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Viruses
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Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases
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Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "General Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2021) | Viewed by 21006

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Hye Kwon Kim

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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
Interests: bat viruses; paramyxoviruses; veterinary viruses; diagnostic methods; virus-host interaction
Dr. Woonsung Na

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Guest Editor
Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
Interests: veterinary viruses; zoonoses; vaccine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is assumed that the new viral infectious diseases that have recently occurred are due to the circulation and cross-species transmission of viruses we did not know about. Viruses found in one host could migrate to other hosts in the ecosystem through artificial or ecological links. It may be that the various viruses that exist on Earth are repeatedly disappearing after invading humans without our recognition. Today, many studies have accumulated information about new viruses in diverse hosts. Now, based on these data, it is necessary to study the potential of the viruses for interspecies transmission and human infection.

In this Special Issue of Viruses, we aim to improve the knowledge base that enables the proactive response to new viral infectious diseases. This can be accomplished by studying viruses and their circulation in diverse hosts, understanding the relationships between the ecological characteristics of hosts and viruses, and determining the possibility of cross-species transmission through characterization of newly discovered viruses. We are inviting submissions on all aspects of proactive virus research, including active/passive surveillance, virus evolution, molecular virology, and virus–host interaction.

Dr. Hye Kwon Kim
Dr. Woonsung Na
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • novel viruses in diverse hosts
  • virus transmission ecology
  • sylvatic cycle of viruses
  • virus evolution
  • molecular virology
  • spillover of zoonotic disease
  • one-health measure
  • virus–host interaction
  • proactive studies in virology

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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22 pages, 5279 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome and Proteomic Analysis Reveals Up-Regulation of Innate Immunity-Related Genes Expression in Caprine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Cells
by Fei Hao, Xing Xie, Maojun Liu, Li Mao, Wenliang Li and Woonsung Na
Viruses 2021, 13(7), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071293 - 2 Jul 2021
Viewed by 2962
Abstract
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a member of the alpha subfamily of herpesviruses, which is responsible for genital lesions and latent infections in goat populations worldwide. In this study, for the first time, the transcriptome and proteomics of CpHV-1 infected Madin Darby bovine [...] Read more.
Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a member of the alpha subfamily of herpesviruses, which is responsible for genital lesions and latent infections in goat populations worldwide. In this study, for the first time, the transcriptome and proteomics of CpHV-1 infected Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were explored using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS) technology, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 81 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between infected and mock-infected MDBK cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that most of these DEGs were mainly involved in the innate immune response, especially the interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis results indicated that the identified DEGs were significantly mainly enriched for response to virus, defense response to virus, response to biotic stimulus and regulation of innate immune response. Viral carcinogenesis, the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway and pathways associated with several viral infections were found to be significantly enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database. Eleven selected DEGs (Mx1, RSAD2, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT5, IFIH1, IFITM3, IRF7, IRF9, OAS1X and OAS1Y) associated with immune responses were selected, and they exhibited a concordant direction both in RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. Proteomic analysis also showed significant up-regulation of innate immunity-related proteins. GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mostly enriched in defense response and response to virus, and the pathways associated with viral infection were enriched under KEGG analysis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated most of the DEGs related to innate immune responses, as DDX58(RIG-I), IFIH1(MDA5), IRF7, Mx1, RSAD2, OAS1 and IFIT1, were located in the core of the network and highly connected with other DGEs. Our findings support the notion that CpHV-1 infection induced the transcription and protein expression alterations of a series of genes related to host innate immune response, which helps to elucidate the resistance of host cells to viral infection and to clarify the pathogenesis of CpHV-1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases)
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11 pages, 709 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Potential of a Luminex-Based Coronavirus Disease 2019 Suspension Immunoassay (COVID-19 SIA) for the Detection of Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
by Tove Hoffman, Linda Kolstad, Johanna F. Lindahl, Bo Albinsson, Anders Bergqvist, Bengt Rönnberg and Åke Lundkvist
Viruses 2021, 13(6), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13060993 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3823
Abstract
Due to the current, rapidly increasing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, efficient and highly specific diagnostic methods are needed. The receptor-binding part of the spike (S) protein, S1, has been suggested to be highly virus-specific; it does not cross-react with antibodies against other [...] Read more.
Due to the current, rapidly increasing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, efficient and highly specific diagnostic methods are needed. The receptor-binding part of the spike (S) protein, S1, has been suggested to be highly virus-specific; it does not cross-react with antibodies against other coronaviruses. Three recombinant partial S proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) expressed in mammalian or baculovirus-insect cells were evaluated as antigens in a Luminex-based suspension immunoassay (SIA). The best performing antigen (S1; amino acids 16-685) was selected and further evaluated by serum samples from 76 Swedish patients or convalescents with COVID-19 (previously PCR and/or serologically confirmed), 200 pre-COVID-19 individuals (180 blood donors and 20 infants), and 10 patients with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. All 76 positive samples showed detectable antibodies to S1, while none of the 210 negative controls gave a false positive antibody reaction. We further compared the COVID-19 SIA with a commercially available enzyme immunoassay and a previously evaluated COVID-19 rapid antibody test. The results revealed an overall assay sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 100% for both IgM and IgG, a quantitative ability at concentrations up to 25 BAU/mL, and a better performance as compared to the commercial assays, suggesting the COVID-19 SIA as a most valuable tool for efficient laboratory-based serology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases)
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11 pages, 679 KiB  
Article
Dogs as Sentinels for Flavivirus Exposure in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Hanoi, Vietnam
by Long Pham-Thanh, Thang Nguyen-Tien, Ulf Magnusson, Vuong Bui-Nghia, Anh Bui-Ngoc, Duy Le-Thanh, Åke Lundkvist, Minh Can-Xuan, Thuy Nguyen-Thi Thu, Hau Vu-Thi Bich, Hu Suk Lee, Hung Nguyen-Viet and Johanna Lindahl
Viruses 2021, 13(3), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030507 - 19 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3211
Abstract
Diseases caused by flaviviruses, including dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis, are major health problems in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study explored the feasibility of domestic dogs as sentinels to better understand risks of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi city. A total of 475 dogs serum [...] Read more.
Diseases caused by flaviviruses, including dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis, are major health problems in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study explored the feasibility of domestic dogs as sentinels to better understand risks of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi city. A total of 475 dogs serum samples from 221 households in six districts of Hanoi were analyzed by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for antibodies to the pr-E protein of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses due to cross-reactivity. The overall flavivirus seroprevalence in the dog population was 70.7% (95% CI = 66.4–74.8%). At the animal level, significant associations between seropositive dogs and district location, age, breed and keeping practice were determined. At the household level, the major risk factors were rural and peri-urban locations, presence of pigs, coil burning and households without mosquito-borne disease experience (p < 0.05). Mosquito control by using larvicides or electric traps could lower seropositivity, but other measures did not contribute to significant risk mitigation of flavivirus exposure in dogs. These results will support better control of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi, and they indicate that dogs can be used as sentinels for flavivirus exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases)
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15 pages, 4573 KiB  
Article
High Prevalence of Genogroup I and Genogroup II Picobirnaviruses in Dromedary Camels
by Jade L. L. Teng, Ulrich Wernery, Po Chun Wong, Elaine Chan, Hwei Huih Lee, Sunitha Joseph, Ru Bai, Ying Tang, Emily Y. M. Wong, Susanna K. P. Lau and Patrick C. Y. Woo
Viruses 2021, 13(3), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030430 - 8 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2127
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small non-enveloped bisegmented double-stranded RNA viruses found in humans, mammals, and birds. Increasing molecular epidemiology studies suggest a high sequence diversity of PBVs in numerous hosts and the environment. In this study, using 229 fecal samples from dromedary camels in [...] Read more.
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small non-enveloped bisegmented double-stranded RNA viruses found in humans, mammals, and birds. Increasing molecular epidemiology studies suggest a high sequence diversity of PBVs in numerous hosts and the environment. In this study, using 229 fecal samples from dromedary camels in Dubai, 52.8% were positive for PBVs, of which 77.7% and 41.3% were positive for genogroup I and II, respectively, and 19.0% were positive for both genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed high diversity among the sequences of genogroup I and II dromedary PBVs. Marked nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in 75.5% and 46.0% of genogroup I and II RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences, respectively, suggesting the co-existence of multiple strains in the same specimen. Both high genetic diversity and prevalence of genogroup I and II PBV in dromedaries were observed. In fact, the prevalence of genogroup II PBV in dromedaries is the highest among all animals to date. The complete/near-complete core genomes of five genogroup I and one genogroup II dromedary PBVs and partial segment 1 and 2 of both genotypes were also sequenced. The dromedary PBV genome organizations were similar to those of other animals. Genetic reassortment and mutation are both important in the ecology and evolution of PBVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases)
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12 pages, 1256 KiB  
Article
Origin and Spread of the Dengue Virus Type 1, Genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019
by Idrissa Dieng, Marielton dos Passos Cunha, Moussa Moïse Diagne, Pape Mbacké Sembène, Paolo Marinho de Andrade Zanotto, Ousmane Faye, Oumar Faye and Amadou Alpha Sall
Viruses 2021, 13(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010057 - 4 Jan 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4519
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most widespread arthropod-borne virus, with the number and severity of outbreaks increasing worldwide in recent decades. Dengue is caused by genetically distinct serotypes, DENV-1–4. Here, we present data on DENV-1, isolated from patients with dengue fever during an [...] Read more.
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most widespread arthropod-borne virus, with the number and severity of outbreaks increasing worldwide in recent decades. Dengue is caused by genetically distinct serotypes, DENV-1–4. Here, we present data on DENV-1, isolated from patients with dengue fever during an outbreak in Senegal and Mali (Western Africa) in 2015–2019, that were analyzed by sequencing the envelope (E) gene. The emergence and the dynamics of DENV-1 in Western Africa were inferred by using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The DENV-1 grouped into a monophyletic cluster that was closely related to those from Southeast Asia. The virus appears to have been introduced directly into Medina Gounass (Suburb of Dakar), Senegal (location probability = 0.301, posterior = 0.76). The introduction of the virus in Senegal occurred around 2014 (95% HPD = 2012.88–2014.84), and subsequently, the virus moved to regions within Senegal (e.g., Louga and Fatick), causing intense outbreaks in the subsequent years. The virus appears to have been introduced in Mali (a neighboring country) after its introduction in Senegal. In conclusion, we present evidence that the outbreak caused by DENV-1 in urban environments in Senegal and Mali after 2015 was caused by a single viral introduction from Asia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases)
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11 pages, 1481 KiB  
Brief Report
Identification and Pathogenicity Evaluation of a Novel Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (Genotype A2dB3)
by Yulong Wang, Nan Jiang, Linjin Fan, Xinxin Niu, Wenying Zhang, Mengmeng Huang, Li Gao, Kai Li, Yulong Gao, Changjun Liu, Hongyu Cui, Aijing Liu, Qing Pan, Yanping Zhang, Xiaomei Wang and Xiaole Qi
Viruses 2021, 13(9), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091682 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2882
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a non-enveloped, bi-segmented double-stranded RNA virus and the causative agent of a poultry immunosuppressive disease known as infectious bursal disease (IBD). The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) recently posed a great threat to the development of the poultry [...] Read more.
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a non-enveloped, bi-segmented double-stranded RNA virus and the causative agent of a poultry immunosuppressive disease known as infectious bursal disease (IBD). The novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) recently posed a great threat to the development of the poultry industry. In this study, we identified a novel segment-reassortant IBDV strain, IBDV-JS19-14701 (Genotype A2dB3). Phylogenic analysis showed that Segments A and B of IBDV-JS19-14701 were derived from emerging nVarIBDV (Genotype A2dB1) and long-prevalent HLJ0504-like strains (Genotype A3B3) in China, respectively. The pathogenicity of IBDV-JS19-14701 was further evaluated via animal experiments. IBDV-JS19-14701 exhibited a similar virulence to chickens with the nVarIBDV. The identification of this reassortment event is beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of nVarIBDV and will contribute to the efficient prevention and control of IBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proactive Study of Future Viral Infectious Diseases)
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