Viruses

Research

11 pages, 2168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV), p16 and EGFR in Lung Cancer: Insights from the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

by Arsenal Sezgin Alikanoğlu and İrem Atalay Karaçay

Viruses 2024, 16(8), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081201 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 822

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic DNA virus that plays a role in different cancer types. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence and types of HPV and its relation with p16, EGFR and clinical findings in lung cancer. HPV [...] Read more.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic DNA virus that plays a role in different cancer types. The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence and types of HPV and its relation with p16, EGFR and clinical findings in lung cancer. HPV and EGFR detection and genotyping of HPV were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and p16 by immunohistochemistry. Fifty lung cancer patients and seven patients with non-neoplastic lung disease were enrolled in this study. HPV was positive in 78% (39/50) of lung cancer cases. HPV 51 was the most frequent type, followed by HPV 16. Moreover, p16 was positive in 24% (12/50) of the cancer patients, and all of these patients were HPV-positive, while 27 HPV-positive patients showed no p16 expression. There was no relationship between HPV infection and p16 (p = 0.05), gender (p = 0.42), age (p = 0.38), or smoking history (p = 0.68). Although not statistically significant, the HPV prevalence was found to be higher in cancer patients compared to non-neoplastic patients. The prevalence of HPV in lung cancer varies across different studies, which may be due to differences in the detection methods, number of patients, geographic regions, and vaccination status. Further studies are necessary to understand the role of HPV in lung cancer pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

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6 pages, 194 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Short Communication: Understanding the Barriers to Cervical Cancer Prevention and HPV Vaccination in Saudi Arabia

by Jobran M. Moshi, Aarman Sohaili, Hassan N. Moafa, Ahlam Mohammed S. Hakami, Mohsen M. Mashi and Pierre P. M. Thomas

Viruses 2024, 16(6), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060974 - 18 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1334

Abstract

Cervical cancer, along with other sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) conditions, poses a significant burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Despite the availability of effective preventive methods such as vaccinations, particularly against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), awareness about such [...] Read more.

Cervical cancer, along with other sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) conditions, poses a significant burden in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Despite the availability of effective preventive methods such as vaccinations, particularly against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), awareness about such preventive methods and HPV vaccination remains alarmingly low in the KSA, even with governmental effort and support. While many women are aware of the risks, the uptake of the HPV vaccine remains below 10% (7.6%) at the country level. This highlights the urgent need for Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) at the community level to raise awareness, dispel misconceptions, and empower women to embrace vaccinations. Additionally, there is a need to revitalize the cancer registry system to better track and monitor cervical cancer cases. This short communication aims to map these barriers while identifying opportunities for impactful research. Drawing from the scientific literature, government reports, and expert insights, we highlight the challenges surrounding the tackling of HPV. By exploring diverse sources of knowledge, this paper not only highlights current obstacles but also proposes actionable solutions for future interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

14 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with HPV Genital Warts: A Self-Reported Cross-Sectional Study among Students and Staff of a Northern University in Nigeria

by Melvin Omone Ogbolu, Olanrewaju D. Eniade, Hussaini Majiya and Miklós Kozlovszky

Viruses 2024, 16(6), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060902 - 2 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1450

Abstract

The menace of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among low- and middle-income countries with no access to a free HPV vaccine is a public health concern. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Nigeria, while the most known types [...] Read more.

The menace of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections among low- and middle-income countries with no access to a free HPV vaccine is a public health concern. HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Nigeria, while the most known types of HPV genotypes being transmitted are the high-risk HPV-16 and 18 genotypes. In this study, we explored the predictors of self-reported HPV infections and HPV genital warts infection among a population of students, non-academic staff, and academic staff of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB) University located in Lapai, Nigeria. We also assessed their knowledge about HPV infections and genotypes, and sexual behaviors. An online cross-sectional study was conducted by setting up a structured questionnaire on Google Forms and it was distributed to the university community via Facebook and other social media platforms of the university. The form captured questions on HPV infection, and knowledge about HPV infection and genotypes, as well as the sexual health of the participants. All variables were described using frequencies and percentage distribution; chi-squared test statistics were used to explore the association between HPV infection (medical records of HPV infection) and the participants’ profile, and a logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors associated with HPV genital warts infection among the population. This study reveals those participants between the ages of 26–40 years (81.3%) and those currently not in a sexually active relationship—single/divorced (26.4%)—who have self-reported having the HPV-16 and -18 genotypes. Moreover, participants between 26–40 years of age (OR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.22–0.89) reported themselves to be carriers of HPV genital warts. Therefore, this study reveals the factors associated with HPV infection and genital warts peculiar to IBB university students and staff. Hence, we suggest the need for HPV awareness programs and free HPV vaccine availability at IBB university. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

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12 pages, 2828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Findings and Challenges in Replacing Traditional Uterine Cervical Cancer Diagnosis with Molecular Tools in Private Gynecological Practice in Mexico

by José L. Castrillo-Diez, Carolina Rivera-Santiago, Silvia M. Ávila-Flores, Silvia A. Barrera-Barrera and Hugo A. Barrera-Saldaña

Viruses 2024, 16(6), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060887 - 31 May 2024

Viewed by 824

Abstract

We have been encouraging practicing gynecologists to adopt molecular diagnostics tests, PCR, and cancer biomarkers, as alternatives enabled by these platforms, to traditional Papanicolaou and colposcopy tests, respectively. An aliquot of liquid-based cytology was used for the molecular test [high-risk HPV types, (HR [...] Read more.

We have been encouraging practicing gynecologists to adopt molecular diagnostics tests, PCR, and cancer biomarkers, as alternatives enabled by these platforms, to traditional Papanicolaou and colposcopy tests, respectively. An aliquot of liquid-based cytology was used for the molecular test [high-risk HPV types, (HR HPV)], another for the PAP test, and one more for p16/Ki67 dual-stain cytology. A total of 4499 laboratory samples were evaluated, and we found that 25.1% of low-grade samples and 47.9% of high-grade samples after PAP testing had a negative HR HPV-PCR result. In those cases, reported as Pap-negative, 22.1% had a positive HR HPV-PCR result. Dual staining with p16/Ki67 biomarkers in samples was positive for HR HPV, and 31.7% were also positive for these markers. Out of the PCR results that were positive for any of these HR HPV subtypes, n 68.3%, we did not find evidence for the presence of cancerous cells, highlighting the importance of performing dual staining with p16/Ki67 after PCR to avoid unnecessary colposcopies. The encountered challenges are a deep-rooted social reluctance in Mexico to abandon traditional Pap smears and the opinion of many specialists. Therefore, we still believe that colposcopy continues to be a preferred procedure over the dual-staining protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

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13 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HPV16 E6 Oncogene Contributes to Cancer Immune Evasion by Regulating PD-L1 Expression through a miR-143/HIF-1a Pathway

by Georgios Konstantopoulos, Danai Leventakou, Despoina-Rozi Saltiel, Efthalia Zervoudi, Eirini Logotheti, Spyros Pettas, Korina Karagianni, Angeliki Daiou, Konstantinos E. Hatzistergos, Dimitra Dafou, Minas Arsenakis, Amanda Psyrri and Christine Kottaridi

Viruses 2024, 16(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010113 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2423 | Correction

Abstract

Human Papillomaviruses have been associated with the occurrence of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer that affects women globally, while 70% of cases are caused by infection with the high-risk types HPV16 and HPV18. The integration of these viruses’ oncogenes E6 and [...] Read more.

Human Papillomaviruses have been associated with the occurrence of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer that affects women globally, while 70% of cases are caused by infection with the high-risk types HPV16 and HPV18. The integration of these viruses’ oncogenes E6 and E7 into the host’s genome affects a multitude of cellular functions and alters the expression of molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate how these oncogenes contribute to the expression of immune system control molecules, using cell lines with integrated HPV16 genome, before and after knocking out E6 viral gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, delivered with a lentiviral vector. The molecules studied are the T-cell inactivating protein PD-L1, its transcription factor HIF-1a and the latter’s negative regulator, miR-143. According to our results, in the E6 knock out (E6KO) cell lines an increased expression of miR-143 was recorded, while a decrease in the expression of HIF-1a and PD-L1 was exhibited. These findings indicate that E6 protein probably plays a significant role in enabling cervical cancer cells to evade the immune system, while we propose a molecular pathway in cervical cancer, where PD-L1’s expression is regulated by E6 protein through a miR-143/HIF-1a axis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

44 pages, 1007 KiB

Open AccessReview

Looking Back, Moving Forward: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control

by Philip E. Castle

Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091357 - 25 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1218

Abstract

Despite the introduction of Pap testing for screening to prevent cervical cancer in the mid-20th century, cervical cancer remains a common cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity globally. This is primarily due to differences in access to screening and care between low-income and [...] Read more.

Despite the introduction of Pap testing for screening to prevent cervical cancer in the mid-20th century, cervical cancer remains a common cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity globally. This is primarily due to differences in access to screening and care between low-income and high-income resource settings, resulting in cervical cancer being one of the cancers with the greatest health disparity. The discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the near-obligate viral cause of cervical cancer can revolutionize how it can be prevented: HPV vaccination against infection for prophylaxis and HPV testing-based screening for the detection and treatment of cervical pre-cancers for interception. As a result of this progress, the World Health Organization has championed the elimination of cervical cancer as a global health problem. However, unless research, investments, and actions are taken to ensure equitable global access to these highly effective preventive interventions, there is a real threat to exacerbating the current health inequities in cervical cancer. In this review, the progress to date and the challenges and opportunities for fulfilling the potential of HPV-targeted prevention for global cervical cancer control are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

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16 pages, 1136 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unveiling the Role of Human Papillomavirus in Urogenital Carcinogenesis a Comprehensive Review

by Beliz Bahar Karaoğlan and Yüksel Ürün

Viruses 2024, 16(5), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050667 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1812

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV), an oncogenic DNA virus, is the most common sexually transmitted virus and significant public health concern globally. Despite the substantial prevalence of HPV infection among men, routine testing remains elusive due to the lack of approved HPV tests and the [...] Read more.

Human papillomavirus (HPV), an oncogenic DNA virus, is the most common sexually transmitted virus and significant public health concern globally. Despite the substantial prevalence of HPV infection among men, routine testing remains elusive due to the lack of approved HPV tests and the complexity of detection methods. Various studies have explored the link between HPV and genitourinary cancers, revealing different associations influenced by geographic variation, histological subtype and methodological differences. These findings underscore the importance of further research to elucidate the role of HPV in male urogenital cancers. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between HPV and male genitourinary cancers, shedding light on the virus’s oncogenic mechanisms and its reported prevalence. A deeper understanding of HPV’s implications for male health is essential for advancing public health initiatives and reducing the burden of urogenital cancers worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

1 pages, 137 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Konstantopoulos et al. HPV16 E6 Oncogene Contributes to Cancer Immune Evasion by Regulating PD-L1 Expression through a miR-143/HIF-1a Pathway. Viruses 2024, 16, 113

by Georgios Konstantopoulos, Danai Leventakou, Despoina-Rozi Saltiel, Efthalia Zervoudi, Eirini Logotheti, Spyros Pettas, Korina Karagianni, Angeliki Daiou, Konstantinos E. Hatzistergos, Dimitra Dafou, Minas Arsenakis, Amanda Psyrri and Christine Kottaridi

Viruses 2024, 16(12), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16121817 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 7

Abstract

Amanda Psyrri was not included as an author in the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis: Current Insights and Future Directions)

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