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Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health...
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Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Emerging Contaminants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2024 | Viewed by 7567

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jia Bao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
Interests: emerging pollutants; PFASs; environmental analysis; health risk; advanced oxidation; adsorption; photocatalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yiming Yao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
Interests: emerging contaminants; environmental behaviors; epidemiology; human exposure; exposome; metabolomics; biomarkers; health effects; PFASs; OPFRs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhaoyang Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Interests: emerging pollutants; source identification; transport; bioaccmulation; risk assessment; PFASs; carbonaceous materials; metal-organic framework materials; sorption; remediation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yang Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
Interests: PFASs; PPCPs; electrochemical wastewater treatment; electrochemical oxidation; electrocoagulation; photochemistry; materials chemistry; adsorption technique; remediation techniques

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been manufactured and employed as effective and efficient surfactants and surface protectors in numerous domestic and industrial products globally over the past decades. Due to their extraordinary characteristics, long-chain PFASs have presented environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and various toxicities. Accordingly, short-chain and other novel PFAS congeners have been developed as alternatives for legacy PFASs on the market. Non-occupational populations could be exposed to PFASs through several routes involving the daily ingestion of drinking water and the diet, together with inhalation and contact with indoor dust. Furthermore, the alternatives of legacy PFAS are highly persistent and mobile in water bodies; therefore, the inefficient mitigation strategies employed so far could bring about an everlasting presence of emerging PFASs in aquatic environments, causing potential health risks to human bodies.

This Special Issue of Toxics focuses on the current state of knowledge on the toxicity, health effects, and mitigation of PFAS contaminations. Novel research articles and reviews are welcome to this Special Issue and may include but are not limited to the following topics:

(1) Target and nontarget analysis of legacy and novel PFASs;

(2) Epidemiological and toxicological studies;

(3) Human exposure and adverse health effects;

(4) Mitigation strategies for PFAS contamination.

Prof. Dr. Jia Bao
Dr. Yiming Yao
Dr. Zhaoyang Liu
Dr. Yang Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • PFASs
  • target and nontarget analysis
  • human exposure
  • toxicity
  • health effect
  • removal
  • remediation

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 5406 KiB  
Article
Rank-In Integrated Machine Learning and Bioinformatic Analysis Identified the Key Genes in HFPO-DA (GenX) Exposure to Human, Mouse, and Rat Organisms
by Xinyang Li, Hua Xiao, Liye Zhu, Qisijing Liu, Bowei Zhang, Jin Wang, Jing Wu, Yaxiong Song and Shuo Wang
Toxics 2024, 12(7), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070516 - 18 Jul 2024
Viewed by 956
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) is a pervasive perfluorinated compound with scant understood toxic effects. Toxicological studies on GenX have been conducted using animal models. To research deeper into the potential toxicity of GenX in humans and animals, we undertook a [...] Read more.
Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) is a pervasive perfluorinated compound with scant understood toxic effects. Toxicological studies on GenX have been conducted using animal models. To research deeper into the potential toxicity of GenX in humans and animals, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome datasets across different species. A rank-in approach was utilized to merge different transcriptome datasets, and machine learning algorithms were employed to identify key genetic mechanisms common among various species and humans. We identified seven genes—TTR, ATP6V1B1, EPHX1, ITIH3, ATXN10, UBXN1, and HPX—as potential variables for classification of GenX-exposed samples, and the seven genes were verified in separate datasets of human, mouse, and rat samples. Bioinformatic analysis of the gene dataset further revealed that mitochondrial function and metabolic processes may be modulated by GenX through these key genes. Our findings provide insights into the underlying genetic mechanisms and toxicological impacts of GenX exposure across different species and offer valuable references for future studies using animal models to examine human exposure to GenX. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)
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14 pages, 4406 KiB  
Article
Amino Group-Driven Adsorption of Sodium p-Perfluorous Nonenoxybenzene Sulfonate in Water by the Modified Graphene Oxide
by Mengyuan Lu, Yang Liu, Xinning Zheng, Wenjuan Liu, Yang Liu, Jia Bao, Ao Feng, Yueyao Bao, Jiangyong Diao and Hongyang Liu
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050343 - 8 May 2024
Viewed by 1085
Abstract
Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) is one of the key alternatives to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Its widespread tendency has increased extensive contamination in the aquatic environment. However, the present treatment technology for OBS exhibited insignificant adsorption capacity and long adsorption time. In this [...] Read more.
Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) is one of the key alternatives to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Its widespread tendency has increased extensive contamination in the aquatic environment. However, the present treatment technology for OBS exhibited insignificant adsorption capacity and long adsorption time. In this study, three proportions (1:5, 3:5, and 10:1) of chitosan-modified amino-driven graphene oxide (CS-GO) were innovated to strengthen the OBS adsorption capacity, compared with graphene oxide (GO) and graphene (GH). Through the characterization of SEM, BET, and FTIR, it was discovered that CS was synthetized on GO surfaces successfully with a low specific surface area. Subsequently, batch single influence factor studies on OBS removal from simulated wastewater were investigated. The optimum removal efficiency of OBS could be achieved up to 95.4% within 2 h when the adsorbent was selected as CS-GO (10:1), the dosage was 2 mg, and the pH was 3. The addition of inorganic ions could promote the adsorption efficiency of OBS. In addition, CS-GO presented the maximum adsorption energy due to additional functional groups of -NH3, and electrostatic interaction was the foremost motive for improving the adsorption efficiency of OBS. Moreover, OBS exhibited the fastest diffusion coefficient in the CS-GO-OBS solution, which is consistent with the fitting results of adsorption kinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)
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18 pages, 4484 KiB  
Article
Innovation of BiOBr/BiOI@Bi5O7I Ternary Heterojunction for Catalytic Degradation of Sodium P-Perfluorous Nonenoxybenzenesulfonate
by Tao Xu, Yang Liu, Tie-Qing You and Jia Bao
Toxics 2024, 12(4), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040298 - 17 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1337
Abstract
As an alternative for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), sodium p-perfluorononyloxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) has been widely used in petroleum, fire-fighting materials, and other industries. In order to efficiently and economically remove OBS contaminations from water bodies, in this study, a ternary heterojunction was constructed [...] Read more.
As an alternative for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), sodium p-perfluorononyloxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) has been widely used in petroleum, fire-fighting materials, and other industries. In order to efficiently and economically remove OBS contaminations from water bodies, in this study, a ternary heterojunction was constructed by coupling BiOBr and BiOI@Bi5O7I for improving the redox capacity and carrier separation ability of the material and investigating the effect of the doping ratios of BiOBr and BiOI@ Bi5O7I on the performance of the catalysts. Furthermore, the effects on the degradation of OBS were also explored by adjusting different catalyst doping ratios, OBS concentrations, catalyst amounts, and pH values. It was observed that when the concentration of OBS was 50 mg/L, the amount of catalyst used was 0.5 g/L, and the pH was not changed. The application of BiOBr/BiOI@ Bi5O7I consisting of 25% BiOBr and 75% BiOI@ Bi5O7I showed excellent stability and adsorption degradation performance for OBS, and almost all of the OBS in the aqueous solution could be removed. The removal rate of OBS by BiOBr/BiOI@ Bi5O7I was more than 20% higher than that of OBS by BiOI@Bi5O7I and BiOBr when the OBS concentration was 100 mg/L. In addition, the reaction rate constants of BiOBr/BiOI@ Bi5O7I were 2.4 and 10.8 times higher than those of BiOI@ Bi5O7I and BiOBr, respectively. Therefore, the BiOBr/BiOI@ Bi5O7I ternary heterojunction can be a novel type of heterojunction for the efficient degradation of OBS in water bodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)
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17 pages, 1616 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of In Vitro Points of Departure with Human Blood Levels for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
by Richard S. Judson, Doris Smith, Michael DeVito, John F. Wambaugh, Barbara A. Wetmore, Katie Paul Friedman, Grace Patlewicz, Russell S. Thomas, Risa R. Sayre, Jennifer H. Olker, Sigmund Degitz, Stephanie Padilla, Joshua A. Harrill, Timothy Shafer and Kelly E. Carstens
Toxics 2024, 12(4), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040271 - 5 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2127
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used, and their fluorinated state contributes to unique uses and stability but also long half-lives in the environment and humans. PFAS have been shown to be toxic, leading to immunosuppression, cancer, and other adverse health outcomes. [...] Read more.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used, and their fluorinated state contributes to unique uses and stability but also long half-lives in the environment and humans. PFAS have been shown to be toxic, leading to immunosuppression, cancer, and other adverse health outcomes. Only a small fraction of the PFAS in commerce have been evaluated for toxicity using in vivo tests, which leads to a need to prioritize which compounds to examine further. Here, we demonstrate a prioritization approach that combines human biomonitoring data (blood concentrations) with bioactivity data (concentrations at which bioactivity is observed in vitro) for 31 PFAS. The in vitro data are taken from a battery of cell-based assays, mostly run on human cells. The result is a Bioactive Concentration to Blood Concentration Ratio (BCBCR), similar to a margin of exposure (MoE). Chemicals with low BCBCR values could then be prioritized for further risk assessment. Using this method, two of the PFAS, PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic Acid) and PFOS (Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid), have BCBCR values < 1 for some populations. An additional 9 PFAS have BCBCR values < 100 for some populations. This study shows a promising approach to screening level risk assessments of compounds such as PFAS that are long-lived in humans and other species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)
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Review

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16 pages, 2901 KiB  
Review
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Their Potential Effects on Female Reproductive Diseases
by Yuqing Yi, Yang Feng, Yuechen Shi, Jiaming Xiao, Ming Liu and Ke Wang
Toxics 2024, 12(8), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080539 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of anthropogenic organic compounds widely present in the natural and human living environments. These emerging persistent pollutants can enter the human body through multiple channels, posing risks to human health. In particular, exposure to PFASs [...] Read more.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of anthropogenic organic compounds widely present in the natural and human living environments. These emerging persistent pollutants can enter the human body through multiple channels, posing risks to human health. In particular, exposure to PFASs in women may cause a series of reproductive health hazards and infertility. Based on a review of the existing literature, this study preliminarily summarizes the effects of PFAS exposure on the occurrence and development of female reproductive endocrine diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Furthermore, we outline the relevant mechanisms through which PFASs interfere with the physiological function of the female ovary and finally highlight the role played by nutrients in reducing the reproductive health hazards caused by PFASs. It is worth noting that the physiological mechanisms of PFASs in the above diseases are still unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the molecular mechanisms of PFASs in female reproductive diseases and the role of nutrients in this process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)
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