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Veterinary Sciences
Special Issues
Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases
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Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases

A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (12 July 2023) | Viewed by 26832

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hanchun Yang

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Guest Editor
Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Interests: veterinary virology and swine viral diseases; molecular epidemiology; diagnosis and vaccine; pathogenesis
Prof. Dr. Raymond Rowland

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Guest Editor
Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Ave., Urbana, IL 61802, USA
Interests: emerging diseases of swine; PRRSV; host genetics; genetic modification for disease resistance
Prof. Dr. Changjiang Weng

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Guest Editor
Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
Interests: veterinary virology and swine viral diseases; host-virus interaction and antiviral innate immune

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Swine production is an important component of global food security, local and international trade, and agricultural economies. In the past 30 years, a number of viruses (ASFV, PRRSV, PCV2/PCV3, PEDV, PDCoV, etc.) have emerged and re-emerged in the global swine population. Infectious diseases impact swine health and the productivity of the global swine industry. Emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases pose a new challenge for veterinarians and researchers. This Special Issue focuses on these swine viral diseases and aims to propose new methods of how to improve the prevention and control strategies of these emerging and re-emerging swine viral diseases. 

We would like to invite you to contribute scientific articles, including research papers and reviews, to our Special Issue. We hope this Special Issue will be useful to veterinarians, epidemiologists, risk analysts, governmental and international animal health agencies, industry organizations, swine production companies, and other groups. Additionally, we hope to propose some informed policies, investments, and risk mitigation strategies in regard to swine health.

Prof. Dr. Hanchun Yang
Prof. Dr. Raymond Rowland
Prof. Dr. Changjiang Weng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
  • African swine fever (ASF)
  • porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)
  • foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)
  • porcine circovirus disease (PCVD)
  • porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection
  • swine influenza (SI)
  • other swine viral diseases

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 903 KiB  
Article
Sampling Strategies in PRRS Elimination in Hungary: An Observational Study Involving Four Farrow-to-Finish Swine Herds
by Kinga Fornyos, László Búza, István Makkai, Ferenc Polyák, Imre Pogácsás, Luca Savoia, László Szegedi, Ádám Bálint, Szilvia Jakab, Krisztián Bányai and István Szabó
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(9), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10090546 - 30 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2012
Abstract
PRRS elimination strategies often rely on depopulation-repopulation. However, this approach is accompanied by a long-term loss of production. With adequate control measures, such as well-designed immunization programs and technological changes along with prevalence-based laboratory testing, the virus-free status of the most vulnerable age [...] Read more.
PRRS elimination strategies often rely on depopulation-repopulation. However, this approach is accompanied by a long-term loss of production. With adequate control measures, such as well-designed immunization programs and technological changes along with prevalence-based laboratory testing, the virus-free status of the most vulnerable age groups in swine herds can be achieved. The most common reason for acquiring PRRSV at large farrow-to-finish swine farm units is that the previously settled fattening pigs serve as a source of infection for the newly reared PRRS-free animals. Following such unwanted events, PRRSV may persist in an affected establishment for several years. In this observational study, we selected four farrow-to-finish type swine herds. We implemented different laboratory testing protocols to find the most optimal solution for a successful PRRS elimination program. To aid our objectives, we used a DIVA PCR technique. The PRRS DIVA PCR assay is a fast, reliable method to identify sows shedding farm-specific PRRSV strain(s). As a result of elimination efforts at the sentinel pig herds, we found that reliable detection of wild-type PRRSV shedding among sows requires sampling at least three weaned piglets per litter. The strict adherence to this sampling protocol, the systematic use of laboratory methods that quickly detect the presence of wild virulent virus in the herd during the rearing period and the culling of DIVA PCR positive litters and their sows decreased the presence of the resident virus markedly. These procedures at Hungarian farrow-to-finish type farms successfully inhibited the wild-type PRRSV infection of different age groups. The results of this study demonstrate that applying this methodology together with strict biosecurity measures enabled us to reach PRRS-vaccinated-free status in large, farrow-to-finish herds within two years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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24 pages, 16247 KiB  
Article
Alteration of the Gut Microbiota in Pigs Infected with African Swine Fever Virus
by Young-Seung Ko, Dongseob Tark, Sung-Hyun Moon, Dae-Min Kim, Taek Geun Lee, Da-Yun Bae, Sun-Young Sunwoo, Yeonsu Oh and Ho-Seong Cho
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(5), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10050360 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2466
Abstract
The factors that influence the pathogenicity of African swine fever (ASF) are still poorly understood, and the host’s immune response has been indicated as crucial. Although an increasing number of studies have shown that gut microbiota can control the progression of diseases caused [...] Read more.
The factors that influence the pathogenicity of African swine fever (ASF) are still poorly understood, and the host’s immune response has been indicated as crucial. Although an increasing number of studies have shown that gut microbiota can control the progression of diseases caused by viral infections, it has not been characterized how the ASF virus (ASFV) changes a pig’s gut microbiome. This study analyzed the dynamic changes in the intestinal microbiome of pigs experimentally infected with the high-virulence ASFV genotype II strain (N = 4) or mock strain (N = 3). Daily fecal samples were collected from the pigs and distributed into the four phases (before infection, primary phase, clinical phase, and terminal phase) of ASF based on the individual clinical features of the pigs. The total DNA was extracted and the V4 region of the 16 s rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced on the Illumina platform. Richness indices (ACE and Chao1) were significantly decreased in the terminal phase of ASF infection. The relative abundances of short-chain-fatty-acids-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Roseburia, and Blautia, were decreased during ASFV infection. On the other hand, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes increased. Furthermore, predicted functional analysis using PICRUSt resulted in a significantly reduced abundance of 15 immune-related pathways in the ASFV-infected pigs. This study provides evidence for further understanding the ASFV–pig interaction and suggests that changes in gut microbiome composition during ASFV infection may be associated with the status of immunosuppression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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11 pages, 1676 KiB  
Article
Development of a Real-Time TaqMan RT-PCR Assay for the Detection of NADC34-like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
by Teng Tu, Maonan Pang, Dike Jiang, You Zhou, Xulong Wu, Xueping Yao, Yan Luo, Zexiao Yang, Meishen Ren, Aiping Lu, Ge Zhang, Yuanyuan Yu and Yin Wang
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(4), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10040279 - 6 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus first appeared in 2017 in a herd of pigs in Liaoning Province, China. The virus was subsequently found in other provinces. Given the potential for this virus to cause an epidemic, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection [...] Read more.
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus first appeared in 2017 in a herd of pigs in Liaoning Province, China. The virus was subsequently found in other provinces. Given the potential for this virus to cause an epidemic, rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of NADC34-like PRRSV is required. The virus’ ORF5 gene was artificially synthesized based on a Chinese reference strain, and specific primers/probes for the ORF5 gene were designed. Then, the amplified target fragment was cloned into the pMD19-T vector, and a series of diluted recombinant plasmids were used to generate a standard curve. An optimized real-time TaqMan RT-PCR method was established. The method was highly specific for NADC34-like PRRSV, without cross-reactions with other non-targeted pig viruses. The detection limit of this assay was 101 copies/μL. The method had an efficiency of 98.8%, a squared regression value (R2) of 0.999, and showed a linear range of 103–108 copies/μL of DNA per reaction. This method was shown to be analytically specific and sensitive with a low intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (<1.40%). A total of 321 clinical samples were tested using the established method, and four were shown to be positive (1.24%). This study confirmed the existence of NADC34-like PRRSV and HP-PRRSV co-infection in Sichuan and provided a promising alternative tool for the rapid detection of NADC34-like PRRSV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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11 pages, 814 KiB  
Article
RT-LAMP as Diagnostic Tool for Influenza—A Virus Detection in Swine
by Suzanna M. Storms, Joanna Shisler, Thanh H. Nguyen, Federico A. Zuckermann and James F. Lowe
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030220 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3479
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostic technologies are becoming more widely available for production species. Here, we describe the application of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) to detect the matrix (M) gene of influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S). M-specific LAMP primers were designed based on [...] Read more.
Point-of-care diagnostic technologies are becoming more widely available for production species. Here, we describe the application of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) to detect the matrix (M) gene of influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S). M-specific LAMP primers were designed based on M gene sequences from IAV-S isolated in the USA between 2017 and 2020. The LAMP assay was incubated at 65 °C for 30 min, with the fluorescent signal read every 20 s. The assay’s limit of detection (LOD) was 20 M gene copies for direct LAMP of the matrix gene standard, and 100 M gene copies when using spiked extraction kits. The LOD was 1000 M genes when using cell culture samples. Detection in clinical samples showed a sensitivity of 94.3% and a specificity of 94.9%. These results show that the influenza M gene RT-LAMP assay can detect the presence of IAV in research laboratory conditions. With the appropriate fluorescent reader and heat block, the assay could be quickly validated as a low-cost, rapid, IAV-S screening tool for use on farms or in clinical diagnostic labs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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12 pages, 1853 KiB  
Article
A Quadruplex qRT-PCR for Differential Detection of Four Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses
by Hongjin Zhou, Kaichuang Shi, Feng Long, Kang Zhao, Shuping Feng, Yanwen Yin, Chenyong Xiong, Sujie Qu, Wenjun Lu and Zongqiang Li
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(11), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110634 - 16 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2190
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are four identified porcine enteric coronaviruses. Pigs infected with these viruses show similar manifestations of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Here, a quadruplex real-time quantitative [...] Read more.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are four identified porcine enteric coronaviruses. Pigs infected with these viruses show similar manifestations of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Here, a quadruplex real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was established for the differential detection of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV from swine fecal samples. The assay showed extreme specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent reproducibility, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 121 copies/μL (final reaction concentration of 12.1 copies/μL) for each virus. The 3236 clinical fecal samples from Guangxi province in China collected between October 2020 and October 2022 were evaluated by the quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positive rates of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV were 18.26% (591/3236), 0.46% (15/3236), 13.16% (426/3236), and 0.15% (5/3236), respectively. The samples were also evaluated by the multiplex qRT-PCR reported previously by other scientists, and the compliance rate between the two methods was more than 99%. This illustrated that the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the differential detection of four porcine enteric coronaviruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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10 pages, 507 KiB  
Communication
Angiotensin II Blood Serum Levels in Piglets, after Intra-Dermal or Intra-Muscular Vaccination against PRRSV
by Georgios Maragkakis, Labrini V. Athanasiou, Laskarina-Maria Korou, Serafeim C. Chaintoutis, Chrysostomos Dovas, Despina N. Perrea, Georgios Papakonstantinou, Georgios Christodoulopoulos, Dominiek Maes and Vasileios G. Papatsiros
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090496 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2492
Abstract
The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system and participates in apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in piglet serum Ang II levels following [...] Read more.
The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) induces apoptosis in different organs. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector of the renin-angiotensin system and participates in apoptosis. Thus, this study aimed to investigate changes in piglet serum Ang II levels following intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) vaccination with a commercial PRRS modified live virus (MLV) vaccine. The trial was conducted in a commercial pig farm, including 104 piglets which were randomly allocated to four groups: Group A—Porcilis PRRS ID, Group B—Porcilis PRRS IM, Group C—Diluvac ID and Group D—Diluvac IM. The study piglets were either vaccinated or injected at 2 weeks of age and they were tested by qRT-PCR for PRRSV and by ELISA for Ang II. The results indicated differences in viremia of tested piglets at 7 weeks of age, while piglets at 10 weeks of age were all found qRT-PCR positive for PRRSV. In addition, significant differences were noticed in Ang II in 7-week-old piglets. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that ID vaccination induces less tissue damage, based on the lower measurements of Ang II in the serum of ID vaccinated piglets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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11 pages, 865 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Models of Within-Herd Transmission and Recommendation for Vaccination Coverage Requirement in the Case of African Swine Fever in Vietnam
by Thi Ngan Mai, Satoshi Sekiguchi, Thi My Le Huynh, Thi Bich Phuong Cao, Van Phan Le, Van Hieu Dong, Viet Anh Vu and Anuwat Wiratsudakul
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(6), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9060292 - 14 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3976
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that is caused by the ASF virus (ASFV) with a high fatality rate in domestic pigs resulting in a high socio-economic impact. The pig business in Vietnam was recently affected by ASF for the [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease that is caused by the ASF virus (ASFV) with a high fatality rate in domestic pigs resulting in a high socio-economic impact. The pig business in Vietnam was recently affected by ASF for the first time. This study thus aimed to develop a disease dynamic model to explain how ASFV spreads in Vietnamese pig populations and suggest a protective vaccine coverage level required to prevent future outbreaks. The outbreak data were collected from ten private small-scale farms within the first wave of ASF outbreaks in Vietnam. Three methods were used to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), including the exponential growth method, maximum likelihood method, and attack rate method. The average R0 values were estimated at 1.49 (95%CI: 1.05–2.21), 1.58 (95%CI: 0.92–2.56), and 1.46 (95%CI: 1.38–1.57), respectively. Based on the worst-case scenario, all pigs in a herd would be infected and removed within 50 days. We suggest vaccinating at least 80% of pigs on each farm once a commercially approved ASF vaccine is available. However, an improvement in biosecurity levels in small-scale farms is still greatly encouraged to prevent the introduction of the virus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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Review

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14 pages, 652 KiB  
Review
A Review on Pathological and Diagnostic Aspects of Emerging Viruses—Senecavirus A, Torque teno sus virus and Linda Virus—In Swine
by Salwa Hawko, Giovanni P. Burrai, Marta Polinas, Pier Paolo Angioi, Silvia Dei Giudici, Annalisa Oggiano, Alberto Alberti, Chadi Hosri and Elisabetta Antuofermo
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(9), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090495 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3058
Abstract
Swine production represents a significant component in agricultural economies as it occupies over 30% of global meat demand. Infectious diseases could constrain the swine health and productivity of the global swine industry. In particular, emerging swine viral diseases are omnipresent in swine populations, [...] Read more.
Swine production represents a significant component in agricultural economies as it occupies over 30% of global meat demand. Infectious diseases could constrain the swine health and productivity of the global swine industry. In particular, emerging swine viral diseases are omnipresent in swine populations, but the limited knowledge of the pathogenesis and the scarce information related to associated lesions restrict the development of data-based control strategies aimed to reduce the potentially great impact on the swine industry. In this paper, we reviewed and summarized the main pathological findings related to emerging viruses, such as Senecavirus A, Torque teno sus virus, and Linda virus, suggesting a call for further multidisciplinary studies aimed to fill this lack of knowledge and better clarify the potential role of those viral diseases in swine pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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Other

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10 pages, 1279 KiB  
Case Report
Litters of Various-Sized Mummies (LVSM) and Stillborns after Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 1 Infection—A Case Report
by Christine Unterweger, Heinrich Kreutzmann, Moritz Buenger, Eva Klingler, Angelika Auer, Till Rümenapf, Uwe Truyen and Andrea Ladinig
Vet. Sci. 2023, 10(8), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10080494 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3148
Abstract
Diverse origins and causes are described for papyraceous mummifications of porcine foetuses, but the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is not one of them. In contrast, PRRSV is unlikely to cause mid-term placental transmission but may cause late-term abortions and weakness [...] Read more.
Diverse origins and causes are described for papyraceous mummifications of porcine foetuses, but the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is not one of them. In contrast, PRRSV is unlikely to cause mid-term placental transmission but may cause late-term abortions and weakness of piglets. This case report describes a sudden occurrence of mummified foetuses of various sizes and stillborns and delayed birth (>115 days) in more than 50% of sows from one farrowing batch, while newborn piglets were mostly vital. Neither increased embryonic death nor infertility was reported. Three litters with mummies, autolysed piglets and stillborn piglets were investigated, and infections with porcine parvoviruses, porcine teschoviruses, porcine circoviruses, encephalomyocarditis virus, Leptospira spp. and Chlamydia spp. were excluded. Instead, high viral loads of PRRSV were detected in the thymus pools of piglets at all developmental stages, even in piglets with a crown–rump length between 80 and 150 mm, suggesting a potential mid-term in utero transmission of the virus. Genomic regions encoding structural proteins (ORF2–7) of the virus were sequenced and identified the virulent PRRSV-1 strain AUT15-33 as the closest relative. This case report confirms the diversity of PRRSV and its potential involvement in foetal death in mid-gestation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Viral Diseases)
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