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Feature Papers of Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics
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Feature Papers of Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 June 2024) | Viewed by 6442

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Helena M. Ramos

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: hydropower; hydraulic transients; pumped-storage; water and energy nexus; hydrodynamic; renewables integration; water-energy efficiency
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water systems (WS) transport water for hydropower production, drinking and irrigation water networks. Water systems are used in process industries and rivers from water sources, water treatment plants, reservoirs created by dams, tanks and retention ponds in sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs) in order to satisfy all types of water–energy–food–environment nexus customers. Water conveyance solutions which transfer water for drinking, irrigation, waste, storms, rivers, energy production, storage and industries from an intake to final users can be carried out using integrated solutions to better suit the main efficiency purposes. These important infrastructures are becoming a dynamic environment, where advanced tools and algorithms, new technologies and the best practices should be integrated and implemented with the ambition to increase the systems’ reliability, the ability to adapt to climate change, the refurbishment of existing infrastructures with eco-design solutions and the best operations under safe and reliable conditions towards the greatest effectiveness, sustainability and management. Monitoring systems (MSs), control technologies (CTs), management strategies (MSs), water and energy savings (WESs), eco-innovative solutions (EISs), mathematic algorithms (MAs), computer modelling (CM) and decision support management systems (DSMSs) have to be upgraded in order to obtain technical, economic and environmental benefits both in terms of research, technology implementation and engineering applications.

Consequently, a sustainable water–energy–food–environment nexus (WEFEN) has increased in terms of its water and energy efficiency; interdependency between water, energy and food resources; as well as its relationship with technological development and management policies for food production and processing and environmental integration towards smart water grids (SWG), digital twins and new hybrid water–energy solutions. This is a new path for smart technology, resource management and sustainable water infrastructure developments in the near future to face climate and demanding challenges, as well as energy and digital transitions.

Prof. Dr. Helena M. Ramos
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart water–energy–food–environment management
  • smart water grids
  • water–energy–food–environment sectors sustainability
  • digital water
  • renewable solution
  • safety and control solutions
  • sustainable development goals
  • draughts and floods adaptation
  • smart water–energy–food solutions
  • new technologies
  • smart sensors
  • digital twin
  • energy transition
  • hidden hydropower
  • crop production
  • food processing
  • flood control
  • energy storage
  • renewables’ integration
  • flexible and sustainable networks
  • hydraulics and hydrodynamics analyses
  • security, scalability, and performance

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 4591 KiB  
Article
Towards Hydraulic Design Optimization of Shaft Hydropower Plants: A 3D-CFD Application Based on Physical Models
by Bertalan Alapfy, Nicolas Francisco Gamarra and Nils Rüther
Water 2024, 16(19), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192790 - 30 Sep 2024
Viewed by 799
Abstract
The shaft hydropower plant (SHPP) is a novel hydraulic concept for low-head hydropower sites with several environmental and operational advantages over conventional layouts. However, the first two projects implementing this concept have shown comparatively high construction costs and project risks. Therefore, further optimization [...] Read more.
The shaft hydropower plant (SHPP) is a novel hydraulic concept for low-head hydropower sites with several environmental and operational advantages over conventional layouts. However, the first two projects implementing this concept have shown comparatively high construction costs and project risks. Therefore, further optimization is required to increase economic attractiveness and enable broader market adoption. Initial model tests recommend a square-shaped shaft inlet with a three-sided approach flow for low-loss and fish-friendly inflow conditions. Yet, this design requires significant space for structural implementation and may be unsuitable for use with multiple shafts or as an extension of non-powered dams and weirs. This research paper presents the application of a computational fluid dynamics simulation setup to evaluate the hydraulic performance of various design configurations, especially alternative design layouts with a one-sided approach flow without further physical model tests. The simulation setup is calibrated against observations including head loss and velocity measurements from the physical model tests, and its satisfactory performance enables the analysis of alternative design layouts. This study aims to derive the most significant design parameters for achieving the desired hydraulic conditions at the intake. Increasing the flow depth before the intake and enlarging the inlet area have the most significant impact, while increasing the overflow of the front gate has the least significant effect. The chosen CFD application is deemed suitable for hydraulic design optimization and provides guidance on the key parameters to focus on for tailored site-specific design development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
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15 pages, 10122 KiB  
Article
The Water Hammer Characteristics of Long-Distance Water Pipelines under Different Water Supply Modes
by Yongzhi Wang, Tao Wang, Yunlong Ran, Xiaolei Zhang, Xiaoyi Guo and Shuyu Liu
Water 2024, 16(14), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16142008 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 933
Abstract
The pressure characteristics of long-distance water pipelines during hydraulic transient processes are crucial for ensuring the safe, stable, and long-term operation of water transfer projects. This paper establishes a one-dimensional mathematical model based on sections of the Yinjiangjihuai long-distance water diversion project in [...] Read more.
The pressure characteristics of long-distance water pipelines during hydraulic transient processes are crucial for ensuring the safe, stable, and long-term operation of water transfer projects. This paper establishes a one-dimensional mathematical model based on sections of the Yinjiangjihuai long-distance water diversion project in China. The water supply requirements of the pipelines are categorized into two replenishment modes as follows: gravity supply and pump-pressurized water supply. The opening and closing strategies of the water pipelines under different flow conditions are simulated and analyzed to explore the hydraulic transient processes under various water supply modes. The transient variations of key hydraulic parameters during valve closure are clarified. Simulation results indicate that the water pipeline design is reasonable, meeting the water supply demands at relatively low Manning values and that it has the capability for long-term supply. Due to the excessive head provided by the pumps, pump-pressurized water supply and gravity supply modes cannot operate simultaneously. Under gravity supply mode, the minimum pressure in the downstream pipeline is relatively higher overall, while the maximum pressure in the upstream pipeline is relatively lower overall. In the pump-pressurized water supply mode, the safety and stability of the water supply can be ensured by adjusting the closing time of individual pumps and the interval time between adjacent pumps. The research findings provide technical guidance and scientific basis for the construction of national water networks and water transfer projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
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23 pages, 5357 KiB  
Article
Improvements to the Hydraulic Performance of Culverts under Inlet Control Conditions by Optimisation of Inlet Characteristics
by Leon de Jager and Marco van Dijk
Water 2024, 16(11), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111569 - 30 May 2024
Viewed by 1024
Abstract
With renewed interest in the optimisation of the hydraulic performance of new and existing culverts, particularly relevant to South Africa’s evolving road network and anticipated climate-induced rainfall changes, this research investigated the benefit of angled wingwall and headwall combinations and considered the installation [...] Read more.
With renewed interest in the optimisation of the hydraulic performance of new and existing culverts, particularly relevant to South Africa’s evolving road network and anticipated climate-induced rainfall changes, this research investigated the benefit of angled wingwall and headwall combinations and considered the installation of a ventilation device in order to improve culvert performances. Through experimental modelling at the University of Pretoria Water Laboratory, the angled wingwall and headwall combinations demonstrated significant flow improvements compared to square inlets. It was also demonstrated that a ventilation device could cause flow through culverts to flow under inlet control conditions where it would otherwise have flowed under outlet control conditions. Additionally, the study proposes design coefficient adjustments for square inlet culverts operating under inlet control conditions. The proposed improvements can be applied during design stages, but the findings also propose prefabricated inlet elements as cost-effective solutions for existing culverts, thereby facilitating quick upgrades without the need for lengthy road closures while potentially enabling benefits for pedestrian traffic. Ultimately, this study underscores the potential of innovative and novel design modifications to enhance culvert performance, offering sustainable and economical alternatives to conventional replacement practices while advancing hydraulic engineering resilience in response to evolving infrastructural and environmental demands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
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12 pages, 1940 KiB  
Article
Transient Test-Based Techniques for Checking the Sealing of In-Line Shut-Off Valves and Capturing the Effect of Series Junctions—Field Tests in a Real Pipe System
by Caterina Capponi, Nuno M. C. Martins, Dídia I. C. Covas, Bruno Brunone and Silvia Meniconi
Water 2024, 16(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16010003 - 19 Dec 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1216
Abstract
In-line valves are devices typically used for isolation or flow regulation in pipe systems, playing a key role in the operational management of transmission mains (TM). However, there is no fast and expeditious procedure available for checking the efficacy of the sealing mechanism, [...] Read more.
In-line valves are devices typically used for isolation or flow regulation in pipe systems, playing a key role in the operational management of transmission mains (TM). However, there is no fast and expeditious procedure available for checking the efficacy of the sealing mechanism, and its ability to prevent leakage, unwanted flow or partial blockages, which is a crucial action for any maintenance operation. Due to the different values of the conveyed discharge, the diameter changes along the TM at a series junctions which therefore makes diameter changes a very common singularity. This paper has two aims. The first one is to evaluate the feasibility of Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) for checking the sealing of in-line valves. In particular, the primary objective of the numerical model is to identify the distinctive features of the measured pressure signals that correspond to the status of an in-line valve, discerning whether it is fully sealed or partially closed. The second objective is to use Direct Analysis (DA) of the pressure signals to appropriately capture the transient response of the series junctions. To address these issues, safe transients have been generated in a real TM by means of a Portable Pressure Wave Maker (PPWM) device, refined at the Water Engineering Laboratory (WEL) of the University of Perugia, Italy. The results of the field tests and numerical model point out that the positive pressure wave reflected by the in-line valve is smaller than the one expected if it were perfectly sealed. Moreover, the transient response of the series junction has been properly captured by the DA of the pressure signal. Accordingly, the proposed procedures have been demonstrated to be suitable tools for the management of long transmission pipelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
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17 pages, 4145 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study of Fluid–Solid Interaction in Elastic Sluice Based on SPH Method
by Jianwei Zhang, Bingpeng Wang, Qi Jiang, Ge Hou, Zhirui Li and Hongze Liu
Water 2023, 15(21), 3738; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15213738 - 26 Oct 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1471
Abstract
In this paper, the fluid–solid interaction problem involving structural movement and deformation is considered, and an SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) interaction method is proposed to establish a numerical fluid–solid model and to correct the particle velocities in the momentum conservation equations. It is [...] Read more.
In this paper, the fluid–solid interaction problem involving structural movement and deformation is considered, and an SPH (smoothed particle hydrodynamics) interaction method is proposed to establish a numerical fluid–solid model and to correct the particle velocities in the momentum conservation equations. It is found that, when the smoothing coefficient is equal to 0.93, the similarity of the free surface curves reaches up to 91.9%, and calculations are more accurate. Under the same working conditions, the classical model of elastic sluice discharge is established based on the SPH method and the finite element method, and the validity and accuracy of the model based on the SPH method are verified by analyzing the flow pattern of the sluice discharge, the opening of the elastic gate, and the change trend in the free liquid surface curve. On this basis, a number of characteristic points on the sluice gate are selected based on the SPH model to investigate the change rule of pressure at the fluid–solid interface, and the results are as follows: (1) based on the numerical model established by the SPH method, the flow pattern of the water, the opening of the elastic gate, and the change in the free liquid level curve are all in better agreement with the experimental results in the literature than those of the finite element method, and the computational results are also better; (2) the pressure of the solid on the fluid at each characteristic point is equal to the pressure of the fluid on the solid, which satisfies the principle of action–reaction and laterally verifies the nature of the dynamic boundary between the fluid and the solid, further verifying the validity of the program; and (3) in the process of sluice discharge, the elastic sluice presents a large force at both ends and a small force in the middle, meaning that the related research in this paper can act as a reference for flow–solid interaction problems related to sluice discharge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics)
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