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Materials, Volume 9, Issue 12 (December 2016) – 76 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Synthetic and natural ligands that bind IgG are detailed in this paper. Bacterial proteins such as Protein G, A, and L are traditionally used as affinity ligands for antibody purification. Small synthetic Fc-binding peptides (FcBPs) are emerging as promising alternatives to bacterial proteins. The figure shows that a humanized IgG, trastuzumab, is complexed onto clustered FcBPs on a protein nanocage which is formed by self-assembly of 24 ferritin monomers carrying a C-terminal FcBP. View the paper
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5463 KiB  
Article
New Elastomeric Materials Based on Natural Rubber Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation for Food and Pharmaceutical Use
by Gabriela Craciun, Elena Manaila and Maria Daniela Stelescu
Materials 2016, 9(12), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9120999 - 21 Dec 2016
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6498
Abstract
The efficiency of polyfunctional monomers as cross-linking co-agents on the chemical properties of natural rubber vulcanized by electron beam irradiation was studied. The following polyfunctional monomers were used: trimethylolpropane-trimethacrylate, zinc-diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triallylcyanurate and triallylisocyanurate. The electron beam treatment was done using [...] Read more.
The efficiency of polyfunctional monomers as cross-linking co-agents on the chemical properties of natural rubber vulcanized by electron beam irradiation was studied. The following polyfunctional monomers were used: trimethylolpropane-trimethacrylate, zinc-diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triallylcyanurate and triallylisocyanurate. The electron beam treatment was done using irradiation doses in the range of 75 kGy–300 kGy. The gel fraction, crosslink density and effects of different aqueous solutions, by absorption tests, have been investigated as a function of polyfunctional monomers type and absorbed dose. The samples gel fraction and crosslink density were determined on the basis of equilibrium solvent-swelling measurements by applying the modified Flory–Rehner equation for tetra functional networks. The absorption tests were done in accordance with the SR ISI 1817:2015 using distilled water, acetic acid (10%), sodium hydroxide (1%), ethylic alcohol (96%), physiological serum (sodium chloride 0.9%) and glucose (glucose monohydrate 10%). The samples structure and morphology were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. Full article
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1624 KiB  
Article
A Size and Boundary Effects Model for Quasi-Brittle Fracture
by Xiaofeng Gao, Georg Koval and Cyrille Chazallon
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121030 - 21 Dec 2016
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5748
Abstract
The fracture behaviors of quasi-brittle materials are commonly specimen size (size effect) and crack size (boundary effect) dependent. In this study, a new failure model is developed for characterizing the size and boundary effects. The derivative of the energy release rate is firstly [...] Read more.
The fracture behaviors of quasi-brittle materials are commonly specimen size (size effect) and crack size (boundary effect) dependent. In this study, a new failure model is developed for characterizing the size and boundary effects. The derivative of the energy release rate is firstly introduced to predict the nominal strength dominated by the strength mechanism. Combined with the energy criterion for the energy mechanism, an asymptotic model is developed to capture the effect of any crack size on the nominal strength, and its expression for geometrically similar specimens is also established, which is able to characterize the size effect. Detailed comparisons of the proposed model with the size effect law and the boundary effect model are performed, respectively. The nominal strength predictions based on the proposed model are validated with the experimental results of cracked three-point bending beam specimens made of concrete, of limestone and of hardened cement paste and compared with the model predictions given by the size effect law and the boundary effect model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Brittle Failure of Different Materials)
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7617 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Study of Mortars with Recycled Ceramic Aggregates: Deduction and Prediction of the Stress-Strain
by Francisca Guadalupe Cabrera-Covarrubias, José Manuel Gómez-Soberón, Jorge Luis Almaral-Sánchez, Susana Paola Arredondo-Rea, María Consolación Gómez-Soberón and Ramón Corral-Higuera
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121029 - 21 Dec 2016
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6187
Abstract
The difficult current environmental situation, caused by construction industry residues containing ceramic materials, could be improved by using these materials as recycled aggregates in mortars, with their processing causing a reduction in their use in landfill, contributing to recycling and also minimizing the [...] Read more.
The difficult current environmental situation, caused by construction industry residues containing ceramic materials, could be improved by using these materials as recycled aggregates in mortars, with their processing causing a reduction in their use in landfill, contributing to recycling and also minimizing the consumption of virgin materials. Although some research is currently being carried out into recycled mortars, little is known about their stress-strain (σ-ε); therefore, this work will provide the experimental results obtained from recycled mortars with recycled ceramic aggregates (with contents of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50% and 100%), such as the density and compression strength, as well as the σ-ε curves representative of their behavior. The values obtained from the analytical process of the results in order to finally obtain, through numerical analysis, the equations to predict their behavior (related to their recycled content) are those of: σ (elastic ranges and failure maximum), ε (elastic ranges and failure maximum), and Resilience and Toughness. At the end of the investigation, it is established that mortars with recycled ceramic aggregate contents of up to 20% could be assimilated just like mortars with the usual aggregates, and the obtained prediction equations could be used in cases of similar applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granular Materials)
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3272 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized with 3-Mercapto-1-Propansulfonate and 1-Thioglucose Mixed Thiols for Antibacterial Applications
by Francesco Porcaro, Laura Carlini, Andrea Ugolini, Daniela Visaggio, Paolo Visca, Ilaria Fratoddi, Iole Venditti, Carlo Meneghini, Laura Simonelli, Carlo Marini, Wojciech Olszewski, Nitya Ramanan, Igor Luisetto and Chiara Battocchio
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121028 - 20 Dec 2016
Cited by 60 | Viewed by 6653
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and assessment of the antibacterial properties of hydrophilic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were investigated with the aim to probe their suitability for innovative applications in the field of nanobiotechnology. First, silver nanoparticles were synthetized and functionalized with two capping agents, namely [...] Read more.
The synthesis, characterization and assessment of the antibacterial properties of hydrophilic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were investigated with the aim to probe their suitability for innovative applications in the field of nanobiotechnology. First, silver nanoparticles were synthetized and functionalized with two capping agents, namely 3-mercapto-1-propansulfonate (3MPS) and 1-β-thio-d-glucose (TG). The investigation of the structural and electronic properties of the nano-systems was carried out by means of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). XPS data provided information about the system stability and the interactions between the metallic surface and the organic ligands. In addition, XPS data allowed us to achieve a deep understanding of the influence of the thiols stoichiometric ratio on the electronic properties and stability of AgNPs. In order to shed light on the structural and electronic local properties at Ag atoms sites, XAS at Ag K-Edge was successfully applied; furthermore, the combination of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and XAS results allowed determining AgNPs sizes, ranging between 3 and 13 nm. Finally, preliminary studies on the antibacterial properties of AgNPs showed promising results on four of six multidrug-resistant bacteria belonging to the ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp.). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Noble Metal Nanoparticles)
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4832 KiB  
Article
Ceramic Ti—B Composites Synthesized by Combustion Followed by High-Temperature Deformation
by Pavel M. Bazhin, Alexander M. Stolin, Alexander S. Konstantinov, Elena V. Kostitsyna and Andrey S. Ignatov
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121027 - 20 Dec 2016
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4713
Abstract
Long compact cylindrical rods, which consist of a titanium monoboride-based TiB—30 wt % Ti ceramic composite material, are synthesized during combustion of the initial components (titanium, boron) followed by high-temperature deformation. High-temperature deformation is found to affect the orientation of the hardening titanium [...] Read more.
Long compact cylindrical rods, which consist of a titanium monoboride-based TiB—30 wt % Ti ceramic composite material, are synthesized during combustion of the initial components (titanium, boron) followed by high-temperature deformation. High-temperature deformation is found to affect the orientation of the hardening titanium monoboride phase in the sample volume and the phase composition of the sample. The combustion temperature is studied as a function of the relative density of the initial workpiece under the experimental conditions. Full article
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1252 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Substituent Position on the Two-Photon Absorption Performances of Dibenzylideneacetone-Based Isomers
by Liyun Zhao, Yujin Zhang, Hong Ma and Jiancai Leng
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121026 - 20 Dec 2016
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4309
Abstract
The two-photon absorption and optical limiting properties of two dibenzylideneacetone derivatives with different substituent positions have been theoretically investigated by solving the coupled rate equations-field intensity equation in the nanosecond time domain using an iterative predictor-corrector finite-difference time-domain method. The calculations show that [...] Read more.
The two-photon absorption and optical limiting properties of two dibenzylideneacetone derivatives with different substituent positions have been theoretically investigated by solving the coupled rate equations-field intensity equation in the nanosecond time domain using an iterative predictor-corrector finite-difference time-domain method. The calculations show that the electronic structure, the transition dipole moment, the energy gap between the highest occupied orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO), and the pumping rate for the two molecules are quite different due to the different position of chlorine atoms. Importantly, two-photon absorption and optical limiting properties of the molecules depend crucially on the substituent positions of the terminal group, indicating that subtle manipulation on the molecule can affect the nonlinear optical properties of the medium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Photon Absorption Materials)
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9312 KiB  
Article
Micromechanical Properties of a New Polymeric Microcapsule for Self-Healing Cementitious Materials
by Leyang Lv, Erik Schlangen, Zhengxian Yang and Feng Xing
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121025 - 20 Dec 2016
Cited by 82 | Viewed by 7653
Abstract
Self-healing cementitious materials containing a microencapsulated healing agent are appealing due to their great application potential in improving the serviceability and durability of concrete structures. In this study, poly(phenol–formaldehyde) (PF) microcapsules that aim to provide a self-healing function for cementitious materials were prepared [...] Read more.
Self-healing cementitious materials containing a microencapsulated healing agent are appealing due to their great application potential in improving the serviceability and durability of concrete structures. In this study, poly(phenol–formaldehyde) (PF) microcapsules that aim to provide a self-healing function for cementitious materials were prepared by an in situ polymerization reaction. Size gradation of the synthesized microcapsules was achieved through a series of sieving processes. The shell thickness and the diameter of single microcapsules was accurately measured under environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The relationship between the physical properties of the synthesized microcapsules and their micromechanical properties were investigated using nanoindentation. The results of the mechanical tests show that, with the increase of the mean size of microcapsules and the decrease of shell thickness, the mechanical force required to trigger the self-healing function of microcapsules increased correspondingly from 68.5 ± 41.6 mN to 198.5 ± 31.6 mN, featuring a multi-sensitive trigger function. Finally, the rupture behavior and crack surface of cement paste with embedded microcapsules were observed and analyzed using X-ray computed tomography (XCT). The synthesized PF microcapsules may find potential application in self-healing cementitious materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Healing Concrete)
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4533 KiB  
Article
Application of Ni-Oxide@TiO2 Core-Shell Structures to Photocatalytic Mixed Dye Degradation, CO Oxidation, and Supercapacitors
by Seungwon Lee, Jisuk Lee, Kyusuk Nam, Weon Gyu Shin and Youngku Sohn
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121024 - 20 Dec 2016
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5975
Abstract
Performing diverse application tests on synthesized metal oxides is critical for identifying suitable application areas based on the material performances. In the present study, Ni-oxide@TiO2 core-shell materials were synthesized and applied to photocatalytic mixed dye (methyl orange + rhodamine + methylene blue) [...] Read more.
Performing diverse application tests on synthesized metal oxides is critical for identifying suitable application areas based on the material performances. In the present study, Ni-oxide@TiO2 core-shell materials were synthesized and applied to photocatalytic mixed dye (methyl orange + rhodamine + methylene blue) degradation under ultraviolet (UV) and visible lights, CO oxidation, and supercapacitors. Their physicochemical properties were examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. It was shown that their performances were highly dependent on the morphology, thermal treatment procedure, and TiO2 overlayer coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
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3396 KiB  
Article
Effect of Repetition Rate on Femtosecond Laser-Induced Homogenous Microstructures
by Sanchari Biswas, Adya Karthikeyan and Anne-Marie Kietzig
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121023 - 19 Dec 2016
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7177
Abstract
We report on the effect of repetition rate on the formation and surface texture of the laser induced homogenous microstructures. Different microstructures were micromachined on copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti) using femtosecond pulses at 1 and 10 kHz. We studied the effect of [...] Read more.
We report on the effect of repetition rate on the formation and surface texture of the laser induced homogenous microstructures. Different microstructures were micromachined on copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti) using femtosecond pulses at 1 and 10 kHz. We studied the effect of the repetition rate on structure formation by comparing the threshold accumulated pulse ( F Σ p u l s e ) values and the effect on the surface texture through lacunarity analysis. Machining both metals at low F Σ p u l s e resulted in microstructures with higher lacunarity at 10 kHz compared to 1 kHz. On increasing F Σ p u l s e , the microstructures showed higher lacunarity at 1 kHz. The effect of the repetition rate on the threshold F Σ p u l s e values were, however, considerably different on the two metals. With an increase in repetition rate, we observed a decrease in the threshold F Σ p u l s e on Cu, while on Ti we observed an increase. These differences were successfully allied to the respective material characteristics and the resulting melt dynamics. While machining Ti at 10 kHz, the melt layer induced by one laser pulse persists until the next pulse arrives, acting as a dielectric for the subsequent pulse, thereby increasing F Σ p u l s e . However, on Cu, the melt layer quickly resolidifies and no such dielectric like phase is observed. Our study contributes to the current knowledge on the effect of the repetition rate as an irradiation parameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultrafast Laser-Based Manufacturing)
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1415 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization, Tautomeric Structure and Solvatochromic Behavior of Novel 4-(5-Arylazo-2-Hydroxystyryl)-1-Methylpyridinium Iodide as Potential Molecular Photoprobe
by Farag Altalbawy, Elham Darwish, Mohamed Medhat, Sayed El-Zaiat and Hagar Saleh
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121022 - 19 Dec 2016
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5247
Abstract
A novel series of the title compound 4-(5-arylazo-2-hydroxystyryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide 6 has been synthesized via condensation reactions of the arylazosalicylaldehyde derivatives 4a–i with 1-methyl-picolinium iodide 5. The structures of the new arylazo compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, mass [...] Read more.
A novel series of the title compound 4-(5-arylazo-2-hydroxystyryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide 6 has been synthesized via condensation reactions of the arylazosalicylaldehyde derivatives 4a–i with 1-methyl-picolinium iodide 5. The structures of the new arylazo compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy, as well as spectral and elemental analyses. The electronic absorption spectra of arylazomerocyanine compounds 6 were measured in different buffer solutions and solvents. The pK′s and pK*′s in both the ground and excited states, respectively, were determined for the series and their correlations with the Hammett equation were examined. The results indicated that the title arylazomerocyanine dyes 6 exist in the azo form 6A in both ground and excited states. The substituent and solvent effects (solvatochromism) of the title compound arylazomerocyanine dyes were determined using the Kamlet-Taft equation and subsequently discussed. Full article
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4984 KiB  
Article
Organic-Inorganic Hydrophobic Nanocomposite Film with a Core-Shell Structure
by Peng Liu, Ying Chen and Zhiwu Yu
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121021 - 17 Dec 2016
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5774
Abstract
A method to prepare novel organic-inorganic hydrophobic nanocomposite films was proposed by a site-specific polymerization process. The inorganic part, the core of the nanocomposite, is a ternary SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 nanoparticles, which is grafted with methacryloxy propyl trimethoxyl [...] Read more.
A method to prepare novel organic-inorganic hydrophobic nanocomposite films was proposed by a site-specific polymerization process. The inorganic part, the core of the nanocomposite, is a ternary SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 nanoparticles, which is grafted with methacryloxy propyl trimethoxyl silane (KH570), and wrapped by fluoride and siloxane polymers. The synthesized samples are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), contact angle meter (CA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the novel organic-inorganic hydrophobic nanocomposite with a core-shell structure was synthesized successfully. XRD analysis reveals the nanocomposite film has an amorphous structure, and FTIR analysis indicates the nanoparticles react with a silane coupling agent (methacryloxy propyl trimethoxyl silane KH570). Interestingly, the morphology of the nanoparticle film is influenced by the composition of the core. Further, comparing with the film synthesized by silica nanoparticles, the film formed from SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2 nanoparticles has higher hydrophobic performance, i.e., the contact angle is greater than 101.7°. In addition, the TEM analysis reveals that the crystal structure of the particles can be changed at high temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Nanotechnology)
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2876 KiB  
Article
Viscoelastic Properties of the Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) during Moisture Sorption Processes Determined by Harmonic Tests
by Tianyi Zhan, Jianxiong Lu, Jiali Jiang, Hui Peng, Anxin Li and Jianmin Chang
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121020 - 17 Dec 2016
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4257
Abstract
Measured by harmonic tests, the viscoelastic properties of Chinese fir during moisture sorption processes were examined under three relative humidity (RH) modes: RHramp, RHisohume, and RHstep. The stiffness decreased and damping increased as a function of the [...] Read more.
Measured by harmonic tests, the viscoelastic properties of Chinese fir during moisture sorption processes were examined under three relative humidity (RH) modes: RHramp, RHisohume, and RHstep. The stiffness decreased and damping increased as a function of the moisture content (MC), which is presumed to be the effect of plasticization and an unstable state. The increasing damping was associated with the breaking of hydrogen bonds and the formation of free volume within polymer networks. The changes of loss modulus ratio at 1 and 20 Hz, E″1Hz/E″20Hz, proved the changing trend of the unstable state. Higher ramping rates aggravated the unstable state at the RHramp period, and higher constant RH levels provided more recovery of the unstable state at the RHisohume period. Changes of viscoelastic properties were associated with RH (varied or remained constant), and the application of Boltzmann’s superposition principle is a good approach to simulate viscoelasticity development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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2989 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Soil-Water Characteristic Curves in Multiple-Cycles Using Membrane and TDR System
by Won-Taek Hong, Young-Seok Jung, Seonghun Kang and Jong-Sub Lee
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121019 - 17 Dec 2016
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7963
Abstract
The objective of this study is to estimate multiple-cycles of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) using an innovative volumetric pressure plate extractor (VPPE), which is incorporated with a membrane and time domain reflectometry (TDR). The pressure cell includes the membrane to reduce the [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to estimate multiple-cycles of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) using an innovative volumetric pressure plate extractor (VPPE), which is incorporated with a membrane and time domain reflectometry (TDR). The pressure cell includes the membrane to reduce the experimental time and the TDR probe to automatically estimate the volumetric water content. For the estimation of SWCC using the VPPE system, four specimens with different grain size and void ratio are prepared. The volumetric water contents of the specimens according to the matric suction are measured by the burette system and are estimated in the TDR system during five cycles of SWCC tests. The volumetric water contents estimated by the TDR system are almost identical to those determined by the burette system. The experimental time significantly decreases with the new VPPE. The hysteresis in the SWCC is largest in the first cycle and is nearly identical after 1.5 cycles. As the initial void ratio decreases, the air entry value increases. This study suggests that the new VPPE may effectively estimate multiple-cycles of the SWCC of unsaturated soils. Full article
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4633 KiB  
Article
First Principles Study on the Interaction Mechanisms of Water Molecules on TiO2 Nanotubes
by Jianhong Dai and Yan Song
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121018 - 16 Dec 2016
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5107
Abstract
The adsorption properties of water molecules on TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NT) and the interaction mechanisms between water molecules are studied by first principles calculations. The adsorption preferences of water molecules in molecular or dissociated states on clean and H-terminated TiO2 [...] Read more.
The adsorption properties of water molecules on TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NT) and the interaction mechanisms between water molecules are studied by first principles calculations. The adsorption preferences of water molecules in molecular or dissociated states on clean and H-terminated TiO2NT are evaluated. Adsorption of OH clusters on (0, 6) and (9, 0) TiO2 nanotubes are first studied. The smallest adsorption energies are −1.163 eV and −1.383 eV, respectively, by examining five different adsorption sites on each type of tube. Eight and six adsorption sites were considered for OH adsorbtion on the H terminated (0, 6) and (9, 0) nanotubes. Water molecules are reformed with the smallest adsorption energy of −4.796 eV on the former and of −5.013 eV on the latter nanotube, respectively. For the adsorption of a single water molecule on TiO2NT, the molecular state shows the strongest adsorption preference with an adsorption energy of −0.660 eV. The adsorption of multiple (two and three) water molecules on TiO2NT is also studied. The calculated results show that the interactions between water molecules greatly affect their adsorption properties. Competition occurs between the molecular and dissociated states. The electronic structures are calculated to clarify the interaction mechanisms between water molecules and TiO2NT. The bonding interactions between H from water and oxygen from TiO2NT may be the reason for the dissociation of water on TiO2NT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Photocatalysts)
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1457 KiB  
Review
Secondary Electron Emission Materials for Transmission Dynodes in Novel Photomultipliers: A Review
by Shu Xia Tao, Hong Wah Chan and Harry Van der Graaf
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121017 - 16 Dec 2016
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 12233
Abstract
Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations [...] Read more.
Secondary electron emission materials are reviewed with the aim of providing guidelines for the future development of novel transmission dynodes. Materials with reflection secondary electron yield higher than three and transmission secondary electron yield higher than one are tabulated for easy reference. Generations of transmission dynodes are listed in the order of the invention time with a special focus on the most recent atomic-layer-deposition synthesized transmission dynodes. Based on the knowledge gained from the survey of secondary election emission materials with high secondary electron yield, an outlook of possible improvements upon the state-of-the-art transmission dynodes is provided. Full article
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2146 KiB  
Article
Role of Hydrogen Bonding in the Formation of Adenine Chains on Cu(110) Surfaces
by Lanxia Cheng
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121016 - 16 Dec 2016
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4791
Abstract
Understanding the adsorption properties of DNA bases on metal surfaces is fundamental for the rational control of surface functionalization leading to the realisation of biocompatible devices for biosensing applications, such as monitoring of particular parameters within bio-organic environments and drug delivery. In this [...] Read more.
Understanding the adsorption properties of DNA bases on metal surfaces is fundamental for the rational control of surface functionalization leading to the realisation of biocompatible devices for biosensing applications, such as monitoring of particular parameters within bio-organic environments and drug delivery. In this study, the effects of deposition rate and substrate temperature on the adsorption behavior of adenine on Cu(110) surfaces have been investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) modeling, with a focus on the characterization of the morphology of the adsorbed layers. STM results revealed the formation of one-dimensional linear chains and ladder-like chains parallel to the [110] direction, when dosing at a low deposition rate at room temperature, followed by annealing to 490 K. Two mirror related, well-ordered chiral domains oriented at ±55° with respect to the [110] direction are formed upon deposition on a substrate kept at 490 K. The molecular structures observed via STM are rationalized and qualitatively described on the basis of the DFT modeling. The observation of a variety of ad-layer structures influenced by deposition rate and substrate temperature indicates that dynamic processes and hydrogen bonding play an important role in the self-assembly of adenine on the Cu(110) surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin-Film Deposition, Characterization and Advanced Surface Engineering)
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8224 KiB  
Review
Nano-Inclusions Applied in Cement-Matrix Composites: A Review
by Guillermo Bastos, Faustino Patiño-Barbeito, Faustino Patiño-Cambeiro and Julia Armesto
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121015 - 16 Dec 2016
Cited by 75 | Viewed by 10539
Abstract
Research on cement-based materials is trying to exploit the synergies that nanomaterials can provide. This paper describes the findings reported in the last decade on the improvement of these materials regarding, on the one hand, their mechanical performance and, on the other hand, [...] Read more.
Research on cement-based materials is trying to exploit the synergies that nanomaterials can provide. This paper describes the findings reported in the last decade on the improvement of these materials regarding, on the one hand, their mechanical performance and, on the other hand, the new properties they provide. These features are mainly based on the electrical and chemical characteristics of nanomaterials, thus allowing cement-based elements to acquire “smart” functions. In this paper, we provide a quantitative approach to the reinforcements achieved to date. The fundamental concepts of nanoscience are introduced and the need of both sophisticated devices to identify nanostructures and techniques to disperse nanomaterials in the cement paste are also highlighted. Promising results have been obtained, but, in order to turn these advances into commercial products, technical, social and standardisation barriers should be overcome. From the results collected, it can be deduced that nanomaterials are able to reduce the consumption of cement because of their reinforcing effect, as well as to convert cement-based products into electric/thermal sensors or crack repairing materials. The main obstacle to foster the implementation of such applications worldwide is the high cost of their synthesis and dispersion techniques, especially for carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide. Full article
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4934 KiB  
Article
Microstructure-Dependent Visible-Light Driven Photoactivity of Sputtering-Assisted Synthesis of Sulfide-Based Visible-Light Sensitizer onto ZnO Nanorods
by Yuan-Chang Liang, Cheng-Chia Chung, Ya-Ju Lo and Chein-Chung Wang
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121014 - 15 Dec 2016
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4337
Abstract
The ZnO-CdS core-shell composite nanorods with CdS shell layer thicknesses of 5 and 20 nm were synthesized by combining the hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanorods with the sputtering thin-film deposition of CdS crystallites. The microstructures and optical properties of the ZnO-CdS nanorods were [...] Read more.
The ZnO-CdS core-shell composite nanorods with CdS shell layer thicknesses of 5 and 20 nm were synthesized by combining the hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanorods with the sputtering thin-film deposition of CdS crystallites. The microstructures and optical properties of the ZnO-CdS nanorods were associated with the CdS shell layer thickness. A thicker CdS shell layer resulted in a rougher surface morphology, more crystal defects, and a broader optical absorbance edge in the ZnO-CdS rods. The ZnO-CdS (20 nm) nanorods thus engaged in more photoactivity in this study. When they were further subjected to a postannealing procedure in ambient Ar/H2, this resulted in the layer-like CdS shell layers being converted into the serrated CdS shell layers. By contrast, the ZnO-CdS nanorods conducted with the postannealing procedure exhibited superior photoactivity and photoelectrochemical performance; the substantial changes in the microstructures and optical properties of the composite nanorods following postannealing in this study might account for the observed results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)
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2689 KiB  
Article
Strain Rate Behavior in Tension of Reinforcing Steels HPB235, HRB335, HRB400, and HRB500
by Feng Lin, Yu Dong, Xinxin Kuang and Le Lu
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121013 - 15 Dec 2016
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6401
Abstract
The strain rate effect of reinforcing steel bars is generally indispensable for modeling the dynamic responses of reinforced concrete structures in blast and impact events. A systematic experimental investigation was conducted on the strain rate behavior of reinforcing steel bar grades HPB235, HRB335, [...] Read more.
The strain rate effect of reinforcing steel bars is generally indispensable for modeling the dynamic responses of reinforced concrete structures in blast and impact events. A systematic experimental investigation was conducted on the strain rate behavior of reinforcing steel bar grades HPB235, HRB335, HRB400, and HRB500 which are widely used in the field of civil engineering in China. The dynamic testing was performed using a servo-hydraulic Instron VHS160/100-20 in a strain rate range from 2 to 75 s−1. Stress-strain curves at preset strain rates were obtained. The test data were then used to derive the parameters in a model based on the dynamic increase factors (DIFs) of strengths and the Johnson–Cook constitutive model. Results indicated that a significant strain rate effect was observed for the four rebar grades. The dynamic yield strengths increased from 13% to 41% and their ultimate strengths improved from 9% to 19% in the strain rate range during testing. The strain rate behavior of the four rebar grades could be appropriately predicted using the parameters in the model based on the DIFs of strengths and the Johnson–Cook model. Full article
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2475 KiB  
Article
The Non-Steady State Growth of Pearlite outside the Hultgren Extrapolation
by Maria Martin-Aranda, Rosalia Rementeria, Robert Hackenberg, Esteban Urones-Garrote, Shao Pu Tsai, Jen Ren Yang and Carlos Capdevila
Materials 2016, 9(12), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9120998 - 14 Dec 2016
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5534
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to analyse the effect of adding Al on the non-steady pearlite growth occurring in a Fe–C–Mn system. The results are discussed in terms of the partitioning of elements across the austenite/ferrite and austenite/cementite interfaces, and the modification [...] Read more.
The goal of this paper is to analyse the effect of adding Al on the non-steady pearlite growth occurring in a Fe–C–Mn system. The results are discussed in terms of the partitioning of elements across the austenite/ferrite and austenite/cementite interfaces, and the modification of the pearlite driving force related to the change in carbon activity in austenite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Sciences and Thermodynamics of Materials)
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10795 KiB  
Article
Preparation of TiO2-Decorated Boron Particles by Wet Ball Milling and their Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions
by Hye Jin Jung, Kyusuk Nam, Hong-Gye Sung, Hyung Soo Hyun, Youngku Sohn and Weon Gyu Shin
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121012 - 14 Dec 2016
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6706
Abstract
TiO2-coated boron particles were prepared by a wet ball milling method, with the particle size distribution and average particle size being easily controlled by varying the milling operation time. Based on the results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy [...] Read more.
TiO2-coated boron particles were prepared by a wet ball milling method, with the particle size distribution and average particle size being easily controlled by varying the milling operation time. Based on the results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was confirmed that the initial oxide layer on the boron particles surface was removed by the wet milling process, and that a new B–O–Ti bond was formed on the boron surface. The uniform TiO2 layer on the 150 nm boron particles was estimated to be 10 nm thick. Based on linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, current-time amperometry, and electrochemical impedance analyses, the potential for the application of TiO2-coated boron particles as a photoelectrochemical catalyst was demonstrated. A current of 250 μA was obtained at a potential of 0.5 V for hydrogen evolution, with an onset potential near to 0.0 V. Finally, a current of 220 μA was obtained at a potential of 1.0 V for oxygen evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)
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3135 KiB  
Article
Modeling of Thermal Conductivity of CVI-Densified Composites at Fiber and Bundle Level
by Kang Guan, Jianqing Wu and Laifei Cheng
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121011 - 13 Dec 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5817
Abstract
The evolution of the thermal conductivities of the unidirectional, 2D woven and 3D braided composites during the CVI (chemical vapor infiltration) process have been numerically studied by the finite element method. The results show that the dual-scale pores play an important role in [...] Read more.
The evolution of the thermal conductivities of the unidirectional, 2D woven and 3D braided composites during the CVI (chemical vapor infiltration) process have been numerically studied by the finite element method. The results show that the dual-scale pores play an important role in the thermal conduction of the CVI-densified composites. According to our results, two thermal conductivity models applicable for CVI process have been developed. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates the parameter with the most influence on the CVI-densified composites’ thermal conductivity is matrix cracking’s density, followed by volume fraction of the bundle and thermal conductance of the matrix cracks, finally by micro-porosity inside the bundles and macro-porosity between the bundles. The obtained results are well consistent with the reported data, thus our models could be useful for designing the processing and performance of the CVI-densified composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Textile Composites)
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30483 KiB  
Article
Two-Level Micro-to-Nanoscale Hierarchical TiO2 Nanolayers on Titanium Surface
by Elena G. Zemtsova, Andrei Yu. Arbenin, Ruslan Z. Valiev, Evgeny V. Orekhov, Valentin G. Semenov and Vladimir M. Smirnov
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121010 - 13 Dec 2016
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5028
Abstract
Joint replacement is being actively developed within modern orthopedics. One novel material providing fast implantation is bioactive coatings. The synthesis of targeted nanocoatings on metallic nanotitanium surface is reported in this paper. TiO2-based micro- and nanocoatings were produced by sol-gel synthesis [...] Read more.
Joint replacement is being actively developed within modern orthopedics. One novel material providing fast implantation is bioactive coatings. The synthesis of targeted nanocoatings on metallic nanotitanium surface is reported in this paper. TiO2-based micro- and nanocoatings were produced by sol-gel synthesis using dip-coating technology with subsequent fast (shock) drying in hot plate mode at 400 °C. As a result of shock drying, the two-level hierarchical TiO2 nanolayer on the nanotitanium was obtained. This two-level hierarchy includes nanorelief of porous xerogel and microrelief of the micron-sized “defect” network (a crack network). The thickness of TiO2 nanolayers was controlled by repeating dip-coating process the necessary number of times after the first layer deposition. The state of the MS3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line (young cells that form bone tissue) on the two-level hierarchical surface has been studied. Particularly, adhesion character, adhesion time and morphology have been studied. The reported results may serve the starting point for the development of novel bioactive coatings for bone and teeth implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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1984 KiB  
Article
Ferrite Film Loaded Frequency Selective Metamaterials for Sub-GHz Applications
by Bo Gao, Matthew M. F. Yuen and Terry Ye
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121009 - 13 Dec 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5388
Abstract
Electromagnetic metamaterials are constructed with sub-wavelength structures that exhibit particular electromagnetic properties under a certain frequency range. Because the form-factor of the substructures has to be comparable to the wavelength of the operating frequency, few papers have discussed the metamaterials under GHz frequency. [...] Read more.
Electromagnetic metamaterials are constructed with sub-wavelength structures that exhibit particular electromagnetic properties under a certain frequency range. Because the form-factor of the substructures has to be comparable to the wavelength of the operating frequency, few papers have discussed the metamaterials under GHz frequency. In this paper, we developed an innovative method to reduce the resonant frequency of metamaterals. By integrating the meta-structures with ferrite materials of higher permeability, the cell size of the meta-structure can be scaled down. This paper describes the methodology, design, and development of low-profile GHz ferrite loaded metamaterials. A ferrite film with a permeability of 20 could reduce the resonant frequency of metamaterials by up to 50%. A prototype has been fabricated and the measurement data align well with the simulation results. Because of the lowered operational frequency, the proposed ferrite loaded metamaterials offer more flexibility for various sub-GHz microwave applications, such as cloaks, absorbers, and frequency selective surfaces. Full article
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7095 KiB  
Article
Intrinsic Flame-Retardant and Thermally Stable Epoxy Endowed by a Highly Efficient, Multifunctional Curing Agent
by Chunlei Dong, Alvianto Wirasaputra, Qinqin Luo, Shumei Liu, Yanchao Yuan, Jianqing Zhao and Yi Fu
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121008 - 12 Dec 2016
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6704
Abstract
It is difficult to realize flame retardancy of epoxy without suffering much detriment in thermal stability. To solve the problem, a super-efficient phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, 10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) is synthesized and characterized. When it is used as a co-curing agent of 4,4′-methylenedianiline (DDM) [...] Read more.
It is difficult to realize flame retardancy of epoxy without suffering much detriment in thermal stability. To solve the problem, a super-efficient phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, 10-(hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)-5,10-dihydrophenophosphazinine-10-oxide (HB-DPPA) is synthesized and characterized. When it is used as a co-curing agent of 4,4′-methylenedianiline (DDM) for curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), the cured epoxy achieves UL-94 V-0 rating with the limiting oxygen index of 29.3%. In this case, the phosphorus content in the system is exceptionally low (0.18 wt %). To the best of our knowledge, it currently has the highest efficiency among similar epoxy systems. Such excellent flame retardancy originates from the exclusive chemical structure of the phenophosphazine moiety, in which the phosphorus element is stabilized by the two adjacent aromatic rings. The action in the condensed phase is enhanced and followed by pressurization of the pyrolytic gases that induces the blowing-out effect during combustion. The cone calorimeter result reveals the formation of a unique intumescent char structure with five discernible layers. Owing to the super-efficient flame retardancy and the rigid molecular structure of HB-DPPA, the flame-retardant epoxy acquires high thermal stability and its initial decomposition temperature only decreases by 4.6 °C as compared with the unmodified one. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials)
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2252 KiB  
Review
Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride Thin Films: A Review of Recent Progress, Challenges, and Outlooks
by Xin Meng, Young-Chul Byun, Harrison S. Kim, Joy S. Lee, Antonio T. Lucero, Lanxia Cheng and Jiyoung Kim
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121007 - 12 Dec 2016
Cited by 104 | Viewed by 24644
Abstract
With the continued miniaturization of devices in the semiconductor industry, atomic layer deposition (ALD) of silicon nitride thin films (SiNx) has attracted great interest due to the inherent benefits of this process compared to other silicon nitride thin film deposition techniques. [...] Read more.
With the continued miniaturization of devices in the semiconductor industry, atomic layer deposition (ALD) of silicon nitride thin films (SiNx) has attracted great interest due to the inherent benefits of this process compared to other silicon nitride thin film deposition techniques. These benefits include not only high conformality and atomic-scale thickness control, but also low deposition temperatures. Over the past 20 years, recognition of the remarkable features of SiNx ALD, reinforced by experimental and theoretical investigations of the underlying surface reaction mechanism, has contributed to the development and widespread use of ALD SiNx thin films in both laboratory studies and industrial applications. Such recognition has spurred ever-increasing opportunities for the applications of the SiNx ALD technique in various arenas. Nevertheless, this technique still faces a number of challenges, which should be addressed through a collaborative effort between academia and industry. It is expected that the SiNx ALD will be further perceived as an indispensable technique for scaling next-generation ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) technology. In this review, the authors examine the current research progress, challenges and future prospects of the SiNx ALD technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin-Film Deposition, Characterization and Advanced Surface Engineering)
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3936 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Fe-Based Diamond Composites by Pressureless Infiltration
by Meng Li, Youhong Sun, Qingnan Meng, Haidong Wu, Ke Gao and Baochang Liu
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121006 - 12 Dec 2016
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5184
Abstract
A metal-based matrix is usually used for the fabrication of diamond bits in order to achieve favorable properties and easy processing. In the effort to reduce the cost and to attain the desired bit properties, researchers have brought more attention to diamond composites. [...] Read more.
A metal-based matrix is usually used for the fabrication of diamond bits in order to achieve favorable properties and easy processing. In the effort to reduce the cost and to attain the desired bit properties, researchers have brought more attention to diamond composites. In this paper, Fe-based impregnated diamond composites for drill bits were fabricated by using a pressureless infiltration sintering method at 970 °C for 5 min. In addition, boron was introduced into Fe-based diamond composites. The influence of boron on the density, hardness, bending strength, grinding ratio, and microstructure was investigated. An Fe-based diamond composite with 1 wt % B has an optimal overall performance, the grinding ratio especially improving by 80%. After comparing with tungsten carbide (WC)-based diamond composites with and without 1 wt % B, results showed that the Fe-based diamond composite with 1 wt % B exhibits higher bending strength and wear resistance, being satisfactory to bit needs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)
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4588 KiB  
Article
Floating Hydrogel with Self-Generating Micro-Bubbles for Intravesical Instillation
by Tingsheng Lin, Xiaozhi Zhao, Yifan Zhang, Huibo Lian, Junlong Zhuang, Qing Zhang, Wei Chen, Wei Wang, Guangxiang Liu, Suhan Guo, Jinhui Wu, Yiqiao Hu and Hongqian Guo
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121005 - 12 Dec 2016
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6183
Abstract
Intravesical instillation is the main therapy for bladder cancer and interstitial cystitis. However, most drug solutions are eliminated from bladder after the first voiding of urine. To solve this problem, we proposed a floating hydrogel with self-generating micro-bubbles as a new delivery system. [...] Read more.
Intravesical instillation is the main therapy for bladder cancer and interstitial cystitis. However, most drug solutions are eliminated from bladder after the first voiding of urine. To solve this problem, we proposed a floating hydrogel with self-generating micro-bubbles as a new delivery system. It floated in urine, avoiding the urinary obstruction and bladder irritation that ordinary hydrogels caused. In this study, we abandoned traditional gas-producing method like chemical decomposition of NaHCO3, and used the foamability of Poloxamer 407 (P407) instead. Through simple shaking (just like shaking SonoVue for contrast-enhanced ultrasound in clinical), the P407 solution will “lock” many micro-bubbles and float in urine as quickly and steadily as other gas producing materials. In vivo release experiments showed that drug was released continually from hydrogel for 10 h during the erosion process. Thus, the residence time of drug in bladder was prolonged and drug efficacy was improved. In vivo efficacy study using rabbit acute bladder injury model showed that prolonged drug residence time in bladder increased the efficiency of heparin in the protection of bladder mucosal permeability. Therefore, our floating hydrogel system with self-generating micro-bubbles was single-component, simply prepared and efficacy enhancing, successfully exempting users from worries on safety and clinical efficiency from bench to bedside. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)
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16941 KiB  
Article
Spark Plasma Sintering of a Gas Atomized Al7075 Alloy: Microstructure and Properties
by Orsolya Molnárová, Přemysl Málek, František Lukáč and Tomáš Chráska
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121004 - 12 Dec 2016
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6458
Abstract
The powder of an Al7075 alloy was prepared by gas atomization. A combination of cellular, columnar, and equiaxed dendritic-like morphology was observed in individual powder particles with continuous layers of intermetallic phases along boundaries. The cells are separated predominantly by high-angle boundaries, the [...] Read more.
The powder of an Al7075 alloy was prepared by gas atomization. A combination of cellular, columnar, and equiaxed dendritic-like morphology was observed in individual powder particles with continuous layers of intermetallic phases along boundaries. The cells are separated predominantly by high-angle boundaries, the areas with dendritic-like morphology usually have a similar crystallographic orientation. Spark plasma sintering resulted in a fully dense material with a microstructure similar to that of the powder material. The continuous layers of intermetallic phases are replaced by individual particles located along internal boundaries, coarse particles are formed at the surface of original powder particles. Microhardness measurements revealed both artificial and natural ageing behavior similar to that observed in ingot metallurgy material. The minimum microhardness of 81 HV, observed in the sample annealed at 300 °C, reflects the presence of coarse particles. The peak microhardness of 160 HV was observed in the sample annealed at 500 °C and then aged at room temperature. Compression tests confirmed high strength combined with sufficient plasticity. Annealing even at 500 °C does not significantly influence the distribution of grain sizes—about 45% of the area is occupied by grains with the size below 10 µm. Full article
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3139 KiB  
Article
Cellulose Nanocrystal Membranes as Excipients for Drug Delivery Systems
by Ananda M. Barbosa, Eduardo Robles, Juliana S. Ribeiro, Rafael G. Lund, Neftali L. V. Carreño and Jalel Labidi
Materials 2016, 9(12), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121002 - 12 Dec 2016
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 8389
Abstract
In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were obtained from flax fibers by an acid hydrolysis assisted by sonochemistry in order to reduce reaction times. The cavitation inducted during hydrolysis resulted in CNC with uniform shapes, and thus further pretreatments into the cellulose are [...] Read more.
In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were obtained from flax fibers by an acid hydrolysis assisted by sonochemistry in order to reduce reaction times. The cavitation inducted during hydrolysis resulted in CNC with uniform shapes, and thus further pretreatments into the cellulose are not required. The obtained CNC exhibited a homogeneous morphology and high crystallinity, as well as typical values for surface charge. Additionally, CNC membranes were developed from CNC solution to evaluation as a drug delivery system by the incorporation of a model drug. The drug delivery studies were carried out using chlorhexidine (CHX) as a drug and the antimicrobial efficiency of the CNC membrane loaded with CHX was examined against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus). The release of CHX from the CNC membranes is determined by UV-Vis. The obtaining methodology of the membranes proved to be simple, and these early studies showed a potential use in antibiotic drug delivery systems due to the release kinetics and the satisfactory antimicrobial activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocellulose-Based Functional Materials)
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