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Dr. Chong Zhu

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National Engineering Lab for Automotive Electronic Control Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

Dr. Kailong Liu

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WMG, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

Advanced Wireless Charging Technology

Abstract submission deadline

closed (31 July 2024)

Manuscript submission deadline

closed (31 October 2024)

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the improvement of people's pursuit of portability, safety, and reliability, the traditional “plug-in” charging method can no longer meet the needs of people's life. Wireless charging technology refers to a technology that uses corresponding equipment to send and receive inductive AC signals at the sending and receiving ends without the use of electrical wires. The technology has shown wide application prospects in different fields from milliwatts to megawatts and from near-field to far-field. Due to its safety, portability, and reliability, wireless charging has been widely used in some applications, especially for low-power consumer electronic products. However, with the concern on transfer efficiency, misalignment tolerance, charging power adjustment, and thermal reliability, the progress of wireless charging in high-power industrial applications is still slow. In order to advance the application process of wireless charging, the performance on high efficiency, strong misalignment tolerance, and thermal safety need to be further studied, including innovative work on compensation networks, loosely coupled transformers, circuit structures, control methods, thermal modeling, and charging profile optimization. The research goal is to solve the theory and practice problems of high-power wireless charging systems, especially for electric transportation, smart grid, automatic guided vehicles, industrial sensors, and other applications. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

Wireless charging for electric vehicles;
Wireless charging for industrial sensors;
Wireless charging for industry vehicles, such as automatic guided vehicles;
Wireless charging for underwater autonomous vehicles;
Wireless charging control methodology;
Dynamic wireless charging;
Compensation circuit design for wireless charging;
Magnetic coupler design for wireless charging;
Thermal modeling and design for wireless charging;
Optimal charging technology.

Dr. Chong Zhu
Dr. Kailong Liu
Topic Editors

Keywords

wireless charging
energy harvesting
low-power electronic device charging
high-power electric vehicle charging
resonant converters
magnetic design
thermal modeling and design
charging power control

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	17.8 Days	CHF 2400
Batteries batteries	4.6	4.0	2015	22 Days	CHF 2700
Electricity electricity	-	4.8	2020	27.2 Days	CHF 1000
Electronics electronics	2.6	5.3	2012	16.8 Days	CHF 2400
Sensors sensors	3.4	7.3	2001	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
World Electric Vehicle Journal wevj	2.6	4.5	2007	15.7 Days	CHF 1400
Technologies technologies	4.2	6.7	2013	24.6 Days	CHF 1600
Chips chips	-	-	2022	15.0 days *	CHF 1000

* Median value for all MDPI journals in the first half of 2024.

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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15 pages, 5623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reverse-Bent Modular Coil Structure with Enhanced Output Stability in DWPT for Arbitrary Linear Transport Systems

by Jia Li, Chong Zhu, Junyi Ji, Jianquan Ma and Xi Zhang

Sensors 2024, 24(22), 7171; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24227171 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 377

Abstract

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems with segmented transmitters suffer from output pulsations during the moving process. Although numerous coil structures have been developed to mitigate this fluctuation, the parameter design process is complicated and restricted by specific working conditions (e.g., air gaps). To solve these problems, a novel reverse-bent modular transmitter structure is proposed for DWPT in industrial automatic application scenarios such as linear transport systems. Considering the heterogeneous current density distribution in the adjacent region between two coils which causes a drop in magnetic field, the proposed coil structure attempts to eliminate the effects of the adjacent region by bending the terminal parts of each coil reversely to the ferrite layer for shielding. Compared to traditional planar couplers, this structure array can generate a uniform magnetic field over various air gaps. A 100 W laboratory prototype was built to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. The experimental results show that the proposed system achieved a constant output voltage, and the output pulsation was within ±2.3% in the dynamic powering process. The average efficiency was about 88.29%, with a 200 mm transfer distance. When the air gap varied from 20 mm to 30 mm, the system could still retain constant voltage output characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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17 pages, 7417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimized Multi-Level Control Method for Wireless Power Transfer System Using the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

by Jianwei Zhao, Lin Li, Huan Wu, Bo Luo, Huayi Li, Yucai Zhang, Shanzong Liu and Lei Zhao

Electronics 2024, 13(22), 4341; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224341 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

A Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system, known for its contactless power delivery, is extensively used for power supply in spacecraft applications. Achieving efficient and stable power transfer necessitates the integration of DC/DC converters on both the primary and secondary sides of WPT systems for power conversion and control. Traditional efficiency optimization methods primarily focus on impedance matching within the wireless power resonance network, often neglecting the overall efficiency optimization of multi-stage DC-DC and WPT systems. This oversight results in suboptimal overall system efficiency despite optimal efficiency in the wireless transmission segment. Additionally, the time-varying nature of mutual inductance and load parameters during power transmission in WPT systems presents challenges for maximum efficiency tracking and power control. This paper introduces a multi-level coordinated control efficiency optimization method for WPT systems utilizing the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. This method takes into account the transmission losses across all power conversion units within the WPT system, establishing a mathematical model for the joint optimization of overall system transmission efficiency and power. The PSO algorithm is then employed to solve this optimization model using estimated mutual inductance and load values. By adjusting the DC/DC converters on both sides, the method ensures optimal overall system efficiency and consistent power transmission. Experimental results indicate that under varying load and mutual inductance conditions, a Series–Series (SS) compensated WPT system using this method achieves a 200 W power output with maximum efficiency tracking, a power output error of 0.63%, and an average transmission efficiency of 86.2%. This demonstrates superior power transmission stability and higher efficiency compared to traditional impedance matching methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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18 pages, 7017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Universal Model for Ultrasonic Energy Transmission in Various Media

by Yufei Ma, Yunan Jiang and Chong Li

Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6230; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196230 - 26 Sep 2024

Viewed by 655

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive model for ultrasonic energy transfer (UET) using a 33-mode piezoelectric transducer to advance wireless sensor powering in challenging environments. One of the advantages of UET is that it is not stoppable by electromagnetic shielding and can penetrate metal. Existing models focus on feasibility and numerical analysis but lack an effective link between input and output power in different media applications. The proposed model fills this gap by incorporating key factors of link loss, including resonant frequency, impedance matching, acoustic coupling, and boundary conditions, to predict energy transfer efficiency more accurately. The model is validated through numerical simulations and experimental tests in air, metal, and underwater environments. An error analysis has shown that the maximum error between theoretical and experimental responses is 3.11% (air), 27.37% (water), and 1.76% (aluminum). This research provides valuable insights into UET dynamics and offers practical guidelines for developing efficient wireless powering solutions for sensors in difficult-to-access or electromagnetically shielded conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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16 pages, 5499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Control of Constant Output Voltage and Maximum Efficiency in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

by Xu Wang, Yanjie Guo, Ruimin Wang and Yajing Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6546; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156546 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 634

Abstract

This article presents a coordinated control method used for wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This method can improve WPT system transmission efficiency while maintaining the constant output voltage. First, the topology of the DC–DC converter is selected and the equivalent circuit model of the WPT system is established. Then, the WPT system characteristics are discussed and the mutual inductance estimation process is presented. Furthermore, the coordinated control method is proposed, where the constant voltage output is achieved by connecting the Buck–Boost converter after the diode rectifier. Meanwhile, the optimal phase shift angle is calculated and sent to the controller to achieve maximum transmission efficiency tracking control, according to the measured load voltage and current. Finally, simulations and experiments are adopted to verify the proposed coordinated control method. The experimental results indicate that the average system transmission efficiency is increased by 1.80% and the efficiency fluctuation is decreased by 2.67% when the system load resistance varies, while the average system transmission efficiency is increased by 1.80%, and the efficiency fluctuation is decreased by 3.14% when the mutual inductance changes. This means the proposed coordinated control method is effective under the conditions of the WPT load and mutual inductance variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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22 pages, 4275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles: Active Load Impedance Matching and Its Impact on Efficiency, Cost and Size

by Nicolas Allali

Electronics 2024, 13(14), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13142720 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

This paper presents an advanced Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicles (EVs) featuring Active Load Impedance Matching (ALIM) at the rectification stage. Unlike traditional synchronous rectification, ALIM dynamically adjusts load impedance, optimizing energy transfer efficiency and reducing thermal stresses, system costs, and mass. The system incorporates two circuits optimized for distinct frequency bands: one operates below 10 kHz using standard copper wiring for cost-effectiveness, and the other at 85 kHz, which significantly reduces the mass of the onboard coil and magnetic circuit while ensuring interoperability according to SAE J2954 standard. Our approach enhances charging efficiency across various operating conditions, improves thermal management, and minimizes maintenance costs. Additionally, it enables partial compensation for vehicle misalignment and ground assembly impedance, further boosting efficiency and interoperability. Experimental results demonstrate a notable increase in efficiency and reduction in system mass, confirming the superiority of the ALIM-equipped WPT system over conventional solutions. This paper underscores the potential of ALIM to advance the scalability, efficiency, and economic viability of wireless EV charging technology, promoting broader adoption and sustainability in EV infrastructures. By providing a comprehensive solution that addresses key challenges in wireless charging, our work paves the way for more efficient and cost-effective EV charging systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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17 pages, 10972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Optimization of Coil for Transcutaneous Energy Transmission System

by Ruiming Wu, Haonan Li, Jiangyu Chen, Qi Le, Lijun Wang, Feng Huang and Yang Fu

Electronics 2024, 13(11), 2157; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112157 - 1 Jun 2024

Viewed by 961

Abstract

This article presents a coil couple-based transcutaneous energy transmission system (TETS) for wirelessly powering implanted artificial hearts. In the TETS, the performance of the system is commonly affected by the change in the position of the coupling coils, which are placed inside and outside the skin. However, to some extent, the influence of coupling efficiency caused by misalignment can be reduced by optimizing the coil. Thus, different types of coils are designed in this paper for comparison. It has been found that the curved coil better fits the surface of the skin and provides better performance for the TETS. Various types of curved coils have been designed in response to observed bending deformations, dislocations, and other coupling variations in the curved coil couple. The numerical model of the TETS is established to analyze the effects of the different types of coils. Subsequently, a series of experiments are designed to evaluate the resilience to misalignment and to verify the heating of the coil under conditions of severe coupling misalignment. The results indicated that, in the case of misalignment of the coils used in artificial hearts, the curved transmission coil demonstrated superior efficiency and lower temperature rise compared to the planar coil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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36 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessReview

Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles: A Survey and Comprehensive Guide

by Mohammad Rabih, Maen Takruri, Mohammad Al-Hattab, Amal A. Alnuaimi and Mouza R. Bin Thaleth

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030118 - 19 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 9479

Abstract

This study compiles, reviews, and discusses the relevant history, present status, and growing trends in wireless electric vehicle charging. Various reported concepts, technologies, and available literature are discussed in this paper. The literature can be divided into two main groups: those that discuss the technical aspects and those that discuss the operations and systems involved in wireless electric vehicle charging systems. There may be an overlap of discussion in some studies. However, there is no single study that combines all the relevant topics into a guide for researchers, policymakers, and government entities. With the growing interest in wireless charging in the electric vehicle industry, this study aims to promote efforts to realize wireless power transfer in electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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24 pages, 4885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Deep Transfer Learning-Based Network for Diagnosing Minor Faults in the Production of Wireless Chargers

by Yuping Wang, Weidong Li and Honghui Zhu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11514; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011514 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1298

Abstract

Wireless charger production is critical to energy storage, and effective fault diagnosis of bearings and gears is essential to ensure wireless charging performance with high efficiency, high tolerance to misalignment, and thermal safety. As minor faults are usually difficult to detect, timely diagnosis and detection of minor faults can prevent the fault from worsening and ensure the safety of wireless charging systems. Diagnosing minor faults in bearings and gears with data is a useful but difficult task. To achieve a satisfactory diagnosis of minor faults in the production of wireless charging systems related to the mechanical system that produces wireless charging devices, such as robot arms, this paper proposes a deep learning network based on CNN and LSTM (DTLCL). The method uses deep learning network, model-based transfer learning and range adaptation technology. First, a deep neural network is built to extract significant fault features. Second, the deep transfer network is initialised using model-based transfer learning with a good starting point. Finally, range adaptation using the maximum mean discrepancy between the features learned from the source and target ranges is realised by a multi-layer adaptive technology. The effectiveness of the method was verified using actual measurement data. The training time is 19 s, and the accuracy exceeds 94.5%. The explanation results show that the proposed DTLCL method provides higher accuracy and robust identification of smaller errors compared to the current combination of integrated and single non-transmission models. Due to its data-driven nature, the DTLCL method could be used for fault diagnosis of bearings and gears, which would further promote the application process of wireless charging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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17 pages, 5534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Foreign Object Detection Using Passive Inductive Sensors in a Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles

by Uwe Hentschel, Martin Helwig, Anja Winkler and Niels Modler

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(9), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090241 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1455

Abstract

During wireless charging of the traction battery of electrically powered vehicles, the active area between the ground and vehicle assemblies must be monitored for inductive power transfer. If metallic foreign objects enter this area, they interact with the magnetic field and can heat up strongly, and thus become a potential source of hazard. To detect such foreign objects, measurements based on passive inductive sensors have already been carried out in advance. However, a large number of factors influence the detectability of metallic foreign objects, such as the characteristics of the magnetic field of the ground assembly coil, the size, shape, position, orientation, and material composition of the foreign objects, or the design of the sensor coils. The related practical testing effort can be reduced if the characteristics of the charging system and the foreign object detection system can be simulated. Therefore, simulation models were developed within the scope of this work and validated with the help of practical measurements. These models were used in the next step to analyze new test arrangements that had not yet been investigated by measurement. In the simulations described here, precision in the range of 1 mV could be achieved. Cumulatively, many influencing factors can be easily investigated, and results can be generated in a largely automated manner and typically in a wider variety than with practical measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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43 pages, 6315 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Capacitive Power Transfer Technology for Electric Vehicle Applications

by Jiantao Zhang, Shunyu Yao, Liangyi Pan, Ying Liu and Chunbo Zhu

Electronics 2023, 12(16), 3534; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12163534 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2173

Abstract

Electric Vehicle (EV) wireless power transfer technology is an excellent solution to propel EVs forward. The existing wireless power transfer technology for EVs based on Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) technology has the drawbacks of large size, high weight, and high eddy current loss, limiting the further application of this technology. Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) technology, with its advantages of low cost and light weight, has attracted widespread focus in recent years and has great potential in the field of EV wireless power transfer. This paper begins with the principle of CPT, introduces the potential and development history of CPT technology in the field of EV wireless power transfer, and then reviews the coupling mechanism and resonance compensation network of the CPT system to satisfy the requirements of EV wireless power transfer, including the coupling mechanism of EV static power transfer and dynamic power transfer, and the high-performance resonance compensation network to the requirements of EV wireless power transfer. Finally, this paper reviews the existing problems of CPT technology in the field of EV wireless power transfer and summarizes its future development directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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17 pages, 13570 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on Key Technologies and Development of Magnetic Coupling Resonant-Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for Unmanned Ground Vehicles

by Feifan Xu, Shuguang Wei, Dong Yuan and Jiaqi Li

Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061506 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1827

Abstract

With the fast development of magnetic coupling resonant-dynamic wireless power transfer (MCR-DWPT), it is more likely that high-efficiency wireless charging between unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) will be practically realized, especially in desolate places that are far away from a city center or charging depot and always experiencing large load fluctuations, varying operating conditions, and complex working targets. Based on this, the wireless charging of UGVs demands higher reliability and efficiency. This paper reviews the MCR-DWPT system of UGVs, and the basic structure and key technologies are introduced. Then, the key technologies, which include the coupling device design, compensation topology design, and system control strategy, are discussed in detail. After that, by considering the current research, the main challenges of the MCR-DWPT of UGVs are investigated and its developing prospects are explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Wireless Charging Technology)

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Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.5	5.3	2011	17.8 Days	CHF 2400
Batteries batteries	4.6	4.0	2015	22 Days	CHF 2700
Electricity electricity	-	4.8	2020	27.2 Days	CHF 1000
Electronics electronics	2.6	5.3	2012	16.8 Days	CHF 2400
Sensors sensors	3.4	7.3	2001	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
World Electric Vehicle Journal wevj	2.6	4.5	2007	15.7 Days	CHF 1400
Technologies technologies	4.2	6.7	2013	24.6 Days	CHF 1600
Chips chips	-	-	2022	15.0 days *	CHF 1000

* Median value for all MDPI journals in the first half of 2024.

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