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Viruses
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Viruses and Their Effects on Fungal Host Fitness
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Viruses and Their Effects on Fungal Host Fitness

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Viruses of Plants, Fungi and Protozoa".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 12888

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Bradley I. Hillman

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Guest Editor
Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
Interests: fungal viruses; plant viruses; biological control
Prof. Dr. Nobuhiro Suzuki

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Chuou 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
Interests: fungal viruses; antiviral RNA silencing; mycovirus

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are editing a Special Edition of the journal Viruses focused on viruses that affect virulence or other aspects of biology of their fungal hosts. This includes hypovirulence-associated viruses but may also include viruses inducing hypervirulence or other measurable effects that result in changes to fungal fitness and ecology. Viruses confirmed not to alter the macroscopic phenotype of their host fungi are also covered in this Special Issue, provided they represent a full biological characterization and not merely metagenomic analysis. Information on mycoviruses has exploded over the last few years, and there are now many groups around the world whose studies are contributing to this growing literature. Papers for this timely volume will be peer reviewed and edited by us for publication. With many mycovirus papers collected in a single volume, we expect the papers to be well cited. While this is not a Proceedings volume, we welcome primary research papers associated with studies presented at the 2022 International Mycovirus Symposium (IMS V) in Italy.

Prof. Dr. Bradley I. Hillman
Prof. Dr. Nobuhiro Suzuki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycovirus
  • fungal virus
  • hypovirulence
  • hypervirulence
  • virus ecology

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 1909 KiB  
Article
Canker Development and Biocontrol Potential of CHV-1 Infected English Isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica Is Dependent on the Virus Concentration and the Compatibility of the Fungal Inoculums
by Pedro Romon-Ochoa, Jack Forster, Ruth Chitty, Caroline Gorton, Alex Lewis, Amy Eacock, Quirin Kupper, Daniel Rigling and Ana Pérez-Sierra
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122678 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1843
Abstract
Biological control of Cryphonectria parasitica fungus, causal agent of chestnut blight, by virus infection (hypovirulence) has been shown to be an effective control strategy against chestnut blight in Europe and some parts of North America. The most studied mycovirus is the Cryphonectria hypovirus [...] Read more.
Biological control of Cryphonectria parasitica fungus, causal agent of chestnut blight, by virus infection (hypovirulence) has been shown to be an effective control strategy against chestnut blight in Europe and some parts of North America. The most studied mycovirus is the Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) type species of the Hypoviridae family. To efficiently provide biocontrol, the virus must be able to induce hypovirulence in its fungal host in chestnut trees. Here, two different CHV-1 subtype I virus strains (E-5 and L-18), gained by transmissions, were tested for their hypovirulence induction, biocontrol potential, and transmission between vegetatively compatible (VCG) and incompatible fungal isolate groups in sweet chestnut seedlings and branches. Both strains of CHV-1 showed great biocontrol potential and could protect trees by efficiently transmitting CHV-1 by hyphal anastomosis between fungal isolates of the same VCG and converting virulent to hypovirulent cankers. The hypovirulent effect was positively correlated with the virus concentration, tested by four different reverse-transcription PCRs, two end-point and two real-time methods, one of which represents a newly developed real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of CHV-1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses and Their Effects on Fungal Host Fitness)
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22 pages, 1564 KiB  
Article
Bunyaviruses Affect Growth, Sporulation, and Elicitin Production in Phytophthora cactorum
by Anna Poimala, Milica Raco, Tuuli Haikonen, Martin Černý, Päivi Parikka, Jarkko Hantula and Eeva J. Vainio
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2596; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122596 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2560
Abstract
Phytophthora cactorum is an important oomycetous plant pathogen with numerous host plant species, including garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and silver birch (Betula pendula). P. cactorum also hosts mycoviruses, but their phenotypic effects on the host oomycete have not [...] Read more.
Phytophthora cactorum is an important oomycetous plant pathogen with numerous host plant species, including garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and silver birch (Betula pendula). P. cactorum also hosts mycoviruses, but their phenotypic effects on the host oomycete have not been studied earlier. In the present study, we tested polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress for virus curing and created an isogenic virus-free isolate for testing viral effects in pair with the original isolate. Phytophthora cactorum bunya-like viruses 1 and 2 (PcBV1 & 2) significantly reduced hyphal growth of the P. cactorum host isolate, as well as sporangia production and size. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed an increase in the production of elicitins due to bunyavirus infection. However, the presence of bunyaviruses did not seem to alter the pathogenicity of P. cactorum. Virus transmission through anastomosis was unsuccessful in vitro. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses and Their Effects on Fungal Host Fitness)
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15 pages, 2300 KiB  
Article
Hypovirulence of Colletotrichum gloesporioides Associated with dsRNA Mycovirus Isolated from a Mango Orchard in Thailand
by Aditya R. Suharto, Jiraporn Jirakkakul, Ana Eusebio-Cope and Lakha Salaipeth
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091921 - 30 Aug 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2602
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose disease, which is an important fungal disease affecting the production of numerous crops around the world. The presence of mycoviruses, however, may have an impact on the pathogenicity of the fungal host. Here, we describe a [...] Read more.
The pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causes anthracnose disease, which is an important fungal disease affecting the production of numerous crops around the world. The presence of mycoviruses, however, may have an impact on the pathogenicity of the fungal host. Here, we describe a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus, which was isolated from a field strain of C. gloeosporioides, Ssa-44.1. The 2939 bp genome sequence comprises two open reading frames (ORFs) that encode for a putative protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The Ssa-44.1 mycovirus is a member of the unclassified mycovirus family named Colletotrichum gloeosporioides RNA virus 1 strain Ssa-44.1 (CgRV1-Ssa-44.1), which has a phylogenetic similarity to Colletotrichum gleosporioides RNA virus 1 (CgRV1), which was isolated from citrus leaves in China. In C. gloeosporioides, CgRV1-Ssa-44.1 was shown to be linked to hypovirulence. CgRV1-Ssa-44.1 has a low spore transfer efficiency but can successfully spread horizontally to isogenic virus-free isolates. Furthermore, CgRV1-Ssa-44.1 had a strong biological control impact on C. gloeosporioides on mango plants. This study is the first to describe a hypovirulence-associated mycovirus infecting C. gloeosporioides, which has the potential to assist with anthracnose disease biological management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses and Their Effects on Fungal Host Fitness)
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18 pages, 4412 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Transcriptional Responses to Genomovirus Infection of the White Mold Fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
by Connor J. Pedersen and Shin-Yi Lee Marzano
Viruses 2022, 14(9), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091892 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2346
Abstract
Soybean leaf-associated gemygorvirus-1 (SlaGemV−1) is a CRESS-DNA virus classified in the family Genomoviridae, which causes hypovirulence and abolishes sclerotia formation in infected fungal pathogens under the family Sclerotiniaceae. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the induction of hypovirulence, RNA-Seq was compared between virus-free [...] Read more.
Soybean leaf-associated gemygorvirus-1 (SlaGemV−1) is a CRESS-DNA virus classified in the family Genomoviridae, which causes hypovirulence and abolishes sclerotia formation in infected fungal pathogens under the family Sclerotiniaceae. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the induction of hypovirulence, RNA-Seq was compared between virus-free and SlaGemV−1-infected Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain DK3. Overall, 4639 genes were differentially expressed, with 50.5% up regulated and 49.5% down regulated genes. GO enrichments suggest changes in integral membrane components and transmission electron microscopy images reveal virus-like particles localized near the inner cell membrane. Differential gene expression analysis focused on genes responsible for cell cycle and DNA replication and repair pathways, ubiquitin proteolysis, gene silencing, methylation, pathogenesis-related, sclerotial development, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxalic acid biosynthesis. Carbohydrate metabolism showed the most changes, with two glycoside hydrolase genes being the most down regulated by −2396.1- and −648.6-fold. Genes relating to pathogenesis showed consistent down regulation with the greatest being SsNep1, SsSSVP1, and Endo2 showing, −4555-, −14.7-, and −12.3-fold changes. The cell cycle and DNA replication/repair pathways were almost entirely up regulated including a putative cyclin and separase being up regulated 8.3- and 5.2-fold. The oxalate decarboxylase genes necessary for oxalic acid catabolism and oxalic acid precursor biosynthesis genes and its metabolism show down regulations of −17.2- and −12.1-fold changes. Sclerotial formation genes also appear differentially regulated including a melanin biosynthesis gene Pks1 and a sclerotia formation gene Sl2 with fold changes of 3.8 and −2.9. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses and Their Effects on Fungal Host Fitness)
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15 pages, 4424 KiB  
Article
A Transfectable Fusagravirus from a Japanese Strain of Cryphonectria carpinicola with Spherical Particles
by Subha Das, Sakae Hisano, Ana Eusebio-Cope, Hideki Kondo and Nobuhiro Suzuki
Viruses 2022, 14(8), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081722 - 4 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2697
Abstract
A novel dsRNA virus (Cryphonectria carpinicola fusagravirus 1, CcFGV1), isolated from a Japanese strain (JS13) of Cryphonectria carpinicola, was thoroughly characterized. The biological comparison of a set of isogenic CcFGV1-infected and -free (JS13VF) strains indicated asymptomatic infection by CcFGV1. The sequence analysis [...] Read more.
A novel dsRNA virus (Cryphonectria carpinicola fusagravirus 1, CcFGV1), isolated from a Japanese strain (JS13) of Cryphonectria carpinicola, was thoroughly characterized. The biological comparison of a set of isogenic CcFGV1-infected and -free (JS13VF) strains indicated asymptomatic infection by CcFGV1. The sequence analysis showed that the virus has a two open reading frame (ORF) genome of 9.6 kbp with the RNA-directed RNA polymerase domain encoded by ORF2. The N-terminal sequencing and peptide mass fingerprinting showed an N-terminally processed or degraded product (150 kDa) of the 5′-proximal ORF1-encoded protein (1462 amino acids) to make up the CcFGV1 spherical particles of ~40 nm in diameter. Interestingly, a portion of CcFGV1 dsRNA co-fractionated with a host protein of 70 kDa. The purified CcFGV1 particles were used to transfect protoplasts of JS13VF as well as the standard strain of an experimental model filamentous fungal host Cryphonectria parasitica. CcFGV1 was confirmed to be associated with asymptomatic infection of both fungi. RNA silencing was shown to target the virus in C. parasitica, resulting in reduced CcFGV1 accumulation by comparing the CcFGV1 content between RNA silencing-competent and -deficient strains. These results indicate the transfectability of spherical particles of a fusagravirus associated with asymptomatic infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses and Their Effects on Fungal Host Fitness)
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