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Water
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Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation
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Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Water Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 23 May 2025 | Viewed by 7137

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cong Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200433, China
Interests: water treatment; endocrine disruption estrogens; water purification technologies; water analysis; drinking water quality; water chemistry; disinfection byproducts; water purification; water quality research in water distribution systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Kejia Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Interests: water treatment; advanced oxidation; endocrine disruption estrogens
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jiajia Fan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
Interests: water treatment; advanced oxidation; water chemistry

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite you to submit a manuscript to our Special Issue, “Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modeling and Pollutant Degradation”.

Water is an international, cross-disciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal, featuring profound, cut-edge research papers and visionary perspectives. This journal welcomes contributions on all aspects of the science and technology of water reuse, water quality sensing, and water management.

Full methodical and/or experimental details must be provided for research articles. We encourage scientists to publish their research in as much detail as possible. Computed data or files regarding the full details of the experimental procedure or model set-up, if unable to be published as part of the main manuscript, can be deposited as supplementary materials.

A broad outline of the journal's scope includes:

  • Mathematical modeling, systems analysis and machine learning related to urban water networks and urban hydrological evaluation and prediction;
  • Remediation processes for pollutants in water and the degradation transfer process;
  • Contaminants in water (anthropogenic pollutants such as nanomaterials, microplastics, disinfection by-products, PPCPs, etc.) and water quality evaluation.

“Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modeling and Pollutant Degradation” is a Special Issue of Water. This Special Issue belongs to the section “Urban Water Management”.

Dr. Cong Li
Dr. Kejia Zhang
Dr. Jiajia Fan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • urban water contamination
  • disinfection byproducts
  • advanced oxidation
  • bioremediation
  • network leakage simulation
  • urban hydrology and modeling

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 13275 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Impacts of Failures on Monitoring Systems in Real-Time Data-Driven State Estimation Models Using GCN-LSTM for Water Distribution Networks
by Carlos A. Bonilla, Bruno Brentan, Idel Montalvo, David Ayala-Cabrera and Joaquín Izquierdo
Water 2025, 17(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010046 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 584
Abstract
Water distribution networks (WDNs) are critical infrastructures that directly impact urban development and citizens’ quality of life. Due to digitalization technologies, modern networks have evolved towards cyber-physical systems, allowing real-time management and monitoring of network components. However, the increasing volume of data from [...] Read more.
Water distribution networks (WDNs) are critical infrastructures that directly impact urban development and citizens’ quality of life. Due to digitalization technologies, modern networks have evolved towards cyber-physical systems, allowing real-time management and monitoring of network components. However, the increasing volume of data from monitoring poses significant challenges to accurately estimate the hydraulic status of the system, mainly when anomalous events or unreliable readings occur. This paper presents a novel methodology for state estimation (SE) in WDNs by integrating convolutional graph networks (GCNs) with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The methodology is validated on two WDNs of different scales and complexities, evaluating the SE of the sensors. The capability of the GCN-LSTM model was assessed during the last two months of the time series by simulating failures to analyze its impact on sensor readings and estimation accuracy. The smaller network showed higher sensitivity of the sensors to detect failures, while the larger one evidenced more challenges in SE due to the sensor dispersion. Overall, the model achieved low prediction errors and high coefficient of determination values between the actual and simulated values, showing good performance. Likewise, the simulated failures showed that replacing the missing data with the hourly mean of the last week significantly improved the accuracy of the predictions, guaranteeing a robust SE in the event of sensor failures. This methodology provides a reliable tool for addressing various network configurations’ operational challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation)
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20 pages, 8256 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Real-Time Control Approach: Number, Placement, and Proportional–Integral–Derivative Control Rules of Flow Control Devices in Distributed Flood Routing
by Hamidreza Jalili, Lizette Chevalier and John W. Nicklow
Water 2024, 16(22), 3331; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223331 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 746
Abstract
Climate change, through more frequent extreme weather events, and urban sprawl, by increasing runoff, are two critical threats to drainage networks, impacting both public health and property. Augmenting drainage networks to withstand additional stress by enlarging conduits or constructing new detention facilities requires [...] Read more.
Climate change, through more frequent extreme weather events, and urban sprawl, by increasing runoff, are two critical threats to drainage networks, impacting both public health and property. Augmenting drainage networks to withstand additional stress by enlarging conduits or constructing new detention facilities requires a significant financial investment. The goal of this study is to enhance urban resilience by optimizing real-time control (RTC) systems for drainage networks that optimize the flow control devices (FCDs), which could mitigate the need to invest in major construction costs. RTC is an approach that can help mitigate flooding in urban areas. This study is the first to optimize feedback controllers in SWMM, as well as the first to simultaneously optimize the number, location, and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers for FCDs through two nested genetic algorithms (GAs), and especially within a unified environment (i.e., Python), which led to more efficient management of the process, thereby enhancing the efficiency of urban drainage network optimization. This study examined the impact of optimized RTC on the urban drainage network (UDN) in a part of New Orleans, LA, USA, under 1-, 2-, 5-, and 10-year storm events. The optimized RTC resulted in an improvement of up to 50% in network performance during a design storm. The results demonstrate the applicability in an urban environment where storms, flooding, and financial investments are critical to the management of stormwater drainage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation)
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17 pages, 5261 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Water Quality and Pollution Source Analysis of Meihu Reservoir
by Yiting Qi, Cong Li, Kai Zhang, Sumita, Jun Li, Zhengming He, Xin Cao and Ailan Yan
Water 2024, 16(17), 2493; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172493 - 2 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1243
Abstract
Under the background of increasingly serious global environmental pollution, ensuring the safety of drinking water has become one of the focuses of global attention. In this study, Meihu Reservoir, a drinking water source, was selected as the research object, and the main pollution [...] Read more.
Under the background of increasingly serious global environmental pollution, ensuring the safety of drinking water has become one of the focuses of global attention. In this study, Meihu Reservoir, a drinking water source, was selected as the research object, and the main pollution problems and their sources were revealed through conventional water quality analysis, suitability evaluation of the drinking water source and eutrophication evaluation of the reservoir. Using modern water quality monitoring technology and methods, the paper monitors and analyzes various water quality parameters of the Meihu Reservoir. The results showed that the water quality indexes, except total nitrogen, met the class II–III standard of drinking water, and the comprehensive nutrient state index method (TLI) evaluated the reservoir, and its index met 30≤TLI(∑)≤50, indicating that the reservoir belongs to the medium nutrition category. Therefore, the water quality of the reservoir has been affected by different degrees of agricultural, domestic and livestock pollution, mainly reflected in the serious excess of the total nitrogen index (the peak has reached 2.99 mg/L). The results of the on-site investigation showed that the main sources of nitrogen in the reservoir included agricultural non-point-source pollution, domestic sewage pollution, domestic garbage pollution and livestock and poultry pollution, accounting for 50.09%, 23.99%, 14.13% and 11.80% of the total load, respectively. On this basis, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for pollution control in order to provide a scientific basis and practical path for water quality protection and improvement of the Meihu Reservoir and other similar reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation)
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15 pages, 3480 KiB  
Article
Release Characteristics of Small-Sized Microplastics in Bottled Drinks Using Flow Cytometry Sorting and Nile Red Staining
by Peixuan Zhou, Kejia Zhang, Tuqiao Zhang, Cheng Cen, Yingying Zheng and Youwen Shuai
Water 2024, 16(13), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131898 - 2 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1519
Abstract
Small-sized microplastics (MPs) pose concerns about potential risks to both the environment and human health. However, research on MP pollution is hampered by limitations in the detection techniques. Also, few studies have provided insight into the release of small-sized MPs from disposable polyethylene [...] Read more.
Small-sized microplastics (MPs) pose concerns about potential risks to both the environment and human health. However, research on MP pollution is hampered by limitations in the detection techniques. Also, few studies have provided insight into the release of small-sized MPs from disposable polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-bottled drinks for outdoor usage. Thus, PET bottles’ potential to release small MPs sized 1–100 μm outdoors was studied in relation to physical and chemical parameters (temperature, sunlight irradiation, and drink characteristics) using flow cytometry and Nile Red dye. The results showed that temperatures below 80 °C had little effect on the release of MPs from PET bottles. Sunlight irradiation and alkalinity were prone to promote the generation of MPs, mostly 1–5 μm in size. Moreover, the combined impact test implied that two pairings—acidity with temperature and alkalinity with sunlight—positively affected MP release, with maximum releases of 21,622 ± 2477 particles/L and 31,081 ± 7173 particles/L, respectively. Based on the rapid quantification of small-sized MPs using flow cytometry after Nile Red selection, the results hereby presented will assist researchers in reducing MP release and aid them in the evaluation of MPs’ contamination of aquatic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation)
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16 pages, 5088 KiB  
Article
CuFeS2/MXene-Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane for Antibiotics Removal through Peroxymonosulfate Activation
by Dongyang Zhang, Kunfu Li, Lei Fang and Huishan Chen
Water 2024, 16(11), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16111504 - 24 May 2024
Viewed by 1220
Abstract
In this research, the CuFeS2/MXene-modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was prepared to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to remove moxifloxacin (MOX) and its morphology; surface functional groups and hydrophilicity were also studied. The parameters of the catalytic membrane/PMS system were optimized, with an [...] Read more.
In this research, the CuFeS2/MXene-modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was prepared to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to remove moxifloxacin (MOX) and its morphology; surface functional groups and hydrophilicity were also studied. The parameters of the catalytic membrane/PMS system were optimized, with an optimal loading of 4 mg/cm2 and a PMS dosage of 0.20 mM. High filtration pressure, alkaline conditions, and impurities in water could inhibit MOX removal. After continuous filtration, the removal efficiency of MOX using the catalytic membrane/PMS system and PVDF membrane was 68.2% and 9.9%, respectively. Batch filtration could remove 87.8% MOX by the extra 10 min contact time between the catalytic membrane and solution. During the filtration process, CuFeS2/MXene on the surface of the catalytic membrane activated PMS to produce SO4•−, HO•, and 1O2, and MOX was removed through adsorption and degradation. Taking humic acid (HA) as the model foulant, reversible fouling resistance in the catalytic membrane/PMS system was 22.8% of the PVDF membrane. The catalytic membrane/PMS system weakened the formation of the cake layer by oxidizing HA into smaller pollutants and followed the intermediate blocking cake filtration model. The novelty of this research was to develop a CuFeS2/MXene–PVDF membrane-activated PMS system and explore its application in antibiotics removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation)
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18 pages, 5742 KiB  
Article
Electro-Assisted Fe3+/Persulfate System for the Degradation of Bezafibrate in Water: Kinetics, Degradation Mechanism, and Toxicity
by Yuqiong Gao, Kexuan Li, Xiangmei Zhong and Han Ning
Water 2024, 16(5), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050649 - 22 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1082
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical-assisted ferric ion/persulfate (EC/Fe3+/PS) process was proposed to degrade bezafibrate (BZF), a widespread hypolipidemic drug, in water. By promoting the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ at the cathode, the introduction of an electric field successfully [...] Read more.
In this study, an electrochemical-assisted ferric ion/persulfate (EC/Fe3+/PS) process was proposed to degrade bezafibrate (BZF), a widespread hypolipidemic drug, in water. By promoting the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ at the cathode, the introduction of an electric field successfully overcomes the limitation of non-regenerable Fe2+ inherent in Fe2+/PS systems, significantly improving the degradation efficiency of BZF. The predominant reactive species identified were •OH and SO4●−, with 1O2 also playing a role. Various key operational parameters were investigated and optimized, including the current intensity, Fe3+ dosage, PS concentration, and initial pH. With a current intensity of 50 mA, an Fe3+ concentration of 50 μΜ, a PS dosage of 50 μM, and an initial pH of 3, the degradation efficiency of BZF demonstrated an exceptional achievement, reaching up to 98.8% within 30 min. The influence of anions and humic acid was also assessed. An LC/TOF/MS analysis revealed four major degradation pathways of BZF: hydroxylation, amino bond cleavage, dechlorination, and fibrate chain removal. The acute and chronic toxicities of BZF and its degradation intermediates were then assessed using the ECOSAR program. These findings highlight the wide-ranging applications of the EC/Fe3+/PS system and its potential for remediating water contaminated with micropollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water and Stormwater Networks: Modelling and Pollutant Degradation)
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