an enumeration of redundant data anomalies in smart building energy consumption readings using an analytical approach with 4-phases (sub-dataset extraction, quantification, visualization, and analysis). This provides the count, distribution, type, and correlation of redundancies. Smart buildings’ energy consumption dataset of Darmstadt city, Germany, was used in this study. From this study, the highest count of redundancies is observed as 5060 on 26 January 2012 with the average count of redundancies at the hour level being 211 and the minute level being 7. Similarly, the lowest count of redundancies is observed as 89 on 24 January 2012. Further, out of these 5060 redundancies, 1453 redundancies are found with the same readings and 3607 redundancies are found with different readings. Additionally, it is identified that there are only 14 min out of 1440 min on 26 January 2012 without having any redundancy. This means that almost 99% of the minutes in the day possess some kind of redundancies, where the energy consumption readings were recorded mostly with two occurrences, moderately with three occurrences, and very few with four and five occurrences. Thus, these findings help in enhancing the quality of data for better analytics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raising Power Energy from Distributed Renewable Sources)

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16 pages, 2658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conductor Identification Using Acoustic Signal Method

by Alexey Bukreev, Alexander Vinogradov, Vadim Bolshev and Vladimir Panchenko

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7297; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127297 - 14 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1446

Abstract

Electrotechnical services spend a significant amount of time on cable tracing and conductor identification operations. Although the operation of conductor identification seems an easy job and a deeply researched topic, it may turn out to be time-consuming due to the large quantity of unidentified conductors (cables) and the certain stipulation that conductors should be de-energized and have uninsulated parts. This paper proposes a method based on the use of an acoustic signal as a carrier, making it possible to facilitate the identification process and significantly speed up the identification process. For the proposed method, mathematical modeling of the sound propagation in conductors and insulation is detailed. The sound pressure level subject to identified conductor length, conductor cross-section and insulation type was calculated on the basis of the model. The performed calculations revealed remarkable capabilities of the acoustic method for identifying conductors in comparison with other methods. So, the difference in sound pressure level is only 3.65% for distances from the identification point to the signal source of 5 m and 100 m, 0.42% between the minimum and maximum cross sections of conductors (1 mm² and 25 mm², respectively) and 0.22% between conductors with polyethylene and PVC insulations. The prototype of conductor identification device was assembled in a way that practically confirmed the theoretical research with the average percentage of discrepancy of about 1.44%. In addition, the paper analyzes the conductor identification operation constituents to justify the application of the acoustic method by comparison with other identification methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raising Power Energy from Distributed Renewable Sources)

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23 pages, 14038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonic Analysis of Grid-Connected Solar PV Systems with Nonlinear Household Loads in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks

by Syed Muhammad Ahsan, Hassan Abbas Khan, Akhtar Hussain, Sarmad Tariq and Nauman Ahmad Zaffar

Sustainability 2021, 13(7), 3709; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073709 - 26 Mar 2021

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 8850

Abstract

Grid-connected rooftop and ground-mounted solar photovoltaics (PV) systems have gained attraction globally in recent years due to (a) reduced PV module prices, (b) maturing inverter technology, and (c) incentives through feed-in tariff (FiT) or net metering. The large penetration of grid-connected PVs coupled with nonlinear loads and bidirectional power flows impacts grid voltage levels and total harmonic distortion (THD) at the low-voltage (LV) distribution feeder. In this study, LV power quality issues with significant nonlinear loads were evaluated at the point of common coupling (PCC). Various cases of PV penetration (0 to 100%) were evaluated for practical feeder data in a weak grid environment and tested at the radial modified IEEE-34 bus system to evaluate total harmonic distortion in the current (THD_i) and voltage (THD_v) at PCC along with the seasonal variations. Results showed lower active, reactive, and apparent power losses of 1.9, 2.6, and 3.3%, respectively, with 50% solar PV penetration in the LV network as the voltage profile of the LV network was significantly improved compared to the base case of no solar. Further, with 50% PV penetration, THD_i and THD_v at PCC were noted as 10.2 and 5.2%, respectively, which is within the IEEE benchmarks at LV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raising Power Energy from Distributed Renewable Sources)

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Review

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27 pages, 3738 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulatory Paradigm and Challenge for Blockchain Integration of Decentralized Systems: Example—Renewable Energy Grids

by Ernest Barceló, Katarina Dimić-Mišić, Monir Imani, Vesna Spasojević Brkić, Michael Hummel and Patrick Gane

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2571; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032571 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4512

Abstract

Nowadays, fossil fuels are used in a clearly unsustainable way that can bring potentially catastrophic consequences. Electricity is currently delivered to end users by generation and energy transmission companies. Previous research shows that the development of modern circular economy sets a need for the re-orientation of socio and economic development of decentralized systems, including energy basis. In addition to being ecological, the use of renewable energy sources also has economic significance by contributing to energy independence. Citizens, industries, local and national authorities become interconnected within emerging novel renewable energy sourcing communities, through which they establish trade of energy and, most importantly, models of investing and reshaping the distribution of renewable energy. The modern portfolio management of renewable energy networking is aiming toward decentralized systems of trade, where the consumer becomes a producer (prosumer) within the network, itself managed by users. Excess energy produced in the micro-grid nets within the over-arching national and transnational energy grid should be accounted for and managed with blockchain technology for financial and structural security. The decentralization of the energy market requires the establishment of strict norms that will regulate the market and taxation of profits arising. The extensive literature review on blockchain in the energy sector reflects a very pragmatic and narrow approach to the topic, although it is evident that the distribution of energy within the blockchain would enable economic development through reducing cost and ensuring more secure energy trade. Blockchain technology embeds the related digital codes, in which information will be visible to all, but also secured from hacking and duplicating. However, there are challenges to this paradigm, not least the energy consumption of the extensive nodal mesh required to perform the necessary protocols. This paper aims to provide an overview of the application of blockchain technology and the need for the development of the regulatory system and of potential solutions to the challenges posed. By undertaking an energy consumption analysis of blockchain implementation from first electronic principles, which has not been constructed before in the literature, this paper’s conclusion stresses the future demand for reducing energy consumption and considers the latest findings in the quantum coupling of light signals as a potential for solving the enormous ledger duplication structure problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Raising Power Energy from Distributed Renewable Sources)

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