CO₂ Capture and Renewable Energy

The flexible operation of carbon capture units is crucial for the economic performance of coal-fired power plants equipped with CO₂ capture systems. This paper aims to investigate the impact of electricity, CO₂, and fuel prices on the economic operation of such plants. A novel economic optimization model is proposed, integrating a static model of the carbon capture system with a particle swarm optimization algorithm. A new concept, the CO₂ boundary price, is introduced as a key metric for determining the operating conditions of CO₂ capture units. The CO₂ boundary price rises when the power load decreases due to the decline in power generation efficiency, and it also increases with rising fuel prices, as the cost of steam for CO₂ capture increases. Additionally, when the objective is to meet power load demand, CO₂ prices have a great influence on the operation of CO₂ capture units, assuming fixed coal and electricity prices. However, when the primary goal is to maximize plant profitability, the system’s operational conditions are strongly influenced by the relative prices of electricity and CO₂. The proposed optimization model and the uncovered price-effect mechanisms provide valuable insights into the economic operation of carbon capture power plants. Full article

This study offers a detailed techno-economic assessment of Carbon Capture (CC) integration in an existing Waste-to-Energy (WtE) incineration plant, focusing on retrofit application. Post-combustion carbon capture using monoethanolamine (MEA) was modeled for various low-scale plant sizes (3000, 6000, and 12,000 t of CO₂ per year), using a process simulator, highlighting the feasibility and implications of retrofitting a WtE incineration plant with CC technology. The comprehensive analysis covers the design of the CC plant and a detailed cost evaluation. Capture costs range from 156 EUR/t to 90 EUR/t of CO₂. Additionally, integrating the CO₂ capture system reduces the overall plant absolute efficiency from 22.7% (without carbon capture) to 22.4%, 22.1%, and 21.5% for the different capture capacities. This research fills a gap in studying small-scale CC applications for the WtE incineration plants, providing critical insights for similar retrofit projects. Full article

The article presents carbon capture and storage, CCS, as a climate change mitigation method. Many industrial processes, such as the manufacture of cement, the metallurgical industry, and the production of electricity from fossil fuels, produce large CO₂ quantities. Carbon capture and storage is a method for these industrial areas to become carbon neutral for the environment. To combat climate change, the EU wants to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, and this goal, along with an intermediate goal of reducing emissions by 55% by 2030, is enshrined in the European Climate Law. The EU has launched various initiatives to achieve these goals, one of which is the ‘Fit for 55’ legislation. The first step that countries wanting to apply these technologies must take is the evaluation of the underground CO₂ storage potential. The potential for CO₂ storage in the depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs in Oltenia, one of the eight regions of Romania, makes it possible to develop safe long-term storage projects for the neighboring power plants currently producing energy from burning coal or hydrocarbons. The results of dynamic simulations of CO₂ storage in one of these geological structures, Bradesti, which hosts depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, using a numerical simulator are successfully presented for the neighboring Isalnita Power Plant. In this case, the impact on the environment and climate will be minimal and in alignment with the European Union’s long-term objectives. Our study also opens the path for future similar analyses. Full article

Addressing the environmental challenges posed by CO₂ emissions is crucial for mitigating global warming and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. This study compares CO₂ storage (CCS) and utilization (CCU) technologies, highlighting the benefits of integrating captured CO₂ into fuel production. This paper focuses on various carbon utilization routes such as Power-to-Gas via the Sabatier reaction, indirect production of DME, and Power-to-Fuel technologies. The maturity of these technologies is evaluated using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) method, identifying the advancements needed for future implementation. Additionally, global regulations and policies surrounding carbon capture and storage are reviewed to provide context for their current status. The study emphasizes the potential of CCU technologies to reduce future CO₂ emissions by converting captured CO₂ into valuable fuels and chemicals, thus supporting the transition to a sustainable energy system. The findings indicate that while CCS technologies are more mature, promising CCU technologies can significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions if green hydrogen becomes more affordable. This research underscores the importance of further technological development and economic evaluation to enhance the feasibility and adoption of CCU technologies in the pursuit of long-term environmental sustainability. Full article

The cement industry is regarded as one of the primary producers of world carbon emissions; hence, lowering its carbon emissions is vital for fostering the development of a low-carbon economy. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies play significant roles in sectors dominated by fossil energy. This study aimed to address issues such as high exhaust gas volume, low CO₂ concentration, high pollutant content, and difficulty in carbon capture during cement production by combining traditional cement production processes with cryogenic air separation technology and CO₂ purification and compression technology. Aspen Plus^® was used to create the production model in its entirety, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted on pertinent production parameters. The findings demonstrate that linking the oxygen-enriched combustion process with the cement manufacturing process may decrease the exhaust gas flow by 54.62%, raise the CO₂ mass fraction to 94.83%, cut coal usage by 30%, and considerably enhance energy utilization efficiency. An exergy analysis showed that the exergy efficiency of the complete kiln system was risen by 17.56% compared to typical manufacturing procedures. However, the cryogenic air separation system had a relatively low exergy efficiency in the subsidiary subsystems, while the clinker cooling system and flue gas circulation system suffered significant exergy efficiency losses. The rotary kiln system, which is the main source of the exergy losses, also had low exergy efficiency in the traditional production process. Full article

In the realm of Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) power plants, it is crucial to prioritize the mitigation of CO₂ emissions to ensure environmental sustainability. The integration of post-combustion carbon capture technologies plays a pivotal role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions enhancing the NGCC’s environmental profile by minimizing its carbon footprint. This research paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the integration of solar thermal energy into the Besmaya Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) power plant, located in Baghdad, Iraq. Leveraging advanced process simulation and modeling techniques employing Aspen Plus software, the study aims to evaluate the performance and feasibility of augmenting the existing NGCC facility with solar assistance for post-carbon capture. The primary objective of this research is to conduct a thorough simulation of the Besmaya NGCC power plant under its current operational conditions, thereby establishing a baseline for subsequent analyses. Subsequently, a solar-assisted post-combustion capture (PCC) plant is simulated and seamlessly integrated into the existing power infrastructure. To accurately estimate solar thermal power potential at the Baghdad coordinates, the System Advisor Model (SAM) is employed. The integration of solar thermal energy into the NGCC power plant is meticulously examined, and the resulting hybrid system’s technical viability and performance metrics are rigorously evaluated. The paper contributes to the field by providing valuable insights into the technical feasibility and potential benefits of incorporating solar thermal energy into conventional natural gas power generation infrastructure, particularly in the context of the Besmaya NGCC plant in Baghdad. The power generation capacity of the plant was set at 750 MW. With this capacity, the annual CO₂ generation was estimated at 2,119,318 tonnes/year which was reduced to 18,064 tonnes/year (a 99% reduction). The findings aim to inform future decisions in the pursuit of sustainable and efficient energy solutions, addressing both environmental concerns and energy security in the region. Full article

Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is considered one of the most promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) concepts aimed at reducing greenhouse gases for the transportation and power generation sectors. RCCI combustion mode is achieved by combining different fuel types with low and high temperatures. The aim of this study is to investigate combustion characteristics and reduce nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. In this experimental study, the effects of the RCCI strategy using methanol/diesel fuel on combustion characteristics (ignition delay, combustion duration), engine performance (brake-specific fuel consumption and brake-specific energy consumption), and emissions were examined in a four-cylinder, turbocharged, dual-fuel engine. The experiments were conducted at a constant speed of 1750 rpm at partial loads (40 Nm, 60 Nm, 80 Nm, and 100 Nm). The test results obtained with diesel fuel were compared with the test results obtained with methanol at different mass flow rates. When the results were examined, the minimum ignition delay (ID) occurred at 40 Nm torque, 5.63 crank angle (CA) with M12 fuel, while the maximum ID occurred with M26 fuel at 80 Nm torque, showing an increasing trend as engine load (EL) increased. The highest combustion time (CD) was achieved with M26 fuel at 100 Nm torque, whereas the lowest was achieved with the same fuel (M26) at 40 Nm. While the minimum brake-specific fuel consumption (bsfc) was 45.9 g/kWh for conventional diesel fuel at 40 Nm, the highest bsfc was 104.88 g/kWh for 100 Nm with M26 fuel. Generally, bsfc tends to increase with increasing load. Brake-specific energy consumption (bsec) had the lowest value of 1950.58 kJ/kWh with conventional diesel fuel at 40 Nm and the highest value of 4034.69 kJ/kWh with M26 fuel at 100 Nm. As the methanol content increased, significant improvements were observed in (NO_x) and (CO₂) emissions, while hydrocarbon (HC) and oxygen (O₂) emissions increased as well. Smoke emissions decreased at low loads but tended to increase at high loads. Full article

In this paper, we use the literature to help us better understand carbon capture costs and how these estimates fare against those of avoided costs, focusing on bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS), carbon capture and storage (CCS), as well as direct air capture technologies. We approach these questions from a meta-analysis perspective. The analysis uses meta-analysis tools while applying them to numerical rather than statistical studies. Our analysis shows that avoided costs are, on average, 17.4% higher than capture costs and that the carbon intensity of the feedstock matters: the estimates for coal-based electricity generation capture costs are statistically smaller than those for natural gas or air. From a policy perspective, the literature suggests that the costs of CCS are like the 45Q subsidy of USD 50 per metric ton of carbon captured. Full article

Waste concrete powder (WCP) is emerging as a potential method of adoption for CO₂ sequestration due to its ability to chemically react with carbon dioxide and trap it within its structure. This study explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) to maximize the absorption of CO₂ from waste concrete powder generated by recycling plants for building and demolition debris. Initially, a model is developed to assess CO₂ uptake according to carbonation time (CT) and water-to-solid ratio (WSR), utilizing the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modeling approach. Subsequently, the MPA is employed to estimate the optimal values for CT and WSR, thereby maximizing CO₂ uptake. A significant improvement in modeling accuracy is evident when the ANOVA method is replaced with ANFIS, leading to a substantial increase of approximately 19% in the coefficient of determination (R-squared) from 0.84, obtained through ANOVA, to an impressive 0.9999 obtained through the implementation of ANFIS; furthermore, the utilization of ANFIS yields a substantial reduction in the root mean square error (RMSE) from 1.96, as indicated by ANOVA, to an impressively low value of 0.0102 with ANFIS. The integration of ANFIS and MPA demonstrates impressive results, with a nearly 30% increase in the percentage value of CO₂ uptake. The highest CO₂ uptake of 3.86% was achieved when the carbonation time was 54.3 h, and the water-to-solid ratio was 0.27. This study highlights the potential of AI and the MPA as effective tools for optimizing CO₂ absorption from waste concrete powder, contributing to sustainable waste management practices in the construction industry. Full article

Particulate matter (PM) is a major pollutant in the exhaust of marine diesel engines, which seriously endangers human health and the atmospheric environment, and how to reduce particulate matter emissions from marine engines has become a key research direction in the field of environmental protection and diesel engines. In this study, we analyzed the components and sources of PM from marine engines and conducted tests on the performance of Wärtsilä 20DF Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) catalysts to verify the capture efficiency, gaseous pollutant removal rate, regeneration effect and the relationship between carbon loading and pressure loss of DPF catalysts in the context of Tier III emission regulations. The results showed that PM emissions of 20DF in diesel mode after adding the DPF system meet the requirements of the regulatory limit, but the pressure drop of the engine increases after adding the DPF system. Therefore, numerical simulation was used to optimize the DPF structure by evaluating the system velocity field, flow field distribution uniformity and system pressure drop to improve the pressure drop. Full article

The integration of variable renewable energy sources in islands has become crucial in reducing their dependency on imported fossil fuels. This study aimed to assess the energy transition of an island towards a 100% renewable energy system for power generation, inland transport, and potable water provision. Linking various fossil-fuel-consuming sectors, such as transport and potable water supply systems, may strongly assist in reducing the possible mismatch between renewable energy source production and demand and contribute to fulfilling other system requirements. The use of energy storage technologies is vital and unlike traditional power systems; as the number of components in the system increases, their proper capacity needs to be accurately determined. This work employs a multi-objective optimization assessment using a modified NSGA-II algorithm to depict the energy transition for Porto Santo Island. To evaluate the solutions, we considered the main criteria of energy cost, avoided environmental impacts (CO₂-equivalent emissions) of the proposed system, and loss of power supply. The Pareto front contains various solutions under different system configurations. Results indicate that full inland transport electrification (introducing 3000 EVs) can account for 18% of the avoided CO₂ emissions of the island while sharing 28–40% of the up-front cost of the system, depending on the proposed system’s components. The EV’s costs incorporate subsidies and their battery replacement. Another interesting finding from the optimization process is that the solution with the highest avoided CO₂ emissions involves keeping a diesel generator for supplying 4% of the island’s total demand and using an underwater compressed air energy storage with a capacity of 280 MWh. This suggests that adding more installed wind turbines or PV panels may not necessarily contribute to reducing the emissions of the entire system. Full article

With the gradual depletion of fossil energy sources and the improvement in environmental protection attention, efficient use of energy and reduction in carbon emissions have become urgent issues. The integrated electricity and heating energy system (IEHS) is a significant solution to reduce the proportion of fossil fuel and carbon emissions. In this paper, a stochastic optimization model of the IEHS considering the uncertainty of wind power (WP) output and carbon capture power plants (CCPs) is proposed. The WP output in the IEHS is represented by stochastic scenarios, and the scenarios are reduced by fast scenario reduction to obtain typical scenarios. Then, the conventional thermal power plants are modified with CCPs, and the CCPs are equipped with flue gas bypass systems and solution storage to form the integrated and flexible operation mode of CCPs. Furthermore, based on the different load demand responses (DRs) in the IEHS, the optimization model of the IEHS with a CCP is constructed. Finally, the results show that with the proposed optimization model and shunt-type CCP, the integrated operation approach allows for a better reduction in carbon capture costs and carbon emissions. Full article

The base of solar collector systems is usually installed in soil that contains moisture. In cold regions, due to the low ambient temperature, the moisture in the soil freezes, creating a risk of frost heave. This study analyzed the frost heave mechanism of power transmission and transformation foundation, clarified the factors affecting soil frost heave and the way to solve soil layer frost heave, and proposed the use of heat transfer elements to pre-frozen soil layers to prevent the foundation of the solar collector system from freezing. A numerical model of the ground heat exchange pipes in soil was established. The effects of different soil types, soil moisture content, and the effective radius and operating time on the heat transfer performance of the system were investigated by the verified numerical model. The results show that the heat pipe pre-freezing technology can reduce the drop in soil temperature, thereby increasing the temperature difference between the ground heat exchange pipe and the far-field soil. In terms of the ability to delay the decline in soil temperature, reducing the water content and selecting certain clays can increase the degree and speed of the drop in soil temperature. Full article

Ammonium, imidazole, or pyridinium functionalized β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) were used as efficient one-component bifunctional catalysts for the coupling reaction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and epoxide without the addition of solvent and metal. The influence of different catalysts and reaction parameters on the catalytic performance were examined in detail. Under optimal conditions, Im-CD1-I catalysts functionalized with imidazole groups were able to convert various epoxides into target products with high selectivity and good conversion rates. The one-component bifunctional catalysts can also be recovered easily by filtration and reused at least for five times with only slight decrease in catalytic performance. Finally, a possible process for hydroxyl group-assisted ring-opening of epoxide and functionalized group- induced activation of CO₂ was presented. Full article

Bioadsorbent, obtained as a result of the processing of bio-waste, has recently gained popularity as a material that adsorbs greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide. Bio-waste, mainly residues from food industry operations, is a waste to be landfilled or composted and can be a potential substrate for bioadsorbent production. Bioadsorbents used for carbon capture must, above all, have low production costs and high adsorption efficiency. This review covers popular bioadsorbents that have been tested for their ability to adsorb carbon dioxide. The paper compares bioadsorbent production methods, physicochemical properties, adsorption isotherms, surfaces, and their porosity. There is a lack of data in the literature on the topic of carbon dioxide adsorption on large-scale plants in the target environment. Therefore, further research needs to fill in the gaps to identify the promised potential of these bioadsorbents. Full article

Natural gas (NG) requires treatment to eliminate sulphur compounds and acid gases, including carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), to ensure that it meets the sale and transportation specifications. Depending on the region the gas is obtained from, the concentrations of acid gases could reach up to 90%. Different technologies are available to capture CO₂ and H₂S from NG and absorb them with chemical or physical solvents; occasionally, a mixture of physical and chemical solvents is employed to achieve the desired results. Nonetheless, chemical absorption is the most reliable and utilised technology worldwide. Unfortunately, the high energy demand for solvent regeneration in stripping columns presents an obstacle. Consequently, the present study proposes a novel, ternary-hybrid mixture of N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), amino ethyl ethanol amine (AEEA), and N-methyl 2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to overcome the issue and reduce the reboiler duty. The study employed high levels of CO₂ (45%) and H₂S (1%) as the base case, while the simulation was performed with the Aspen HYSYS^® V12.1 software to evaluate different parameters that affect the reboiler duty in the acid gas removal unit (AGRU). The simulation was first validated, and the parameters recorded errors below 5%. As the temperature increased from 35 °C to 70 °C, the molar flow of the CO₂ and H₂S in sweet gas also rose. Nevertheless, the pressure demonstrated an opposite trend, where elevating the pressure from 1000 kPa to 8000 kPa diminished the molar flow of acid gases in the sweet gas. Furthermore, a lower flow rate was required to achieve the desired specification of sweet gas using a ternary-hybrid blend, due to the presence of a higher physical solvent concentration in the hybrid solvent, thus necessitating 64.2% and 76.8%, respectively, less reboiler energy than the MDEA and MDEA + AEEA. Full article