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Viruses
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Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses
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Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 15052

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Eric Champagne

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Guest Editor
Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
Interests: Gamma delta T cells; hepatitis E virus; human cytomegalovirus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses mobilise all facets of immune responses, activating efficient antiviral mechanisms as well as immune-escape mechanisms allowing them to persist long enough to ensure their transmission. Innate as well as adaptive immune cell subsets are at work during these responses. Some viruses can persist for life within the infected organism and establish a sort of equilibrium, although this may affect the global immune status of the infected individual. At the frontier between innate and adaptive immunity, γδ T cells are frequently mobilized. Their functions are still unclear, and the situation is complicated by the heterogeneity of γδ T cell subsets in terms of their effector functions, antigen recognition repertoire, immunomodulatory properties and tissue tropism. This Special Issue is devoted to studies of γδ T cells during viral infections, either in humans or in animal models, aiming to clarify their contributions and mechanisms of action and to identify specific strategies for immunomanipulation.

Dr. Eric Champagne
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Gamma Delta T cells
  • virus
  • innate immunity
  • immune escape
  • immune therapy

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 159 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses”
by Eric Champagne
Viruses 2022, 14(4), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040736 - 31 Mar 2022
Viewed by 1831
Abstract
γδ T cells are members of ‘unconventional’ T cells that combine the properties of adaptive T lymphocytes and innate cells such as NK cells [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

8 pages, 468 KiB  
Communication
In Acute Dengue Infection, High TIM-3 Expression May Contribute to the Impairment of IFNγ Production by Circulating Vδ2 T Cells
by Eleonora Cimini, Germana Grassi, Alessia Beccacece, Rita Casetti, Concetta Castilletti, Maria Rosaria Capobianchi, Emanuele Nicastri and Chiara Agrati
Viruses 2022, 14(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010130 - 12 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1929
Abstract
γδ T cells are innate cells able to quickly eliminate pathogens or infected/tumoral cells by their antiviral and adjuvancy activities. The role of γδ T cells during Dengue Viral Infection (DENV) infection is not fully elucidated. Nevertheless, human primary γδ T cells have [...] Read more.
γδ T cells are innate cells able to quickly eliminate pathogens or infected/tumoral cells by their antiviral and adjuvancy activities. The role of γδ T cells during Dengue Viral Infection (DENV) infection is not fully elucidated. Nevertheless, human primary γδ T cells have been shown to kill in vitro DENV-infected cells, thus highlighting their possible antiviral function. The aim of this work was to characterize the phenotype and function of Vδ2 T cells in DENV patients. Fifteen DENV patients were enrolled for this study and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used to analyze Vδ2-T-cell frequency, differentiation profile, activation/exhaustion status, and functionality by multiparametric flow cytometry. Our data demonstrated that DENV infection was able to significantly reduce Vδ2-T-cell frequency and to increase their activation (CD38 and HLA-DR) and exhaustion markers (PD-1 and TIM-3). Furthermore, Vδ2 T cells showed a reduced capability to produce IFN-γ after phosphoantigenic stimulation that can be associated to TIM-3 expression. Several studies are needed to depict the possible clinical impact of γδ-T-cell impairment on disease severity and to define the antiviral and immunoregulatory activities of γδ T cells in the first phases of infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses)
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14 pages, 3009 KiB  
Article
Single-Cell RNAseq Profiling of Human γδ T Lymphocytes in Virus-Related Cancers and COVID-19 Disease
by Juan Pablo Cerapio, Marion Perrier, Fréderic Pont, Marie Tosolini, Camille Laurent, Stéphane Bertani and Jean-Jacques Fournie
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112212 - 3 Nov 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4775
Abstract
The detailed characterization of human γδ T lymphocyte differentiation at the single-cell transcriptomic (scRNAseq) level in tumors and patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires both a reference differentiation trajectory of γδ T cells and a robust mapping method for additional γδ T [...] Read more.
The detailed characterization of human γδ T lymphocyte differentiation at the single-cell transcriptomic (scRNAseq) level in tumors and patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires both a reference differentiation trajectory of γδ T cells and a robust mapping method for additional γδ T lymphocytes. Here, we incepted such a method to characterize thousands of γδ T lymphocytes from (n = 95) patients with cancer or adult and pediatric COVID-19 disease. We found that cancer patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and Epstein–Barr virus-positive Hodgkin’s lymphoma have γδ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes that are more prone to recirculate from the tumor and avoid exhaustion. In COVID-19, both TCRVγ9 and TCRVγnon9 subsets of γδ T lymphocytes relocalize from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to the infected lung tissue, where their advanced differentiation, tissue residency, and exhaustion reflect T cell activation. Although severe COVID-19 disease increases both recruitment and exhaustion of γδ T lymphocytes in infected lung lesions but not blood, the anti-IL6R therapy with Tocilizumab promotes γδ T lymphocyte differentiation in patients with COVID-19. PBMC from pediatric patients with acute COVID-19 disease display similar γδ T cell lymphopenia to that seen in adult patients. However, blood γδ T cells from children with the COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome are not lymphodepleted, but they are differentiated as in healthy PBMC. These findings suggest that some virus-induced memory γδ T lymphocytes durably persist in the blood of adults and could subsequently infiltrate and recirculate in tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses)
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Review

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15 pages, 943 KiB  
Review
The Role of γδ T Cells as a Line of Defense in Viral Infections after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Opportunities and Challenges
by Anke Janssen, Eline van Diest, Anna Vyborova, Lenneke Schrier, Anke Bruns, Zsolt Sebestyen, Trudy Straetemans, Moniek de Witte and Jürgen Kuball
Viruses 2022, 14(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010117 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3087
Abstract
In the complex interplay between inflammation and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), viral reactivations are often observed and cause substantial morbidity and mortality. As toxicity after allo-HSCT within the context of viral reactivations is mainly driven by αβ T [...] Read more.
In the complex interplay between inflammation and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), viral reactivations are often observed and cause substantial morbidity and mortality. As toxicity after allo-HSCT within the context of viral reactivations is mainly driven by αβ T cells, we describe that by delaying αβ T cell reconstitution through defined transplantation techniques, we can harvest the full potential of early reconstituting γδ T cells to control viral reactivations. We summarize evidence of how the γδ T cell repertoire is shaped by CMV and EBV reactivations after allo-HSCT, and their potential role in controlling the most important, but not all, viral reactivations. As most γδ T cells recognize their targets in an MHC-independent manner, γδ T cells not only have the potential to control viral reactivations but also to impact the underlying hematological malignancies. We also highlight the recently re-discovered ability to recognize classical HLA-molecules through a γδ T cell receptor, which also surprisingly do not associate with GVHD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells and their receptors within and outside the context of allo-HSCT, as well as the opportunities and challenges for developers and for payers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses)
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29 pages, 526 KiB  
Review
The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections
by Fanny Martini and Eric Champagne
Viruses 2021, 13(12), 2372; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13122372 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2302
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism [...] Read more.
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gamma Delta T Cells in Immune Response against Viruses)
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