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Materials, Volume 14, Issue 16 (August-2 2021) – 423 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The strain field offers crucial information regarding lattice distortion and phase transformation in the native state or under external perturbation. It is well defined in the continuum limit to measure the deformation, which can be alternatively calculated from the arrangement of atoms in discrete lattices through methods such as geometrical phase analysis from transmission electron imaging, bond distortion or virial stress from atomic structures obtained from molecular simulations. In this paper, these methods are evaluated for the representative problems including structural distortion near defects, dislocations, and the process of fracture where inhomogeneous strain is built up locally. View this paper
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15 pages, 7004 KiB  
Article
Strain Rate Effect upon Mechanical Behaviour of Hydrogen-Charged Cycled NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
by Fehmi Gamaoun
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4772; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164772 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2277
Abstract
The rate dependence of thermo-mechanical responses of superelastic NiTi with different imposed strain rates after cycling from 1 to 50 cycles under applied 10−5s−1, 10−4s−1 and 10−3s−1 strain rates, immersion for 3 h [...] Read more.
The rate dependence of thermo-mechanical responses of superelastic NiTi with different imposed strain rates after cycling from 1 to 50 cycles under applied 10−5s−1, 10−4s−1 and 10−3s−1 strain rates, immersion for 3 h and ageing has been investigated. The loaded and unloaded as-received NiTi alloy under an imposed strain of 7.1% have shown an increase in the residual deformation at zero stress with an increase in strain rates. It has been found that after 13 cycles and hydrogen charging, the amount of absorbed hydrogen (291 mass ppm) was sufficient to cause the embrittlement of the tensile loaded NiTi alloy with 10−5s−1. However, no premature fracture has been detected for the imposed strain rates of 10−4s−1 and 10−3s−1. Nevertheless, after 18 cycles and immersion for 3 h, the fracture has occurred in the plateau of the austenite martensite transformation during loading with 10−4s−1. Despite the higher quantity of absorbed hydrogen, the loaded specimen with a higher imposed strain rate of 10−3s−1 has kept its superelasticity behaviour, even after 20 cycles. We attribute such a behaviour to the interaction between the travelling distance during the growth of the martensitic domains while introducing the martensite phase and the amount of diffused hydrogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys: 2022)
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12 pages, 4987 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Displacement of Thin-Walled Workpiece Using a High-Speed Camera during Peripheral Milling of Aluminum Alloys
by Jakub Czyżycki, Paweł Twardowski and Natalia Znojkiewicz
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4771; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164771 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2390
Abstract
The paper presents the possibilities of a high-speed camera in recording displacements of thin-walled workpiece during milling made of aluminum alloys, which allowed for an analysis in which it was compared to other methods of testing the deflection of such elements. The tests [...] Read more.
The paper presents the possibilities of a high-speed camera in recording displacements of thin-walled workpiece during milling made of aluminum alloys, which allowed for an analysis in which it was compared to other methods of testing the deflection of such elements. The tests were carried out during peripheral milling with constant cutting parameters. Deflection of thin-walled workpiece due to cutting forces was measured using a high-speed camera and a laser displacement sensor. Additionally, the experimental results were compared with the theoretical results obtained with the use of the finite element method. The research proved the effectiveness of the use of high-speed camera in diagnostics of thin-walled workpieces during milling with an accuracy of up to 11% compared to measurements made with a displacement laser sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Modern Technologies of Material Machining in Cutting and Abrasive Processes)
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13 pages, 5878 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of 3D Printable Bronze PLA-Based Filament Composites for Gaskets
by Marcela Sava, Ramona Nagy and Karoly Menyhardt
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164770 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2628
Abstract
Composite materials can be tailored for various properties, but the manufacturing process can be quite lengthy depending on the complexity of the final product. Instead, we focused our attention on the relatively new technology of additive manufacturing (3D printing) that can produce complex [...] Read more.
Composite materials can be tailored for various properties, but the manufacturing process can be quite lengthy depending on the complexity of the final product. Instead, we focused our attention on the relatively new technology of additive manufacturing (3D printing) that can produce complex geometries for a limited number of samples. Due to the weak bond between successive printed layers, these objects will have weaker mechanical properties in relation to cast or sintered materials. Thus, the orientation of the printed layers can make a huge difference in the behavior of the products. In this paper, a 3D printed composite made from bronze-filled PLA is mechanically characterized in order to be used as a substitute for sintered compacted bronze products for compression loads. Thus, cylindrical samples grown with the base horizontally and vertically were subjected to compression loads to determine their stress-strain curves at room temperature as well as in the glass transition region. Due to a lack of published research in this area, this study offers an insight into the usability of bronze-filled PLA for gaskets or other objects subjected to compression loads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Structure and Properties Modification in Additive Manufacturing)
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19 pages, 4269 KiB  
Article
Simulations of the Ultra-Fast Kinetics in Ni-Si-C Ternary Systems under Laser Irradiation
by Salvatore Sanzaro, Corrado Bongiorno, Paolo Badalà, Anna Bassi, Ioannis Deretzis, Marius Enachescu, Giovanni Franco, Giuseppe Fisicaro, Patrizia Vasquez, Alessandra Alberti and Antonino La Magna
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164769 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
We present a method for the simulation of the kinetic evolution in the sub µs timescale for composite materials containing regions occupied by alloys, compounds, and mixtures belonging to the Ni-Si-C ternary system. Pulsed laser irradiation (pulses of the order of 100 ns) [...] Read more.
We present a method for the simulation of the kinetic evolution in the sub µs timescale for composite materials containing regions occupied by alloys, compounds, and mixtures belonging to the Ni-Si-C ternary system. Pulsed laser irradiation (pulses of the order of 100 ns) promotes this evolution. The simulation approach is formulated in the framework of the phase-field theory and it consists of a system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs), which considers as variables the following fields: the laser electro-magnetic field, the temperature, the phase-field and the material (Ni, Si, C, C clusters and Ni-silicides) densities. The model integrates a large set of materials and reaction parameters which could also self-consistently depend on the model variables. A parameter calibration is also proposed, specifically suited for the wavelength of a widely used class of excimer lasers (λ = 308 nm). The model is implemented on a proprietary laser annealing technology computer-aided design (TCAD) tool based on the finite element method (FEM). This integration allows, in principle, numerical solutions in systems of any dimension. Here we discuss the complex simulation trend in the one-dimensional case, considering as a starting state, thin films on 4H-SiC substrates, i.e., a configuration reproducing a technologically relevant case study. Simulations as a function of the laser energy density show an articulated scenario, also induced by the variables’ dependency of the materials’ parameters, for the non-melting, partial-melting and full-melting process conditions. The simulation results are validated by post-process experimental analyses of the microstructure and composition of the irradiated samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue SiC Materials and Applications)
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11 pages, 10549 KiB  
Article
Direct One-Step Growth of Bimetallic Ni2Mo3N on Ni Foam as an Efficient Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst
by Sang Heon Park, Soon Hyung Kang and Duck Hyun Youn
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4768; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164768 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3339
Abstract
A simple and economical synthetic route for direct one-step growth of bimetallic Ni2Mo3N nanoparticles on Ni foam substrate (Ni2Mo3N/NF) and its catalytic performance during an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are reported. The Ni2Mo [...] Read more.
A simple and economical synthetic route for direct one-step growth of bimetallic Ni2Mo3N nanoparticles on Ni foam substrate (Ni2Mo3N/NF) and its catalytic performance during an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are reported. The Ni2Mo3N/NF catalyst was obtained by annealing a mixture of a Mo precursor, Ni foam, and urea at 600 °C under N2 flow using one-pot synthesis. Moreover, the Ni2Mo3N/NF exhibited high OER activity with low overpotential values (336.38 mV at 50 mA cm−2 and 392.49 mV at 100 mA cm−2) and good stability for 5 h in Fe-purified alkaline electrolyte. The Ni2Mo3N nanoparticle surfaces converted into amorphous surface oxide species during the OER, which might be attributed to the OER activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanostructured Catalysts)
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18 pages, 2422 KiB  
Review
Lateral Formwork Pressure for Self-Compacting Concrete—A Review of Prediction Models and Monitoring Technologies
by Yaser Gamil, Jonny Nilimaa, Mats Emborg and Andrzej Cwirzen
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4767; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164767 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3664
Abstract
The maximum amount of lateral formwork pressure exerted by self-compacting concrete is essential to design a technically correct, cost-effective, safe, and robust formwork. A common practice of designing formwork is primarily based on using the hydrostatic pressure. However, several studies have proven that [...] Read more.
The maximum amount of lateral formwork pressure exerted by self-compacting concrete is essential to design a technically correct, cost-effective, safe, and robust formwork. A common practice of designing formwork is primarily based on using the hydrostatic pressure. However, several studies have proven that the maximum pressure is lower, thus potentially enabling a reduction in the cost of formwork by, for example, optimizing the casting rate. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding formwork pressure, parameters affecting the maximum pressure, prediction models, monitoring technologies and test setups. The currently used pressure predicting models require further improvement to consider several pressures influencing parameters, including parameters related to fresh and mature material properties, mix design and casting methods. This study found that the maximum pressure is significantly affected by the concretes’ structural build-up at rest, which depends on concrete rheology, temperature, hydration rate and setting time. The review indicates a need for more in-depth studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete and Construction Materials)
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21 pages, 8763 KiB  
Article
Modeling the Average and Instantaneous Friction Coefficient of a Disc Brake on the Basis of Bench Tests
by Wojciech Sawczuk, Armando Miguel Rilo Cañás, Dariusz Ulbrich and Jakub Kowalczyk
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164766 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3022
Abstract
This article presents the results of tests conducted on the average and instantaneous friction coefficients of railway vehicle disc brakes. The tests were carried out independently of various states of wear on the friction linings and the brake disc. The requirements of the [...] Read more.
This article presents the results of tests conducted on the average and instantaneous friction coefficients of railway vehicle disc brakes. The tests were carried out independently of various states of wear on the friction linings and the brake disc. The requirements of the International Union of Railways (UIC) regarding the approval of brake linings for use were taken into account. Based on many years of research using a brake bench to test railway disc brakes, the authors developed multiple regression models for the average friction coefficient and fluctuations (tolerances) in the instantaneous friction coefficient and achieved 870 results. The models proposed three types of variables: the input braking parameters (speed, pressure, and mass to be braked), operational parameters (the wear on the friction linings and the brake disc), and design parameters (perforations in the form of holes on the disc surface). The above two models were validated on the basis of 384 brakes, and in subsequent stages a further evaluation was performed. The coefficients were determined to be, respectively, 0.99 for the model of the average friction coefficient and 0.71 for the model of tolerance (fluctuations) of the instantaneous friction coefficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear of Materials Surfaces)
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16 pages, 3550 KiB  
Article
A Green, Simple and Facile Way to Synthesize Silver Nanoparticles Using Soluble Starch. pH Studies and Antimicrobial Applications
by Bogdan Pascu, Adina Negrea, Mihaela Ciopec, Narcis Duteanu, Petru Negrea, Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş, Corina Seiman, Eleonora Marian and Otilia Micle
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4765; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164765 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3440
Abstract
Along with the progress of nanoscience and nanotechnology came the means to synthesize nanometric scale materials. While changing their physical and chemical properties, they implicitly changed their application area. The aim of this paper was the synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs by [...] Read more.
Along with the progress of nanoscience and nanotechnology came the means to synthesize nanometric scale materials. While changing their physical and chemical properties, they implicitly changed their application area. The aim of this paper was the synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs by ultrasonic disruption), using soluble starch as a reducing agent and further as a stabilizing agent for produced Ag-NPs. In this context, an important parameter for Ag-NPs preparation is the pH, which can determine the particle size and stability. The physical-chemical behavior of the synthesized Ag-NPs (shape, size, dispersion, electric charge) is strongly influenced by the pH value (experiment being conducted for pH values in the range between 8 and 13). The presence of a peak located at 412 nm into the UV-VIS spectra demonstrates the presence of silver nano-spheres into the produced material. In UV/VIS spectra, we observed a specific peak for yellow silver nano-spheres located at 412 nm. Samples characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy, SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDX, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and FT-IR. For all Ag-NP samples, we determined the zeta and observed that the Ag-NP particles obtained at higher pH and have better stability. Due to the intrinsic therapeutic properties and broad antimicrobial spectrum, silver nanoparticles have opened new horizons and new approaches for the control of different types of infections and wound healing abilities. In this context, the present study also aims to confirm the antimicrobial effect of prepared Ag-NPs against several bacterial strains (indicator and clinically isolated strains). In this way, it was confirmed that the antimicrobial activity of synthesized Ag-NPs was good against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and S. aureus MSSA) and Escherichia coli (ATTC 25922 and clinically isolated strain). Based on this observation, we conclude that the prepared Ag-NPs can represent an alternative or auxiliary material used for controlling important nosocomial pathogens. The fungal reference strain Candida albicans was more sensitive at Ag-NPs actions (zone of inhibition = 20 mm) compared with the clinically isolated strain (zone of inhibition = 10 mm), which emphasizes the greater resistance of fungal strains at antimicrobial agent’s action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption and Desorption Behavior for Rare Earth Metal Ions)
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22 pages, 11835 KiB  
Article
Using the Stochastic Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithm on Estimating of Reactivity Ratios
by Iosif Sorin Fazakas-Anca, Arina Modrea and Sorin Vlase
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164764 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2540
Abstract
This paper describes an improved method of calculating reactivity ratios by applying the neuronal networks optimization algorithm, named gradient descent. The presented method is integral and has been compared to the following existing methods: Fineman–Ross, Tidwell–Mortimer, Kelen–Tüdös, extended Kelen–Tüdös and Error in Variable [...] Read more.
This paper describes an improved method of calculating reactivity ratios by applying the neuronal networks optimization algorithm, named gradient descent. The presented method is integral and has been compared to the following existing methods: Fineman–Ross, Tidwell–Mortimer, Kelen–Tüdös, extended Kelen–Tüdös and Error in Variable Methods. A comparison of the reactivity ratios that obtained different levels of conversions was made based on the Fisher criterion. The new calculation method for reactivity ratios shows better results than these other methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collection of Papers in Material Science from Romania)
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16 pages, 4660 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Rhenium-Containing Effluents Using Environmentally Friendly Sorbent, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biomass
by Inga Zinicovscaia, Nikita Yushin, Dmitrii Grozdov, Konstantin Vergel, Pavel Nekhoroshkov and Elena Rodlovskaya
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4763; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164763 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2112
Abstract
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass was applied for rhenium and accompanying elements (copper and molybdenum) removal from single- and multi-component systems (Re, Re-Mo, Re-Cu, and Re-Mo-Cu). Yeast biomass was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of [...] Read more.
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass was applied for rhenium and accompanying elements (copper and molybdenum) removal from single- and multi-component systems (Re, Re-Mo, Re-Cu, and Re-Mo-Cu). Yeast biomass was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of biosorption experimental parameters such as solution pH (2.0–6.0), rhenium concentration (10–100 mg/L), time of interaction (5–120 min), and temperature (20–50 °C) have been discussed in detail. Maximum removal of rhenium (75–84%) and molybdenum (85%) was attained at pH 2.0, while pH 3.0–5.0 was more favorable for copper ions removal (53–68%). The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were used to describe the equilibrium sorption of rhenium on yeast biomass. Langmuir isotherm shows the maximum yeast adsorption capacities toward rhenium ions ranged between 7.7 and 33 mg/g. Several kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich) were applied to define the best correlation for each metal. Biosorption of metal ions was well-fitted by Elovich and pseudo-first-order models. The negative free energy reflected the feasibility and spontaneous nature of the biosorption process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass can be considered as a perspective biosorbent for metal removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Water Treatment - New Materials and New Approaches)
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22 pages, 3938 KiB  
Article
The Design and Development of Recycled Concretes in a Circular Economy Using Mixed Construction and Demolition Waste
by Marcos Díaz González, Pablo Plaza Caballero, David Blanco Fernández, Manuel Miguel Jordán Vidal, Isabel Fuencisla Sáez del Bosque and César Medina Martínez
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4762; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164762 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3384
Abstract
This research study analysed the effect of adding fine—fMRA (0.25% and 50%)—and coarse—cMRA (0%, 25% and 50%)—mixed recycled aggregate both individually and simultaneously in the development of sustainable recycled concretes that require a lower consumption of natural resources. For this purpose, we first [...] Read more.
This research study analysed the effect of adding fine—fMRA (0.25% and 50%)—and coarse—cMRA (0%, 25% and 50%)—mixed recycled aggregate both individually and simultaneously in the development of sustainable recycled concretes that require a lower consumption of natural resources. For this purpose, we first conducted a physical and mechanical characterisation of the new recycled raw materials and then analysed the effect of its addition on fresh and hardened new concretes. The results highlight that the addition of fMRA and/or cMRA does not cause a loss of workability in the new concrete but does increase the amount of entrained air. Regarding compressive strength, we observed that fMRA and/or cMRA cause a maximum increase of +12.4% compared with conventional concrete. Tensile strength increases with the addition of fMRA (between 8.7% and 5.5%) and decreases with the use of either cMRA or fMRA + cMRA (between 4.6% and 7%). The addition of fMRA mitigates the adverse effect that using cMRA has on tensile strength. Regarding watertightness, all designed concretes have a structure that is impermeable to water. Lastly, the results show the feasibility of using these concretes to design elements with a characteristic strength of 25 MPa and that the optimal percentage of fMRA replacement is 25%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability in Buildings: New Trends in the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste)
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15 pages, 31217 KiB  
Article
Electrochemically Synthesized Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanowires as Photosensitive Neuronal Interfaces
by Szilveszter Gáspár, Tiziana Ravasenga, Raluca-Elena Munteanu, Sorin David, Fabio Benfenati and Elisabetta Colombo
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4761; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164761 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2458
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a hole-conducting polymer that has been intensively used to develop organic optoelectronic devices (e.g., organic solar cells). Recently, P3HT films and nanoparticles have also been used to restore the photosensitivity of retinal neurons. The template-assisted electrochemical synthesis of polymer nanowires [...] Read more.
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a hole-conducting polymer that has been intensively used to develop organic optoelectronic devices (e.g., organic solar cells). Recently, P3HT films and nanoparticles have also been used to restore the photosensitivity of retinal neurons. The template-assisted electrochemical synthesis of polymer nanowires advantageously combines polymerization and polymer nanostructuring into one, relatively simple, procedure. However, obtaining P3HT nanowires through this procedure was rarely investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the template-assisted electrochemical synthesis of P3HT nanowires doped with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHFP) and their biocompatibility with primary neurons. We show that template-assisted electrochemical synthesis can relatively easily turn 3-hexylthiophene (3HT) into longer (e.g., 17 ± 3 µm) or shorter (e.g., 1.5 ± 0.4 µm) P3HT nanowires with an average diameter of 196 ± 55 nm (determined by the used template). The nanowires produce measurable photocurrents following illumination. Finally, we show that primary cortical neurons can be grown onto P3HT nanowires drop-casted on a glass substrate without relevant changes in their viability and electrophysiological properties, indicating that P3HT nanowires obtained by template-assisted electrochemical synthesis represent a promising neuronal interface for photostimulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Designs of Materials, Devices and Techniques for Biosensing)
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24 pages, 12790 KiB  
Article
Effect of Initial Microstructure on the Toughness of Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone in a Microalloyed Steel
by Minghao Shi, Man Di, Jian Zhang, Rangasayee Kannan, Jing Li, Xiaoguang Yuan and Leijun Li
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4760; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164760 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Toughness of the coarse-grained-heat-affected-zone (CGHAZ) strongly depends on the prior austenite grain size. The prior austenite grain size is affected not only by chemical composition, thermal cycle, and dissolution of second-phase particles, but also by the initial microstructure. The effect of base metal [...] Read more.
Toughness of the coarse-grained-heat-affected-zone (CGHAZ) strongly depends on the prior austenite grain size. The prior austenite grain size is affected not only by chemical composition, thermal cycle, and dissolution of second-phase particles, but also by the initial microstructure. The effect of base metal microstructure (ferrite/pearlite obtained by air cooling and martensite obtained by water-quenching) on Charpy impact toughness of the CGHAZ has been investigated for different heat inputs for high-heat input welding of a microalloyed steel. A welding thermal cycle with a heat input of 100 kJ/cm and 400 kJ/cm were simulated on the MMS-300 system. Despite a similar microstructure in the CGHAZ of both the base metals, the average Charpy impact energy for the air-cooled base metal was found to be higher than the water-quenched base metal. Through thermo-kinetic simulations, it was found that a higher enrichment of Mn/C at the ferrite/austenite transformation interface of the CGHAZ of water-quenched base metal resulted in stabilizing austenite at a lower A1 temperature, which resulted in a coarser austenite grain size and eventually lowering the toughness of the CGHAZ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Composites and Their Mechanical Properties)
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20 pages, 39966 KiB  
Article
Printing Parameter Requirements for 3D Printable Geopolymer Materials Prepared from Industrial Side Streams
by Qaisar Munir, Riku Peltonen and Timo Kärki
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4758; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164758 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2847
Abstract
The objective of this investigation is to study the printing parameter requirements for sustainable 3D printable geopolymer materials. Side streams of the paper, mining, and construction industries were applied as geopolymer raw materials. The effect of printing parameters in terms of buildability, mixability, [...] Read more.
The objective of this investigation is to study the printing parameter requirements for sustainable 3D printable geopolymer materials. Side streams of the paper, mining, and construction industries were applied as geopolymer raw materials. The effect of printing parameters in terms of buildability, mixability, extrudability, curing, Al-to-Si ratio, and waste materials utilisation on the fresh and hardened state of the materials was studied. The material performance of a fresh geopolymer was measured using setting time and shape stability tests. Standardised test techniques were applied in the testing of the hardened material properties of compressive and flexural strength. The majority of developed suitable 3D printable geopolymers comprised 56–58% recycled material. Heating was used to improve the buildability and setting of the material significantly. A reactive recyclable material content of greater than 20% caused the strength and material workability to decrease. A curing time of 7–28 days increased the compressive strength but decreased the flexural strength. The layers in the test samples exhibited decreased and increased strength, respectively, in compressive and flexural strength tests. Geopolymer development was found to be a compromise between different strength values and recyclable material contents. By focusing on specialised and complex-shape products, 3D printing of geopolymers can compete with traditional manufacturing in limited markets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Geopolymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)
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34 pages, 12277 KiB  
Review
Multi-Scale Structure–Mechanical Property Relations of Graphene-Based Layer Materials
by Jingran Liu, Huasong Qin and Yilun Liu
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4757; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164757 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4683
Abstract
Pristine graphene is one of the strongest materials known in the world, and may play important roles in structural and functional materials. In order to utilize the extraordinary mechanical properties in practical engineering structures, graphene should be assembled into macroscopic structures such as [...] Read more.
Pristine graphene is one of the strongest materials known in the world, and may play important roles in structural and functional materials. In order to utilize the extraordinary mechanical properties in practical engineering structures, graphene should be assembled into macroscopic structures such as graphene-based papers, fibers, foams, etc. However, the mechanical properties of graphene-based materials such as Young’s modulus and strength are 1–2 orders lower than those of pristine monolayer graphene. Many efforts have been made to unveil the multi-scale structure–property relations of graphene-based materials with hierarchical structures spanning the nanoscale to macroscale, and significant achievements have been obtained to improve the mechanical performance of graphene-based materials through composition and structure optimization across multi-scale. This review aims at summarizing the currently theoretical, simulation, and experimental efforts devoted to the multi-scale structure–property relation of graphene-based layer materials including defective monolayer graphene, nacre-like and laminar nanostructures of multilayer graphene, graphene-based papers, fibers, aerogels, and graphene/polymer composites. The mechanisms of mechanical property degradation across the multi-scale are discussed, based on which some multi-scale optimization strategies are presented to further improve the mechanical properties of graphene-based layer materials. We expect that this review can provide useful insights into the continuous improvement of mechanical properties of graphene-based layer materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure, Function and Mechanics of Low-Dimensional Materials and Their Assemblies)
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17 pages, 3359 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical and Optical Characterization of Citrus aurantium Derived Biochar for Solar Absorber Applications
by Nancy G. Gonzalez-Canche, Jose G. Carrillo, Beatriz Escobar-Morales, Iván Salgado-Tránsito, Neith Pacheco, Soledad Cecilia Pech-Cohuo and Manuel I. Peña-Cruz
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4756; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164756 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3591
Abstract
Agro-industrial waste valorization is an attractive approach that offers new alternatives to deal with shrinkage and residue problems. One of these approaches is the synthesis of advanced carbon materials. Current research has shown that citrus waste, mainly orange peel, can be a precursor [...] Read more.
Agro-industrial waste valorization is an attractive approach that offers new alternatives to deal with shrinkage and residue problems. One of these approaches is the synthesis of advanced carbon materials. Current research has shown that citrus waste, mainly orange peel, can be a precursor for the synthesis of high-quality carbon materials for chemical adsorption and energy storage applications. A recent approach to the utilization of advanced carbon materials based on lignocellulosic biomass is their use in solar absorber coatings for solar-thermal applications. This study focused on the production of biochar from Citrus aurantium orange peel by a pyrolysis process at different temperatures. Biochars were characterized by SEM, elemental analysis, TGA-DSC, FTIR, DRX, Raman, and XPS spectroscopies. Optical properties such as diffuse reflectance in the UV−VIS−NIR region was also determined. Physical-chemical characterization revealed that the pyrolysis temperature had a negative effect in yield of biochars, whereas biochars with a higher carbon content, aromaticity, thermal stability, and structural order were produced as the temperature increased. Diffuse reflectance measurements revealed that it is possible to reduce the reflectance of the material by controlling its pyrolysis temperature, producing a material with physicochemical and optical properties that could be attractive for use as a pigment in solar absorber coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials Applied for Biomass Conversion)
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24 pages, 5593 KiB  
Article
Comparative Gravimetric Studies on Carbon Steel Corrosion in Selected Fruit Juices and Acidic Chloride Media (HCl) at Different pH
by Stanley Udochukwu Ofoegbu
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4755; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164755 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3538
Abstract
Food contamination due to metal corrosion and the consequent leakage of metals into foods is a problem. Understanding the mechanism(s) of metal corrosion in food media is vital to evaluating, mitigating, and predicting contamination levels. Fruit juices have been employed as model corrosive [...] Read more.
Food contamination due to metal corrosion and the consequent leakage of metals into foods is a problem. Understanding the mechanism(s) of metal corrosion in food media is vital to evaluating, mitigating, and predicting contamination levels. Fruit juices have been employed as model corrosive media to study the corrosion behaviour of metallic material in food media. Carbon steel corrosion in fresh juices of tomato, orange, pineapple, and lemon, as well as dilute hydrochloric acid solutions at varied pH, was studied using scanning electron microscopy, gravimetric and spectrophotometric techniques, and comparisons made between the corrosivity of these juices and mineral acids of comparable pH. The corrosion of carbon steel in fruit juices and HCl solutions manifests as a combination of uniform and pitting corrosion. Gravimetric data acquired after one hour of immersion at ambient temperature (22 °C) indicated corrosion rates of 0.86 mm yr−1 in tomato juice (pH ≈ 4.24), 1.81 mm yr−1 in pineapple juice (pH ≈ 3.94), 1.52 mm yr−1 in orange juice (pH ≈ 3.58), and 2.89 mm yr−1 in lemon juice (pH ≈ 2.22), compared to 2.19 mm yr−1 in 10−2 M HCl (pH ≈ 2.04), 0.38 mm yr−1 in 10−3 M HCl (pH ≈ 2.95), 0.17 mm yr−1 in 10−4 M HCl (pH ≈ 3.95), and 0.04 mm yr−1 in 10−5 M HCl (pH ≈ 4.98). The correlation of gravimetrically acquired corrosion data with post-exposure spectrophotometric analysis of fruit juices enabled de-convolution of iron contamination rates from carbon steel corrosion rates in fruit juices. Elemental iron contamination after 50 h of exposure to steel samples was much less than the values predicted from corrosion data (≈40%, 4.02%, 8.37%, and 9.55% for tomato, pineapple, orange, and lemon juices, respectively, relative to expected values from corrosion (weight loss) data). Tomato juice (pH ≈ 4.24) was the least corrosive to carbon steel compared to orange juice (pH ≈ 3.58) and pineapple juice (pH ≈ 3.94). The results confirm that though the fruit juices are acidic, they are generally much less corrosive to carbon steel compared to hydrochloric acid solutions of comparable pH. Differences in the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in the juices and in the different mineral acid solutions are attributed to differences in the compositions and pH of the test media, the nature of the corrosion products formed, and their dissolution kinetics in the respective media. The observation of corrosion products (iron oxide/hydroxide) in some of the fruit juices (tomato, pineapple, and lemon juices) in the form of apparently hollow microspheres indicates the feasibility of using fruit juices and related wastes as “green solutions” for the room-temperature and hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide/hydroxide particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion)
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17 pages, 5357 KiB  
Article
Effects of FSW Tool Plunge Depth on Properties of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy T-Joint: Thermomechanical Modeling and Experimental Evaluation
by Shabbir Memon, Dariusz Fydrych, Aintzane Conde Fernandez, Hamed Aghajani Derazkola and Hesamoddin Aghajani Derazkola
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4754; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164754 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4013
Abstract
One of the main challenging issues in friction stir welding (FSW) of stiffened structures is maximizing skin and flange mixing. Among the various parameters in FSW that can affect the quality of mixing between skin and flange is tool plunge depth (TPD). In [...] Read more.
One of the main challenging issues in friction stir welding (FSW) of stiffened structures is maximizing skin and flange mixing. Among the various parameters in FSW that can affect the quality of mixing between skin and flange is tool plunge depth (TPD). In this research, the effects of TPD during FSW of an Al-Mg-Si alloy T-joint are investigated. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method can help understand TPD effects on FSW of the T-joint structure. For this reason, the CFD method is employed in the simulation of heat generation, heat distribution, material flow, and defect formation during welding processes at various TPD. CFD is a powerful method that can simulate phenomena during the mixing of flange and skin that are hard to assess experimentally. For the evaluation of FSW joints, macrostructure visualization is carried out. Simulation results showed that at higher TPD, more frictional heat is generated and causes the formation of a bigger stir zone. The temperature distribution is antisymmetric to the welding line, and the concentration of heat on the advancing side (AS) is more than the retreating side (RS). Simulation results from viscosity changes and material velocity study on the stir zone indicated that the possibility of the formation of a tunnel defect on the skin–flange interface at the RS is very high. Material flow and defect formation are very sensitive to TPD. Low TPD creates internal defects with incomplete mixing of skin and flange, and high TPD forms surface flash. Higher TPD increases frictional heat and axial force that diminish the mixing of skin and flange in this joint. The optimum TPD was selected due to the best materials flow and final mechanical properties of joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Hot Manufacturing Methods on Material Processing by Finite Element Modelling)
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13 pages, 3691 KiB  
Article
Effects of Sc and Zr Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA5182
by Jingxiao Li, Xiaofang Yang, Shihua Xiang, Yongfa Zhang, Jie Shi, Youcai Qiu and Robert Edward Sanders
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4753; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164753 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
The effects of 0.1 wt.% Sc and 0.1 wt.% Zr addition in AA5182 on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. Results show that Al3(ScxZr1−x) dispersoids formed in AA5182. Observation of ingots microstructures showed that the grain size [...] Read more.
The effects of 0.1 wt.% Sc and 0.1 wt.% Zr addition in AA5182 on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. Results show that Al3(ScxZr1−x) dispersoids formed in AA5182. Observation of ingots microstructures showed that the grain size of 5182-Sc-Zr alloy was 56% lower than that of based AA5182. Isothermal annealing between 230 °C and 500 °C for 2 h was performed to study the recrystallization, tensile properties and dispersoid coarsening. The recrystallization was inhibited by the dispersoids, and the alloy microstructure remained deformed after annealing. Al3(ScxZr1−x) in AA5182 was stable when annealing below 400 °C, while parts of dispersoids coarsened significantly when heating at 500 °C. The addition of Sc and Zr allowed YS of 5182 alloy to achieve 247.8 MPa, which is 100 MPa higher than the corresponding AA5182. The contributions of Orowan strengthening and grain boundary strengthening were obtained by calculation. Full article
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19 pages, 7990 KiB  
Article
New Equivalent Thermal Conductivity Model for Size-Dependent Convection-Driven Melting of Spherically Encapsulated Phase Change Material
by Feng Hou, Shihao Cao and Hui Wang
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4752; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164752 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2435
Abstract
Spherically encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) are extensively incorporated into matrix material to form composite latent heat storage system for the purposes of saving energy, reducing PCM cost and decreasing space occupation. Although the melting of PCM sphere has been studied comprehensively by [...] Read more.
Spherically encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) are extensively incorporated into matrix material to form composite latent heat storage system for the purposes of saving energy, reducing PCM cost and decreasing space occupation. Although the melting of PCM sphere has been studied comprehensively by experimental and numerical methods, it is still challenging to quantitatively depict the contribution of complex natural convection (NC) to the melting process in a practically simple and acceptable way. To tackle this, a new effective thermal conductivity model is proposed in this work by focusing on the total melting time (TMT) of PCM, instead of tracking the complex evolution of solid–liquid interface. Firstly, the experiment and finite element simulation of the constrained and unconstrained meltings of paraffin sphere are conducted to provide a deep understanding of the NC-driven melting mechanism and exhibit the difference of melting process. Then the dependence of NC on the particle size and heating temperature is numerically investigated for the unconstrained melting which is closer to the real-life physics than the constrained melting. Subsequently, the contribution of NC to the TMT is approximately represented by a simple effective thermal conductivity correlation, through which the melting process of PCM is simplified to involve heat conduction only. The effectiveness of the equivalent thermal conductivity model is demonstrated by rigorous numerical analysis involving NC-driven melting. By addressing the TMT, the present correlation thoroughly avoids tracking the complex evolution of melting front and would bring great convenience to engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage Applications)
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13 pages, 4980 KiB  
Article
Electrochemically Inert Li2MnO3: The Key to Improving the Cycling Stability of Li-Rich Manganese Oxide Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Lian-Bang Wang, He-Shan Hu, Wei Lin, Qing-Hong Xu, Jia-Dong Gong, Wen-Kui Chai and Chao-Qi Shen
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4751; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164751 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3382
Abstract
Lithium-rich manganese oxide is a promising candidate for the next-generation cathode material of lithium-ion batteries because of its low cost and high specific capacity. Herein, a series of xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMnO2 nanocomposites were designed via an ingenious one-step [...] Read more.
Lithium-rich manganese oxide is a promising candidate for the next-generation cathode material of lithium-ion batteries because of its low cost and high specific capacity. Herein, a series of xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMnO2 nanocomposites were designed via an ingenious one-step dynamic hydrothermal route. A high concentration of alkaline solution, intense hydrothermal conditions, and stirring were used to obtain nanoparticles with a large surface area and uniform dispersity. The experimental results demonstrate that 0.072Li2MnO3·0.928LiMnO2 nanoparticles exhibit a desirable electrochemical performance and deliver a high capacity of 196.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. This capacity was maintained at 190.5 mAh g−1 with a retention rate of 97.0% by the 50th cycle, which demonstrates the excellent cycling stability. Furthermore, XRD characterization of the cycled electrode indicates that the Li2MnO3 phase of the composite is inert, even under a high potential (4.8 V), which is in contrast with most previous reports of lithium-rich materials. The inertness of Li2MnO3 is attributed to its high crystallinity and few structural defects, which make it difficult to activate. Hence, the final products demonstrate a favorable electrochemical performance with appropriate proportions of two phases in the composite, as high contents of inert Li2MnO3 lower the capacity, while a sufficient structural stability cannot be achieved with low contents. The findings indicate that controlling the composition through a dynamic hydrothermal route is an effective strategy for developing a Mn-based cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. Full article
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9 pages, 1452 KiB  
Article
Debris Removal Using a Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle-Containing Solution (Vector Polish) with Sonic or Ultrasonic Agitation
by Michael Hülsmann, Christoph Beckmann and Steffi Baxter
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4750; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164750 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2167
Abstract
Chemomechanical preparation of the root canal system is considered to be the most important part of root canal treatment, including both mechanical removal of tissue remnants and dentine chips, and chemical elimination of biofilm and microorganisms. A number of different solutions and agitation [...] Read more.
Chemomechanical preparation of the root canal system is considered to be the most important part of root canal treatment, including both mechanical removal of tissue remnants and dentine chips, and chemical elimination of biofilm and microorganisms. A number of different solutions and agitation techniques have been proposed for that purpose. It was the aim of the present study to investigate whether root canal cleanliness can be improved by using a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-containing solution with and without sonic or ultrasonic agitation. Seventy-four single-rooted teeth were divided into four experimental groups (n = 15) and two control groups (n = 7). All teeth were split longitudinally and a groove and three holes were cut into the root canal wall and filled with dentinal debris. Final irrigation was performed using sodium hypochlorite or a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-containing solution (Vector polish) activated with a sonically or an ultrasonically driven endodontic file. Two calibrated investigators rated the remaining debris using a four-score scale. The results were analyzed using a non-parametric test with α < 0.05. Sonic and ultrasonic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite cleaned the grooves and holes well from debris. The hydroxyapatite nanoparticles activated by a sonic file cleaned grooves and holes equally well. Ultrasonically activated nanoparticles performance was clearly inferior. The syringe control-group left large amounts of debris in grooves and holes. The use of the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles used in this study did not improve removal of debris. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endodontics)
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13 pages, 2975 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Electrical Biasing of Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 Ferroelectric Thin Films In Situ by DPC-STEM Imaging
by Alexander Vogel, Martin F. Sarott, Marco Campanini, Morgan Trassin and Marta D. Rossell
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164749 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3844
Abstract
Increased data storage densities are required for the next generation of nonvolatile random access memories and data storage devices based on ferroelectric materials. Yet, with intensified miniaturization, these devices face a loss of their ferroelectric properties. Therefore, a full microscopic understanding of the [...] Read more.
Increased data storage densities are required for the next generation of nonvolatile random access memories and data storage devices based on ferroelectric materials. Yet, with intensified miniaturization, these devices face a loss of their ferroelectric properties. Therefore, a full microscopic understanding of the impact of the nanoscale defects on the ferroelectric switching dynamics is crucial. However, collecting real-time data at the atomic and nanoscale remains very challenging. In this work, we explore the ferroelectric response of a Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 thin film ferroelectric capacitor to electrical biasing in situ in the transmission electron microscope. Using a combination of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and differential phase contrast (DPC)-STEM imaging we unveil the structural and polarization state of the ferroelectric thin film, integrated into a capacitor architecture, before and during biasing. Thus, we can correlate real-time changes in the DPC signal with the presence of misfit dislocations and ferroelastic domains. A reduction in the domain wall velocity of 24% is measured in defective regions of the film when compared to predominantly defect-free regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Characterizations Using In-Situ Techniques)
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14 pages, 2129 KiB  
Article
Evolution of Structural and Magnetic Properties of Fe-Co Wire-like Nanochains Caused by Annealing Atmosphere
by Marcin Krajewski, Mateusz Tokarczyk, Sabina Lewińska, Katarzyna Brzózka, Kamil Bochenek and Anna Ślawska-Waniewska
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164748 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2100
Abstract
Thermal treatment is a post-synthesis treatment that aims to improve the crystallinity and interrelated physical properties of as-prepared materials. This process may also cause some unwanted changes in materials like their oxidation or contamination. In this work, we present the post-synthesis annealing treatments [...] Read more.
Thermal treatment is a post-synthesis treatment that aims to improve the crystallinity and interrelated physical properties of as-prepared materials. This process may also cause some unwanted changes in materials like their oxidation or contamination. In this work, we present the post-synthesis annealing treatments of the amorphous Fe1−xCox (x = 0.25; 0.50; 0.75) Wire-like nanochains performed at 400 °C in two different atmospheres, i.e., a mixture of 80% nitrogen and 20% hydrogen and argon. These processes caused significantly different changes of structural and magnetic properties of the initially-formed Fe-Co nanostructures. All of them crystallized and their cores were composed of body-centered cubic Fe-Co phase, whereas their oxide shells comprised of a mixture of CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4 phases. However, the annealing carried out in hydrogen-containing atmosphere caused a decomposition of the initial oxide shell layer, whereas a similar process in argon led to its slight thickening. Moreover, it was found that the cores of thermally-treated Fe0.25Co0.75 nanochains contained the hexagonal closest packed (hcp) Co phase and were covered by the nanosheet-like shell layer in the case of annealing performed in argon. Considering the evolution of magnetic properties induced by structural changes, it was observed that the coercivities of annealed Fe-Co nanochains increased in comparison with their non-annealed counterparts. The saturation magnetization (MS) of the Fe0.25Co0.75 nanomaterial annealed in both atmospheres was higher than that for the non-annealed sample. In turn, the MS of the Fe0.75Co0.25 and Fe0.50Co0.50 nanochains annealed in argon were lower than those recorded for non-annealed samples due to their partial oxidation during thermal processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials)
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15 pages, 6512 KiB  
Article
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Water Purification
by Angela Spoială, Cornelia-Ioana Ilie, Roxana-Doina Trușcă, Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea, Vasile-Adrian Surdu, Bogdan Ștefan Vasile, Anton Ficai, Denisa Ficai, Ecaterina Andronescu and Lia-Mara Dițu
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164747 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 5920
Abstract
In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation method starting from zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide as reactants. The as-obtained ZnO nanoparticles were morphologically and structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron [...] Read more.
In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation method starting from zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide as reactants. The as-obtained ZnO nanoparticles were morphologically and structurally characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photocatalytic activity, and by determining the antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The XRD pattern of the zinc oxide nanoparticles showed the wurtzite hexagonal structure, and its purity highlighted that the crystallinity correlated with the presence of a single product, zinc oxide. The ZnO nanoparticles have an average crystallite size of 19 ± 11 nm, which is in accordance with the microscopic data. ZnO nanoparticles were tested against methyl orange, used as a model pollutant, and it was found that they exhibit strong photocatalytic activity against this dye. The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans). The strongest activity was found against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Photocatalytic, Antibacterial and Biocompatible Properties of Nanoparticles)
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16 pages, 5941 KiB  
Article
Bonding Performance of Universal Adhesives Applied to Nano-Hydroxyapatite Desensitized Dentin Using Etch-and-Rinse or Self-Etch Mode
by Yuchen Meng, Fan Huang, Silin Wang, Meiwen Li, Yi Lu, Dandan Pei and Ang Li
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4746; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164746 - 22 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3670
Abstract
The study assessed the bonding performance of three universal adhesives on desensitized dentin with etch-and-rinse mode or self-etch mode after nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp)-based desensitizers application. Simulated sensitive dentin specimens were prepared and separated into four groups: no treatment as the negative control, groups desensitized [...] Read more.
The study assessed the bonding performance of three universal adhesives on desensitized dentin with etch-and-rinse mode or self-etch mode after nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp)-based desensitizers application. Simulated sensitive dentin specimens were prepared and separated into four groups: no treatment as the negative control, groups desensitized by Biorepair toothpaste, Dontodent toothpaste, or nHAp paste. Three universal adhesives of All-Bond Universal, Single Bond Universal, and Clearfil Universal Bond with etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode were bonded to the desensitized dentin specimens separately, followed by resin composite build-ups. Micro-tensile bond strength was measured using a micro-tensile tester. The wettability of desensitized dentin was evaluated by the contact angle of the adhesives. Resin infiltration was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dentin tubular occlusion and nanoleakage were observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode of each adhesive showed similar bond strength when bonding to nHAp-based desensitized dentin. The dentin surface was partially covered by desensitizers after desensitization. Compared with the self-etch mode, stronger demineralization and more reopened dentin tubules were observed in the etch-and-rinse mode after acid etching; longer resin tags and more nanoleakage in the resin–dentin interface were observed when using the etch-and-rinse mode. When bonding to nHAp-based desensitized dentin with universal adhesives, no significant difference in bond strength was found between self-etch mode or etch-and-rinse mode; while the latter produced more nanoleakage in the resin–dentin interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adhesives and Composite Resins in Contemporary Restorative Dentistry: From the Lab to the Clinic)
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26 pages, 2627 KiB  
Review
Polymer Geogrids: A Review of Material, Design and Structure Relationships
by Mohammad Al-Barqawi, Rawan Aqel, Mark Wayne, Hani Titi and Rani Elhajjar
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164745 - 22 Aug 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 8448
Abstract
Geogrids are a class of geosynthetic materials made of polymer materials with widespread transportation, infrastructure, and structural applications. Geogrids are now routinely used in soil stabilization applications ranging from reinforcing walls to soil reinforcement below grade or embankments with increased potential for remote-sensing [...] Read more.
Geogrids are a class of geosynthetic materials made of polymer materials with widespread transportation, infrastructure, and structural applications. Geogrids are now routinely used in soil stabilization applications ranging from reinforcing walls to soil reinforcement below grade or embankments with increased potential for remote-sensing applications. Developments in manufacturing procedures have allowed new geogrid designs to be fabricated in various forms of uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial configurations. The design flexibility allows deployments based on the load-carrying capacity desired, where biaxial geogrids may be incorporated when loads are applied in both the principal directions. On the other hand, uniaxial geogrids provide higher strength in one direction and are used for mechanically stabilized earth walls. More recently, triaxial geogrids that offer a more quasi-isotropic load capacity in multiple directions have been proposed for base course reinforcement. The variety of structures, polymers, and the geometry of the geogrid materials provide engineers and designers many options for new applications. Still, they also create complexity in terms of selection, characterization, and long-term durability. In this review, advances and current understanding of geogrid materials and their applications to date are presented. A critical analysis of the various geogrid systems, their physical and chemical characteristics are presented with an eye on how these properties impact the short- and long-term properties. The review investigates the approaches to mechanical behavior characterization and how computational methods have been more recently applied to advance our understanding of how these materials perform in the field. Finally, recent applications are presented for remote sensing sub-grade conditions and incorporation of geogrids in composite materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Collection in Advanced Composites Section)
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18 pages, 3112 KiB  
Article
Operational Variables on the Processing of Porous Titanium Bodies by Gelation of Slurries with an Expansive Porogen
by Antonio Javier Sanchez-Herencia, Zoilo Gonzalez, Alejandro Rodriguez, Esther Molero and Begoña Ferrari
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164744 - 22 Aug 2021
Viewed by 2503
Abstract
Colloidal processing techniques, based on the suspension of powders in a liquid, are very versatile techniques to fabricate porous structures. They can provide customized pores, shapes and surfaces through the control of operational parameters, being the base of the alternative additive manufacture processes. [...] Read more.
Colloidal processing techniques, based on the suspension of powders in a liquid, are very versatile techniques to fabricate porous structures. They can provide customized pores, shapes and surfaces through the control of operational parameters, being the base of the alternative additive manufacture processes. In this work disperse and stable titanium aqueous slurries has been formulated in order to process porous materials by the incorporation of methylcellulose (MC) as a gelation agent and ammonium bicarbonate as an expansive porogen. After casting the slurries and heating at mild temperatures (60–80 °C) the methylcellulose gels and traps the gas bubbles generated by the ammonium bicarbonate decomposition to finally obtain stiff porous green structures. Using an experimental design method, the influence of the temperature as well as the concentration of gelation agent and porogen on the viscosity, apparent density and pore size distribution is analyzed by a second-order polynomial function in order to identifying the influence of the operating variables in the green titanium porous compact. After sintering at 1100 °C under high vacuum, titanium sponges with 39% of open porosity and almost no close porosity were obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Porous Materials)
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16 pages, 4069 KiB  
Article
Good Choice of Electrode Material as the Key to Creating Electrochemical Sensors—Characteristics of Carbon Materials and Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO)
by Anna Cirocka, Dorota Zarzeczańska and Anna Wcisło
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4743; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164743 - 22 Aug 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4084
Abstract
The search for new electrode materials has become one of the goals of modern electrochemistry. Obtaining electrodes with optimal properties gives a product with a wide application potential, both in analytics and various industries. The aim of this study was to select, from [...] Read more.
The search for new electrode materials has become one of the goals of modern electrochemistry. Obtaining electrodes with optimal properties gives a product with a wide application potential, both in analytics and various industries. The aim of this study was to select, from among the presented electrode materials (carbon and oxide), the one whose parameters will be optimal in the context of using them to create sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques were used to determine the electrochemical properties of the materials. On the other hand, properties such as hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and their topological structure were determined using contact angle measurements and confocal microscopy, respectively. Based on the research carried out on a wide group of electrode materials, it was found that transparent conductive oxides of the FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide) type exhibit optimal electrochemical parameters and offer great modification possibilities. These electrodes are characterized by a wide range of work and high chemical stability. In addition, the presence of a transparent oxide layer allows for the preservation of valuable optoelectronic properties. An important feature is also the high sensitivity of these electrodes compared to other tested materials. The combination of these properties made FTO electrodes selected for further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials Dedicated for Electroanalysis)
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11 pages, 2832 KiB  
Article
One-Pot Synthesis of Alumina-Titanium Diboride Composite Powder at Low Temperature
by Xueyin Liu, Ke Bao, Junfeng Chen, Quanli Jia and Shaowei Zhang
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4742; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164742 - 22 Aug 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2042
Abstract
Alumina-titanium diboride (Al2O3-TiB2) composite powders were synthesised via aluminothermic reduction of TiO2 and B2O3, mediated by a molten chloride salt (NaCl, KCl, or MgCl2). The effects of salt type, initial [...] Read more.
Alumina-titanium diboride (Al2O3-TiB2) composite powders were synthesised via aluminothermic reduction of TiO2 and B2O3, mediated by a molten chloride salt (NaCl, KCl, or MgCl2). The effects of salt type, initial batch composition, and firing temperature/time on the phase formation and overall reaction extent were examined. Based on the results and equilibrium thermodynamic calculations, the mechanisms underpinning the reaction/synthesis processes were clarified. Given their evaporation losses at test temperatures, appropriately excessive amounts of Al and B2O3 are needed to complete the synthesis reaction. Following this, phase-pure Al2O3-TiB2 composite powders composed of 0.3–0.6 μm Al2O3 and 30–60 nm TiB2 particles were successfully fabricated in NaCl after 5 h at 1050 °C. By increasing the firing temperature to 1150 °C, the time required to complete the synthesis reaction could be reduced to 4 h, although the sizes of Al2O3 and TiB2 particles in the resultant phase pure composite powder increased slightly to 1–2 μm and 100–200 nm, respectively. Full article
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