Sports

9 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation in Accelerometer-Derived Instantaneous Acceleration Distribution Curves of Elite Male Soccer Players According to Playing Position: A Pilot Study

by Pedro Oliveira, Felipe Arruda Moura, Ivan Baptista, Fábio Yuzo Nakamura and José Afonso

Sports 2024, 12(9), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090263 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 784

Abstract

The incorporation of triaxial accelerometers into Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has significantly advanced our understanding of accelerations in sports. However, inter-positional differences are unknown. This study aimed to explore the variability of acceleration and deceleration (Acc) distribution curves according to players’ positions during [...] Read more.

The incorporation of triaxial accelerometers into Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has significantly advanced our understanding of accelerations in sports. However, inter-positional differences are unknown. This study aimed to explore the variability of acceleration and deceleration (Acc) distribution curves according to players’ positions during soccer matches. Thirty-seven male players from a national-level Portuguese club were monitored using 10 Hz GPS with an embedded accelerometer during the 2021/2022 season. Resultant Acc was obtained from the x (lateral), y (frontal/back), and z (vertical) axes and expressed in gravitational units (g). Statistical Parametric Mapping was employed to compare playing positions: central defenders (CD), fullbacks (FB), central midfielders (CM), wide midfielders (WM), and strikers (ST). All positions exhibited a decreasing Acc distribution curve, very similar in shape, with a high frequency of events in the lower ranges (i.e., 0 to 1 g) and a lower frequency of events in the higher values (2 to 10 g). Post hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between all positions, except between FB and WM. Out of 1000 points in the curve, CD had 540, 535, 414, and 264 different points compared to FB, CM, WM, and ST, respectively. These findings indicate that players in different positions face distinct demands during matches, emphasizing the need for position-specific Acc analysis and training programming. By analyzing Acc as a continuous variable, this study highlights the importance of individualized monitoring to ensure the comprehensive and precise tracking of all player activities, without overlooking or omitting critical information. Full article

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15 pages, 1339 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Lower Limb Strength Tests Used in Elite Basketball

by Tom Faulks, Pierpaolo Sansone and Sibi Walter

Sports 2024, 12(9), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090262 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1182

Abstract

Background: Basketball players rely on their lower limb strength for speed and agility. Therefore, it is important for strength and conditioning coaches to seek methods to assess and develop lower limb strength. Objectives: This study aimed to identify tests and variables used to [...] Read more.

Background: Basketball players rely on their lower limb strength for speed and agility. Therefore, it is important for strength and conditioning coaches to seek methods to assess and develop lower limb strength. Objectives: This study aimed to identify tests and variables used to assess lower body strength among elite basketball players and to provide normative values for the commonly used strength tests. Methods: A review of PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute cross-sectional and cohort checklists. Results: Among the twelve reviewed studies, seven strength tests and five outcome variables were used. The most frequently used lower limb strength tests were the back squat (nine studies) and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) (three studies), both reporting one repetition maximum (1RM) and peak force metrics. The most frequently used lower limb strength test was the back squat among males and IMTP among females. Conclusions: Among elite basketball players, the back squat 1RM is the most used lower limb strength test. However, across studies, a large variability was evidenced, which suggests that lower limb testing procedures are heterogeneous in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength and Conditioning Society 2023: Sports Performance, Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Health Improvement)

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10 pages, 1108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Age-Group Triathlon Coaches Manage Training Load? A Pilot Study

by David Procida, Jocelyn Mara, Lachlan Mitchell and Naroa Etxebarria

Sports 2024, 12(9), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090261 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 852

Abstract

Multidisciplinary sports like triathlons require combining training for three different sports, and it is unclear how triathlon coaches manage this. During a 10-week period, we provided four age-group triathlon coaches with summary reports of the training completed by their athletes (n = 10) [...] Read more.

Multidisciplinary sports like triathlons require combining training for three different sports, and it is unclear how triathlon coaches manage this. During a 10-week period, we provided four age-group triathlon coaches with summary reports of the training completed by their athletes (n = 10) in the previous week. Coaches were then asked if the information provided to them was used to inform training prescription for the following week. The information provided to coaches included relative acute training load (rATL) and training stress scores (TSSs). Weekly fluctuations in rATL of >10% (spikes) were 83% (swim), 74% (bike) and 87% (run). Coaches adapted training loads for the upcoming week in 25% of all rATLs reported, and only 5% (swim), 33% (bike) and 9% (run) of the adjusted loads avoided spikes. Consequently, there were 22 single-discipline acute training load spikes vs. 14 spikes when combining all three disciplines. Only 1.5% of training was lost to injury, mostly after a large running-based training load spike (>30%). Coaches largely overlooked the information provided in the report when prescribing exercise for the following week, and when adjusted, it failed to bring weekly load variability <10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maximising Triathlon Health and Performance: the State of the Art)

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19 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Physical Activity Behaviors, Team Sports, and Sitting Time on Body Image and Exercise Dependence

by Emanuel Festino, Olga Papale, Francesca Di Rocco, Marianna De Maio, Cristina Cortis and Andrea Fusco

Sports 2024, 12(9), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090260 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 2724

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate whether the type and degree of physical activity commitment (i.e., team sport athletes, highly active individuals, sedentary behavior) influence body image and exercise behavior. A total of 96 participants (46 women and 50 men; age: 22.7 ± 2.7 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate whether the type and degree of physical activity commitment (i.e., team sport athletes, highly active individuals, sedentary behavior) influence body image and exercise behavior. A total of 96 participants (46 women and 50 men; age: 22.7 ± 2.7 years; height: 170 ± 8.6 cm; weight: 67.6 ± 10.8 kg) were divided in six groups: female volleyball and male football players (student athletes classified as Tier 2), highly physically active women and men, with high sitting time completed the Body Image Dimensional Assessment and the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale to evaluate body dissatisfaction and level of dependency on exercise. The Body Image Dimensional Assessment is a silhouette-based scale, where three direct indices are derived from the participants’ responses: body dissatisfaction, sexual body dissatisfaction, and comparative body dissatisfaction. The Exercise Dependence Scale is a six-point Likert scale that evaluates seven dimensions of exercise dependence (tolerance, withdrawal, intention effects, lack of control, time, reductions in other activities, and continuance) and provides an overall score. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of different levels of physical activity, team sport participation (volleyball and football), and sedentary behavior (i.e., high sitting time) on participants’ body image indices and dimensions of exercise dependence according to sex. Volleyball players showed significantly higher body dissatisfaction than football players (d = 0.99) and the physically active men group (d = 2.31), who had lower values than sedentary women group (d = 1.68). Football players had lower comparative body dissatisfaction values than volleyball players (d = 1.70) and sedentary women (d = 1.69), who had higher values than sedentary men (d = 1.04). Sedentary women had a significantly lower exercise dependence scale score than volleyball players (d = 1.71), football players (d = 1.12), and physically active men (d = 1.21). The findings highlight the impact of regular physical activity on body dissatisfaction and the variance in body image perceptions between the sexes. Moreover, the high exercise dependence values found in volleyball and football players and physically active men suggest an effect of intense training and maladaptive exercise behaviors, underlining the need for comprehensive strategies to address exercise dependence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Physical Exercise Impacts on Human Physical and Psychological Health)

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14 pages, 1398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Countermovement Jump Peak Power Changes with Age in Masters Weightlifters

by Bryan L. Riemann, Matthew Johnson, Matthew K. Helms, Andrew Hatchett, Joseph D. Vondrasek, Cullun Q. Watts and Marianne Huebner

Sports 2024, 12(9), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090259 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 851

Abstract

Aging is associated with decreased muscle strength and power. Power is particularly important for maintaining the independence of older adults when performing activities of daily living. The countermovement jump has been identified as a reliable and safe method to assess lower extremity power [...] Read more.

Aging is associated with decreased muscle strength and power. Power is particularly important for maintaining the independence of older adults when performing activities of daily living. The countermovement jump has been identified as a reliable and safe method to assess lower extremity power across the lifespan. The purpose of this investigation was to study sex differences and age-related changes in countermovement jump peak power among masters weightlifters with the secondary purpose of comparing results to previous reports of community and masters athletes. Female (n = 63, 39 to 70 yrs, med (56 yrs)) and male (n = 39, 35 to 86 yrs, med (59 yrs)) participants of the 2022 World Masters Championships completed three maximal effort countermovement jump repetitions following a dynamic warm-up. Vertical ground reaction forces were recorded, and peak power normalized to body mass was calculated. Results indicated significant age-related peak power among weightlifters, with the decline being significantly more pronounced in males than females. Female weightlifters exhibited less age-related decline compared to normative data as well as the other Master athlete comparison cohorts (short and long-distance runners), whereas the males demonstrated similar age-related declines as the comparison cohorts. While the female weightlifters in the current study generally demonstrated the least age-related declines in CMJ peak power of the comparative literature, the male weightlifters showed similar age-related decline rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Resistance Training and Physical Activity programs on Physical Performance and Body Composition in Middle-Age and Older People: Promoting Healthy Aging)

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14 pages, 1978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability, Objectivity, Validity, and Reference Levels of the Austrian Pole Climbing Test (APCT)—A Novel Monitoring Tool for Assessing General Fitness in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

by Gerald Jarnig, Reinhold Kerbl and Mireille N. M. van Poppel

Sports 2024, 12(9), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090258 - 18 Sep 2024

Viewed by 546

Abstract

Climbing is an activity involving many major muscle groups and, therefore, it is suitable for assessing general physical fitness. The Austrian pole climbing test (APCT) was developed as a reliable and valid test for the assessment of general fitness levels in children, adolescents, [...] Read more.

Climbing is an activity involving many major muscle groups and, therefore, it is suitable for assessing general physical fitness. The Austrian pole climbing test (APCT) was developed as a reliable and valid test for the assessment of general fitness levels in children, adolescents, and young adults. In this cross-sectional pilot study, 677 participants (aged 6 to 19 years) were assessed via the APCT. Subsequently, test quality criteria (reliability and objectivity) were assessed, and the test’s validity was evaluated through comparisons with other established fitness tests (hand grip strength, standing long jump, and pull- and push-ups). Additionally, age- and gender-specific reference values were generated. The reliability (ICC2.1 = 0.97, 95%CI 0.95 to 0.98) and objectivity (ICC2.1 = 0.99, 95%CI 0.99 to 0.99) of the APCT were found to be excellent. The APCT results correlated strongly with the hand strength per kilogram of body weight (right: r = 0.58; left: r = 0.53), number of pull-ups (with upper grip: r = 0.74; with lower grip: r = 0.69) and standing long jump (r = 0.61); a moderate correlation with the push-up test was observed (r = 0.44). The APCT is reliable, objective, and suitable for children, adolescents, and young adults with an affinity for sports. It offers a novel opportunity to assess fitness without time pressure, considering the anthropometric requirements. Full article

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12 pages, 6639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of High-Intensity, Short-Duration and Low-Intensity, Long-Duration Hamstrings Static Stretching on Contralateral Limb Performance

by Emily J. Philpott, Mohammadmahdi Bahrami, Mahta Sardroodian and David G. Behm

Sports 2024, 12(9), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090257 - 18 Sep 2024

Viewed by 701

Abstract

Introduction: Increases in contralateral range of motion (ROM) have been shown following acute high-intensity and high-duration static stretching (SS) with no significant change in contralateral force, power, and muscle activation. There are currently no studies comparing the effects of a high-intensity, short-duration (HISD) [...] Read more.

Introduction: Increases in contralateral range of motion (ROM) have been shown following acute high-intensity and high-duration static stretching (SS) with no significant change in contralateral force, power, and muscle activation. There are currently no studies comparing the effects of a high-intensity, short-duration (HISD) or low-intensity, long-duration (LILD) SS on contralateral performance. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how HISD and LILD SS of the dominant leg hamstrings influence contralateral limb performance. Methods: Sixteen trained participants (eight females, eight males) completed three SS interventions of the dominant leg hamstrings; (1) HISD (6 × 10 s at maximal point of discomfort), (2) LILD (6 × 30 s at initial point of discomfort), and (3) control. Dominant and non-dominant ROM, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) forces, muscle activation (electromyography (EMG)), and unilateral CMJ and DJ heights were recorded pre-test and 1 min post-test. Results: There were no significant contralateral ROM or performance changes. Following the HISD condition, the post-test ROM for the stretched leg (110.6 ± 12.6°) exceeded the pre-test (106.0 ± 9.0°) by a small magnitude effect of 4.2% (p = 0.008, d = 0.42). With LILD, the stretched leg post-test (112.2 ± 16.5°) exceeded (2.6%, p = 0.06, d = 0.18) the pre-test ROM (109.3 ± 16.2°) by a non-significant, trivial magnitude. There were large magnitude impairments, evidenced by main effects for testing time for force, instantaneous strength, and associated EMG. A significant ROM interaction (p = 0.02) showed that with LILD, the stretched leg significantly (p = 0.05) exceeded the contralateral leg by 13.4% post-test. Conclusions: The results showing no significant increase in contralateral ROM with either HISD or LILD SS, suggesting the interventions may not have been effective in promoting crossover effects. Full article

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24 pages, 1322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Annual Physical Training Plan for Masters +45 Women Half Marathon Athletes: A Guideline Model for Good Practices for Programming Effort Volume and Intensity

by Daniela Baba, Raluca Mijaica, Florentina Nechita and Lorand Balint

Sports 2024, 12(9), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090256 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 865

Abstract

This study presents the implementation and results of the Annual Physical Training Program for Masters +45 Half Marathoners (PASm-12), focused on optimizing athletic performance through rigorous planning of training volume and intensity. PASm-12, structured over 12 mesocycles and 52 microcycles, was applied to [...] Read more.

This study presents the implementation and results of the Annual Physical Training Program for Masters +45 Half Marathoners (PASm-12), focused on optimizing athletic performance through rigorous planning of training volume and intensity. PASm-12, structured over 12 mesocycles and 52 microcycles, was applied to 6 female runners with over 10 years of experience. The results indicate that the total running volume achieved (2347 km) was 90.2% of the volume proposed by PASm-12 (2603.2 km), with statistically significant differences in most mesocycles (Cohen’s f² = 6.24, t = −5.997, p = 0.002, indicating a large effect size). The training intensity was achieved at an average of 94.8% of what was proposed by PASm-12, with significant differences in several mesocycles (Cohen’s f² = 0.45, t = −1.972 to −3.984, p < 0.05, indicating a moderate to large effect size). The female runners’ performances in field tests generally showed faster times than the maximum and average values proposed in PASm-12, with the exception of the final competition, where performance was slightly lower due to external competitive factors (Cohen’s d = −0.53, t = −1.192, p = 0.3). This plan, demonstrating good practice, could serve as a guideline model for amateur runners who do not have specialist counseling. PASm-12 can reduce the risk of injury, prevent excessive fatigue, and support ongoing participation in sports activities. Additionally, the implementation of this plan could provide amateur runners with a safe and effective training structure, contributing to improved health and athletic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Competition and Sports Training: A Challenge for Public Health)

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9 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of a Musculoskeletal Assessment for the Examination of Cervical Spine Pain and Injuries in Special Forces Combat Soldiers

by Timothy C. Sell and Ryan Zerega

Sports 2024, 12(9), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090255 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 656

Abstract

An assessment of protocol reliability is an essential step prior to human subject testing for injury prevention. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of a portable cervical range of motion and isometric strength protocol designed for [...] Read more.

An assessment of protocol reliability is an essential step prior to human subject testing for injury prevention. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of a portable cervical range of motion and isometric strength protocol designed for special forces combat soldiers who are at risk for cervical spine pain and injury due to exposure to head-supported mass. Eight individuals were tested three times to assess reliability, the standard error of the measurement (SEM), and the minimal detectable change across six range of motion measures and six strength measures of the cervical spine. One tester tested all participants twice for intra-rater reliability, and a second tester assessed the participants to examine inter-tester reliability. All reliability measures demonstrated good to excellent reliability (ICC = 0.70–0.96 (isometric strength); ICC = 0.85–0.94 (range of motion)). All SEM scores were 12% or lower for all reliability measures. The findings of this study demonstrate that the protocol developed for a longitudinal multi-site study is reliable and appropriate to implement for injury prevention in military personnel. Full article

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15 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Advancements in Performance Monitoring: A Systematic Review of Sensor Technologies in Rowing and Canoeing Biomechanics

by Maria I. Cruz, Hugo Sarmento, Ana M. Amaro, Luís Roseiro and Beatriz B. Gomes

Sports 2024, 12(9), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090254 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 715

Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of sports biomechanics is essential for optimizing athletic performance. Recent advancements in sensor technology, particularly inertial sensors, have transformed the landscape of sports performance analysis. These sensors offer profound insights into the kinematic and kinetic aspects of sports, with a [...] Read more.

A comprehensive understanding of sports biomechanics is essential for optimizing athletic performance. Recent advancements in sensor technology, particularly inertial sensors, have transformed the landscape of sports performance analysis. These sensors offer profound insights into the kinematic and kinetic aspects of sports, with a particular impact on water-based sports such as rowing and canoeing. This systematic review aims to establish a comprehensive framework for examining sensor technologies and evaluating biomechanical performance in rowing and canoeing. The authors systematically searched four prominent databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Sage Journals), concentrating on research that has employed sensors to analyze critical performance variables in rowing and canoeing. Our exclusion criteria included manuscripts that exclusively addressed ergometer-based studies, those lacking sensor-related content, unrelated subjects, and publications dating back more than 15 years. The authors used the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tools to assess study quality and bias risk. A total of 11 studies were included in this review. This review also acknowledges the limitations, such as the exclusion of gray literature and studies in languages other than English, which may have limited the scope of the research. The studies were synthesized qualitatively, focusing on key variables, including oar/paddle force, boat speed, and technique, and were analyzed, providing quantitative insights. Sensor technology has ushered in a new era of rowing and canoeing performance analysis. Full article

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10 pages, 433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of VDR Polymorphisms with Muscle Mass Development in Elite Young Soccer Players: A Pilot Study

by Laura Flore, Renato Robledo, Laura Dettori, Marco Scorcu, Paolo Francalacci, Filippo Tocco, Myosotis Massidda and Carla Maria Calò

Sports 2024, 12(9), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090253 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 615

Abstract

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is an important candidate gene in musculoskeletal phenotypes. Polymorphisms in the VDR have been previously associated with several pathologies and muscular strength in athletes and elderly people; however, the literature reported contradictory results. The object of [...] Read more.

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is an important candidate gene in musculoskeletal phenotypes. Polymorphisms in the VDR have been previously associated with several pathologies and muscular strength in athletes and elderly people; however, the literature reported contradictory results. The object of this research was to verify the association between the most studied VDR variants (rs2228570, rs7975232, and rs1544410) and the increase in muscle mass in elite young soccer players. A sample of 55 soccer players (15–18 years old) from a professional team were selected for this study. DNA was extracted by the salting-out method, and polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP, followed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. To test the effect of the three SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), a logistic regression analysis was applied. The body composition determination was carried out through the skinfold thickness method, and the muscular area of the arm and lower limb were calculated using the Frisancho formula. All three polymorphisms met the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05) and their frequencies fell within the worldwide variability. A significant correlation between rs1544410 and the increase in calf muscle mass was observed. Individuals carrying the A allele showed higher calf muscular mass than those carrying the G allele (p = 0.034). Moreover, a haplotype analysis applied to the two SNPs in linkage disequilibrium (rs7975232 and rs1544410) showed that the AG haplotype appeared negatively correlated to the calf muscle area. In conclusion, we confirm an association between VDR polymorphisms and muscular mass that could encourage the genetic screening of the VDR gene to identify a potential risk of injury and for individual nutritional interventions. Full article

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17 pages, 1071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidimensional Analysis of Physiological Entropy during Self-Paced Marathon Running

by Florent Palacin, Luc Poinsard and Véronique Billat

Sports 2024, 12(9), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090252 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

The pacing of a marathon is arguably the most challenging aspect for runners, particularly in avoiding a sudden decline in speed, or what is colloquially termed a “wall”, occurring at approximately the 30 km mark. To gain further insight into the potential for [...] Read more.

The pacing of a marathon is arguably the most challenging aspect for runners, particularly in avoiding a sudden decline in speed, or what is colloquially termed a “wall”, occurring at approximately the 30 km mark. To gain further insight into the potential for optimizing self-paced marathon performance through the coding of comprehensive physiological data, this study investigates the complex physiological responses and pacing strategies during a marathon, with a focus on the application of Shannon entropy and principal component analysis (PCA) to quantify the variability and unpredictability of key cardiorespiratory measures. Nine recreational marathon runners were monitored throughout the marathon race, with continuous measurements of oxygen uptake (

\dot{V}

O₂), carbon dioxide output (

\dot{V}

CO₂), tidal volume (Vt), heart rate, respiratory frequency (Rf), and running speed. The PCA revealed that the entropy variance of

\dot{V}

O₂,

\dot{V}

CO₂, and Vt were captured along the F1 axis, while cadence and heart rate variances were primarily captured along the F2 axis. Notably, when distance and physiological responses were projected simultaneously on the PCA correlation circle, the first 26 km of the race were positioned on the same side of the F1 axis as the metabolic responses, whereas the final kilometers were distributed on the opposite side, indicating a shift in physiological state as fatigue set in. The separation of heart rate and cadence entropy variances from the metabolic parameters suggests that these responses are independent of distance, contrasting with the linear increase in heart rate and decrease in cadence typically observed. Additionally, Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering further categorized runners’ physiological responses, revealing distinct clusters of entropy profiles. The analysis identified two to four classes of responses, representing different phases of the marathon for individual runners, with some clusters clearly distinguishing the beginning, middle, and end of the race. This variability emphasizes the personalized nature of physiological responses and pacing strategies, reinforcing the need for individualized approaches. These findings offer practical applications for optimizing pacing strategies, suggesting that real-time monitoring of entropy could enhance marathon performance by providing insights into a runner’s physiological state and helping to prevent the onset of hitting the wall. Full article

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11 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying the Training Loads and Corresponding Changes in Physical Qualities among Adolescent, Schoolboy Rugby League Players

by Michael A. Carron, Aaron T. Scanlan and Thomas M. Doering

Sports 2024, 12(9), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090251 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 607

Abstract

Objectives: The adolescent development period is critical for rugby league athletes, given the physical growth, neuromuscular adaptation, and skill acquisition that occurs. Secondary schools play an important role in the development of adolescent rugby league players; however, players may be selected into rugby [...] Read more.

Objectives: The adolescent development period is critical for rugby league athletes, given the physical growth, neuromuscular adaptation, and skill acquisition that occurs. Secondary schools play an important role in the development of adolescent rugby league players; however, players may be selected into rugby league academies and development programs outside of school, as well as participating in additional sports. In turn, the training loads these young athletes accrue and the implications of these loads are currently unknown. Our aim was to quantify the training loads and concomitant changes in physical qualities of schoolboy and adolescent rugby league players during mesocycles within the pre-season and in-season phases. Design: This is a prospective experimental study. Methods: Twenty-one schoolboy rugby league players (16.2 ± 1.3 years) were monitored across separate 4-week mesocycles in the pre-season and in-season. Session frequency, duration, and the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) load were reported for all examples of training and match participation in the school rugby league program, as well as club and representative teams for any sport and personal strength and conditioning. Various physical qualities were assessed before and after each 4-week mesocycle. Results: The sRPE load that accumulated across the 4-week mesocycles was higher in the pre-season than the in-season (8260 ± 2021 arbitrary units [AU] vs. 6148 ± 980 AU, p < 0.001), with non-significant differences in accumulated session frequency and duration between phases. Session frequency, duration, and sRPE load differed (p < 0.05) between some weeks in an inconsistent manner during the pre-season and in-season mesocycles. Regarding physical qualities, improvements (p < 0.05) in the 10 m sprint test, Multistage Fitness Test, medicine ball throw, and 1-repetition maximum back squat and bench press performances were evident across the pre-season mesocycle, with declines (p < 0.05) in the 505-Agility Test, L-run Test, and 1-repetition maximum back squat performances across the in-season mesocycle. Conclusions: These novel training load data show schoolboy rugby league players experience considerable demands that may be suitable in developing several physical qualities during the pre-season but detrimental to maintaining such qualities across the in-season. Full article

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13 pages, 1812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Velocity, Power and Skin Temperature in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes with Fixed and Variable Resistance

by Gildo Francisco dos Santos Filho, Felipe J. Aidar, Márcio Getirana-Mota, Ciro José Brito, Esteban Aedo-Muñoz, Ângelo de Almeida Paz, Joilson Alves de Souza Leite Júnior, Edson Lucas Monteiro Vieira and Pantelis T. Nikolaidis

Sports 2024, 12(9), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090250 - 11 Sep 2024

Viewed by 735

Abstract

Variable resistance training has been widely used in athletic preparation. Objectives: To analyze the use of currents (VRT) and the traditional method (TRAD) on speed, power and temperature in a training session. Methods: Fourteen paralympic powerlifting (PP) athletes took part over three weeks. [...] Read more.

Variable resistance training has been widely used in athletic preparation. Objectives: To analyze the use of currents (VRT) and the traditional method (TRAD) on speed, power and temperature in a training session. Methods: Fourteen paralympic powerlifting (PP) athletes took part over three weeks. In week 1, familiarization and 1RM tests took place, and, in weeks 2 and 3, pre- and post-training took place, where the propulsive mean velocity and power and temperatures were assessed before and after, at 24 h and 48 h. Results: There was a difference in the sternal pectoral temperatures before and after VRT (p = 0.040) and at 48 h for TRAD and VRT (p = 0.018); in the clavicular pectoralis before and after VRT and TRAD (p = 0.003); in the anterior deltoid after and at 48 h for TRAD and VRT (p = 0.026 and p = 0.017); and in the triceps after and at 24 h and 48 h between TRAD and VRT (p = 0.005). In the training series, the MPV was significant in TRAD between Set1 and Set5 (p = 0.003), in training (VRT) between Set1 and Set5 (p = 0.001) and in Set5 between the methods (p = 0.047). For power, there was a difference between Set1 and 5 in TRAD (p = 0.016) and VRT (p = 0.002). Conclusion: We conclude that training with currents (VRT) promoted greater muscle fatigue when compared to traditional training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Paralympic Sports Physiology: Environmental, Training, Physiology and Other Variables Related to Performance and Performance)

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14 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Heat Exposure on the Health and Performance of Soccer Players: A Narrative Review and Bibliometric Analysis

by Spyridon Plakias, Themistoklis Tsatalas, Minas A. Mina, Christos Kokkotis, Andreas D. Flouris and Giannis Giakas

Sports 2024, 12(9), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090249 - 10 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1806

Abstract

The impact of heat exposure on the health and performance of soccer players is a widely discussed topic. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the international literature that has addressed this issue. To achieve this objective, we [...] Read more.

The impact of heat exposure on the health and performance of soccer players is a widely discussed topic. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the international literature that has addressed this issue. To achieve this objective, we initially conducted a bibliometric analysis and a literature review of the main topics that emerged through bibliometric techniques. For the bibliometric analysis, we employed VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20.0) and used documents found in the Scopus database. The analysis ultimately included 133 documents published in 66 sources. Key journals and authors were identified, highlighting significant contributions to the field. Science mapping revealed collaboration networks and research focus areas such as physical health, safety, soccer performance, dehydration and hydration, physiological mechanisms and monitoring, nutrition, fluid intake, and cooling techniques. Based on the key areas highlighted in the identified clusters, which emerged from the co-occurrence analysis of the author keywords, the following three topics were developed in the literature review: (a) the physiology and health of football players; (b) performance impacts; and (c) strategies to prevent negative consequences. The review showed that high heat exposure can reduce the physical and cognitive performance of athletes and prove detrimental to their health. To mitigate the negative consequences, appropriate hydration strategies, heat acclimatization, and cooling techniques have been proposed. Our findings provide the international scientific community with comprehensive knowledge of the existing literature, laying the foundation for future research while simultaneously offering coaches and athletes the necessary theoretical knowledge to help improve safety and performance. Full article

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30 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Importance of Physical Fitness Parameters in Rhythmic Gymnastics: A Scoping Review

by Vasiliki Gaspari, Gregory C. Bogdanis, Ioli Panidi, Andreas Konrad, Gerasimos Terzis, Anastasia Donti and Olyvia Donti

Sports 2024, 12(9), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090248 - 7 Sep 2024

Viewed by 2686

Abstract

This scoping review presents an overview of physical fitness parameters in rhythmic gymnastics as well as the association of fitness with gymnasts’ performance, competitive level, and age. PubMed, Scopus, and Sport Discus databases were searched. Of the 586 records retrieved, 41 studies met [...] Read more.

This scoping review presents an overview of physical fitness parameters in rhythmic gymnastics as well as the association of fitness with gymnasts’ performance, competitive level, and age. PubMed, Scopus, and Sport Discus databases were searched. Of the 586 records retrieved, 41 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 1915 participants). The included studies examined flexibility, aerobic capacity, muscle power, muscle endurance, muscle strength, sprint speed, agility, balance, and coordination. Performance was associated with flexibility, aerobic capacity, lower-limb muscle power, agility, muscular endurance, balance, and coordination from a young age. Flexibility, aerobic capacity, and muscle power were, in general, higher in high-level gymnasts than in low-level gymnasts or controls. Older rhythmic gymnasts demonstrated higher scores than the younger ones in flexibility, aerobic capacity, balance, and sport-specific coordination but not in muscle endurance, while some studies reported a decline in muscle power with age. Supplementary physical fitness training improved all physical abilities irrespective of the gymnasts’ level. Rhythmic gymnastics training alone improved muscle power, agility, speed, muscular endurance, and balance to a lesser extent than targeted fitness training. Muscular strength, speed, and agility are largely under-researched in rhythmic gymnastics. Emphasis should be given to targeted strength and power training due to the high mechanical loads placed on skeletally immature athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors and Biological Mechanisms Underlying Exercise Performance in Children)

11 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Antioxidant Status after Diet Supplementation with Novel Natural-Based Supplement in Combat Athletes

by Adrian Tirla, Simona Ioana Vicas, Teodora Bianca Sirca, Corina Cinezan and Simona Cavalu

Sports 2024, 12(9), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090247 - 7 Sep 2024

Viewed by 879

Abstract

Background: Intense physical activity is known to generate high levels of oxidative stress, and supplementation with bioactive products with powerful antioxidant effects is often recommended. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the potential benefits of supplementing the diet of professional [...] Read more.

Background: Intense physical activity is known to generate high levels of oxidative stress, and supplementation with bioactive products with powerful antioxidant effects is often recommended. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the potential benefits of supplementing the diet of professional combat fighters with a new bioactive formulation based on Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) and bee pollen, a natural combination with a balanced ratio of macro- and micronutrients, rich in proteins and polyphenols. Methods: A total of 31 professional combat fighters were selected to participate in this study. Due to allergic medical history, two were excluded, and the remaining 29 were divided into two groups: 14 in the control and 15 in the supplementation group. The supplemented group consumed daily 40 g of novel supplement based on a combination of dried black chokeberry and bee pollen (1:2 ratio) for 4 weeks. Results: A statistically significant increase in plasma antioxidant capacity was observed in the supplemented group compared to control related to the time and group factors at the end of this study. During this study, a significant increase in neutrophils was recorded in both groups. Supplementation with black chokeberry and bee pollen generated no significant modifications in inflammatory markers, body composition, glycemia, maximum aerobic capacity, blood glycemia, hemoglobin or red cell line. Conclusion: This clinical study pointed out a positive result in terms of plasma antioxidant capacity upon administration of the novel nutraceutical formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Acute Supplementation in Exercise Performance)

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15 pages, 4590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Technical Training for Wheelchair-User Billiard Players through Modified Equipment Implementation

by Viktoriia Nagorna, Artur Mytko, Olha Borysova, Liubov Zhyhailova and Silvio R. Lorenzetti

Sports 2024, 12(9), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090246 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 613

Abstract

This study aims to enhance the effectiveness of the preparation process and the performance of wheelchair users in international billiard competitions through modified equipment. The research methods include analysis and synthesis of the scientific and methodological literature, sociological research methods (questionnaires), expert assessment [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance the effectiveness of the preparation process and the performance of wheelchair users in international billiard competitions through modified equipment. The research methods include analysis and synthesis of the scientific and methodological literature, sociological research methods (questionnaires), expert assessment methods, pedagogical research methods (observation, testing, experimentation), and methods of mathematical statistics. The results of our study are significant: Implementing our developed training program for billiards players with musculoskeletal disorders, utilizing the modified equipment (special mechanical bridge and straps for cue fixation during shots) we created in a pedagogical experiment, demonstrated a probable improvement of 36% in the technical and tactical preparedness of the athletes compared to previous years. This led to a 33% increase in players from the Ukrainian team’s competition performance at the national and European Pool Championships (wheelchair division). In conclusion, implementing our developed training program, accompanied by specialized auxiliary equipment, demonstrated promising results in a pedagogical experiment. These findings underscore the potential of the modified equipment and tailored training programs to optimize sports training for individuals with musculoskeletal impairments in adaptive billiards, contributing to the continued humanization of the sport and offering an effective preparation process for the athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports and Paralympic Sports Physiology: Environmental, Training, Physiology and Other Variables Related to Performance and Performance)

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17 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessReview

Menstrual Dysfunction in Adolescent Female Athletes

by Valeria Calcaterra, Matteo Vandoni, Alice Bianchi, Agnese Pirazzi, Lara Tiranini, Paola Baldassarre, Marianna Diotti, Caterina Cavallo, Rossella Elena Nappi and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Sports 2024, 12(9), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090245 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1637

Abstract

Despite the benefits of exercise on mental and physical health, excessive training loads can lead to health problems in the long term, including a wide spectrum of menstrual dysfunction (MD). This narrative review aims to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and MD [...] Read more.

Despite the benefits of exercise on mental and physical health, excessive training loads can lead to health problems in the long term, including a wide spectrum of menstrual dysfunction (MD). This narrative review aims to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and MD in adolescent female athletes to support regular menstrual health monitoring and promote educational programs on reproductive risks. When dealing with MD in young athletes, several factors entangled with maturation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis should be considered. Firstly, some disciplines seem to have a higher prevalence of MD due to the high loads of training regimes and the early introduction of athletes to a competitive career. Moreover, low energy intake and a low body mass index appear to exacerbate existing MD. Lastly, disordered eating behaviors and psychological stress can contribute to MD in female athletes. The type of sport, influencing the intensity and duration of exercise, as well as individual psycho-physiological and environmental factors, may influence the role of physical activity in the manifestation of MD. Early recognition and management of MD, along with collaboration between sports organizations and health professionals, are crucial to minimize risks, ensure proper nutrition, and balance training with recovery. Keeping an open discussion on the topic may prospectively improve awareness, early diagnosis, and treatment strategies, as well as reduce injury risk and enhance sports performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on the Health of Young Athletes and Team Sports Performance)

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15 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling Players’ Perceptions of Mother- and Father-Initiated Motivational Climates and Fear of Failure in Youth Male Team Sports

by Patrícia Coutinho, Cristiana Bessa, Cláudia Dias, Isabel Mesquita and António M. Fonseca

Sports 2024, 12(9), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090244 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 887

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived mother- and father-initiated motivational climates and players’ fear of failure in youth male team sports. A sample of 336 youth male players from five team sports (basketball, football, handball, volleyball, and [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived mother- and father-initiated motivational climates and players’ fear of failure in youth male team sports. A sample of 336 youth male players from five team sports (basketball, football, handball, volleyball, and water polo) completed the Parent-Initiated Motivational Climate Questionnaire-2 and the Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory. The results showed that perceived mother- and father-initiated motivational climates were related to fear of failure predispositions. While a mastery orientation (perceived learning-enjoyment climate) had a low association with fear of failure, an ego orientation (perceived worry-conducive and success-without-effort climates) was highly related to fear of failure. Father-initiated climates had stronger associations with fear of failure than mother-initiated ones, revealing that mothers and fathers may have different influences when considering the developmental origins of fear of failure. The relationships between mother- and father-initiated motivational climates and fear of failure varied according to the type of sport, with basketball, football, and volleyball presenting stronger associations. The dimensions “Fear of important others losing interest” and “Fear of upsetting important others” presented the highest explained variance in all sports when predicted by the father-initiated motivational climate. The findings can inform important evidence-based guidelines and recommendations for parents, coaches, and organizations, enabling them to create supportive environments that aid athletes in developing the necessary psychological skills for long-term success and well-being. Full article

12 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Higher Unilateral Muscle Imbalance at the Contralateral Knee 6 Months after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

by Leonor López de Dicastillo, Jesús Villalabeitia, Diego Delgado, Cristina Jorquera, Renato Andrade, João Espregueira-Mendes, Patrick Middleton and Mikel Sánchez

Sports 2024, 12(9), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090243 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 727

Abstract

There are a considerable number of patients who, after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL), suffer from relapses or reduced performance. Data collected from isokinetic dynamometry can provide useful information on the condition of the knee during rehabilitation. Seventy-one young sports patients with ACL [...] Read more.

There are a considerable number of patients who, after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL), suffer from relapses or reduced performance. Data collected from isokinetic dynamometry can provide useful information on the condition of the knee during rehabilitation. Seventy-one young sports patients with ACL reconstruction performed concentric (CON) isokinetic dynamometry (CON/CON 90°/s and CON/CON 240°/s) to assess the muscle strength of the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) in both knees at 6 months after ACL reconstruction. Limb symmetry index (LSI) and the H/Q ratio were calculated. Comparative statistical tests and multivariate regression were performed. At 90°/s, 57 patients (80.3%) had an LSI below 90% for quadriceps and 28 (60.6%) for hamstring. The number of imbalanced patients according to H/Q ratio was higher in the non-operated knee (n = 56, 78.9%) (p < 0.001). At 240°/s, 49 cases (69.1%) had LSI values above 90% for quadriceps and 37 (52.1%) for hamstrings. Regarding H/Q, imbalanced cases were higher in the non-operated limb (n = 60, 84.5%) (p < 0.001). Strength data at 6 months after ACL reconstruction and post-operative rehabilitation indicated greater unilateral (H/Q) muscle imbalance in the non-operated knee than in the operated knee. Most patients did not achieve the adequate LSI values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Injuries, Rehabilitation and New Technologies)

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9 pages, 2192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Inter-Rater and Intra-Rater Reliability of Raters with Different Levels of Experience When Using Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) in Field-Based Screening of Professional Football Players

by Nikolaos I. Liveris, Charis Tsarbou, Sofia A. Xergia, Angelos Papadopoulos and Elias Tsepis

Sports 2024, 12(9), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090242 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 771

Abstract

It is essential for physical sports therapists to use reliable field-based tests to identify potential injury risk factors in athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the inter- and intra-rater reliability of experienced and novice raters during use of the Landing [...] Read more.

It is essential for physical sports therapists to use reliable field-based tests to identify potential injury risk factors in athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the inter- and intra-rater reliability of experienced and novice raters during use of the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) in a field-based examination of professional football athletes. Thirty-seven male football athletes underwent pre-season LESS assessment. Two raters independently evaluated the recorded landing techniques at two separate intervals, two months apart, following the LESS standard protocol. Inter-and intra-rater values were calculated for the LESS total scores and individual scoring items. The overall LESS scores had excellent intra-rater reliability values for both the experienced (interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.89–0.97; p < 0.001) and novice rater (ICC = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.90–0.97; p < 0.001), and very good to excellent inter-rater values for the first (ICC = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.77–0.95; p < 0.001) and second (ICC = 0.86, 95% CI, 0.71–0.93; p < 0.001) evaluation. Most of the individual scoring items ranged from moderate to perfect agreement. In conclusion, sports physical therapists, regardless of experience, can reliably use the LESS’s total score, through video analysis of the regime. Individual scoring items can inform clinicians about impairments in the landing mechanism but data should be interpreted cautiously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

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10 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Attainment and Retention in Surfers with and without a Land-Based Warm-Up and Accompanying Passive Heat Retention

by Christian J. Cook, Benjamin G. Serpell, Lauren J. Hanna, Aaron Fox and Phillip J. Fourie

Sports 2024, 12(9), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090241 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 565

Abstract

Surfing is a growing, high-participation recreational and competitive activity. It is relatively unique, being performed on, in, and through water with a range of temperatures. In other sports, warm-up and heat retention have proved useful at augmenting performance and ameliorating injury risk. Little [...] Read more.

Surfing is a growing, high-participation recreational and competitive activity. It is relatively unique, being performed on, in, and through water with a range of temperatures. In other sports, warm-up and heat retention have proved useful at augmenting performance and ameliorating injury risk. Little work has been carried out examining this in surfing. The purpose of this work was to measure thermal profiles in surfers with and without warm-up and passive heat retention, and secondarily to assess any potential influence on free surfing. A repeated measures pre- and post- design was adopted whereby participants surfed in an artificial wave pool following an active warm-up combined with passive heat retention (experimental condition) and after no warm-up (control). Core body temperature was measured both occasions. Our results showed increases in core body temperature were greater for the experimental condition versus control (p = 0.006), and a time effect exists (p < 0.001)—in particular, a warm-up effect in the water itself was shown in both groups, possibly due to further activity (e.g., paddling) and wetsuit properties. Finally, performance trended to being superior following warm-up. We conclude that body warmth in surfers may be facilitated by an active warm-up and passive heat retention. In free surfing, this is associated with a trend towards better performance; it may also reduce injury risk. Full article

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12 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Mental Health Complaints in Japanese Collegiate Athletes

by Takeshi Kimura, Aleksandra Mącznik, Akira Kinoda, Yuichi Yamada, Yuki Muramoto, Yoshinori Katsumata and Kazuki Sato

Sports 2024, 12(9), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090240 - 2 Sep 2024

Viewed by 916

Abstract

Investigations into mental health epidemiology in various cultural contexts were one of the main recommendations by the recent consensus statement on mental health in athletes, but the evidence in different sporting populations is rising slowly. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of [...] Read more.

Investigations into mental health epidemiology in various cultural contexts were one of the main recommendations by the recent consensus statement on mental health in athletes, but the evidence in different sporting populations is rising slowly. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mental health complaints in Japanese collegiate athletes. The online survey was sent to the Japanese collegiate athletes associated with UNIVAS asking about the mental health complaints experienced during their sporting careers. Out of 10,999 athletes, 269 (2.4%) reported at least one complaint. Mental health complaints were more prevalent in female (3.6%) than male (1.5%) athletes. Skill sports had the highest prevalence (4.1%) of mental health complaints, and power sports had the lowest prevalence (1.5%) of mental health complaints. This study found a very low prevalence of self-reported mental health complaints in Japanese collegiate athletes. Preventive efforts should focus on monitoring early symptoms (rather than diagnoses), especially in skill sports and female athletes. Anxiety (38%) and depression (35%) were the most reported complaints and should be targeted first. Full article

19 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Correlation between Exercise Participation Motivation and Social Physique Anxiety and Their Differences across Exercise Stages of Change

by Erdal Macila, Erman Dogan and Nuriye Sancar

Sports 2024, 12(9), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090239 - 31 Aug 2024

Viewed by 723

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the correlation between exercise participation motivation and social physique anxiety and their differences across the exercise stages of change in individuals. A convenience sampling technique was used to gather data from 374 sedentary individuals aged 18 and over, [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the correlation between exercise participation motivation and social physique anxiety and their differences across the exercise stages of change in individuals. A convenience sampling technique was used to gather data from 374 sedentary individuals aged 18 and over, using a questionnaire that included the Behavioral Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2), Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) scale, and Exercise Stages of Change Questionnaire (ESOCQ). Welch’s ANOVA test was utilized to examine if there were significant differences between the average levels of behavioral regulations in exercise and SPA within exercise stages of change, respectively. Based on Welch’s ANOVA results, it has been found that there are significant differences in the total score of SPAS according to exercise stages of change (F = 15.801, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the sub-factors intrinsic regulation, introjected regulation, and external motivation statistically significantly differ according to exercise stages of change (

F = 6.681

, p < 0.001 for IR;

F = 30.186,

p < 0.001 for introjected regulation;

F = 10.104

, p < 0.001 for external motivation,

F = 0.481,

p = 0.750 for AM). Pearson’s r correlation coefficients were also computed to determine the relationship between behavioral regulations in exercise and SPA. A significant negative moderate correlation was found between intrinsic regulation and SPA (r = −0.645, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant medium positive correlation was found between introjected regulation and SPA (r = 0.534, p < 0.001), external motivation and SPA (r = 0.588, p < 0.001), and amotivation and SPA (r = 0.564, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that being self-motivated for exercise might decrease SPA. On the other hand, exercise motivated by external pressures could lead to increased SPA. The findings also suggest that those who started exercising with intrinsic motivation reached more advanced stages of exercise than those who started exercising with extrinsic factors. Finally, extrinsic motives may help in the first stages of the exercise, but intrinsic motives are required to continue the exercise. Consequently, these findings may guide physical activity specialists, trainers, etc., to develop more effective strategies to motivate exercise participation by considering social physique anxiety among individuals. Full article

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14 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sociodemographic Factors Related to Perceived Physical Activity on Chilean Adults after COVID-19 Pandemic

by Rodrigo Gallardo-Rodríguez, Felipe Poblete-Valderrama, Viviana Rodas-Kürten and João Paulo Vilas-Boas

Sports 2024, 12(9), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090238 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 877

Abstract

The current study aimed to examine the relationship between sociodemographic variables (i.e., sex, age, marital status, educational level, socioeconomic status, and working mode) and physical activity levels declared by Chilean adults. The sample comprised 483 Chilean adults, 159 men (32.9%) and 324 women [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to examine the relationship between sociodemographic variables (i.e., sex, age, marital status, educational level, socioeconomic status, and working mode) and physical activity levels declared by Chilean adults. The sample comprised 483 Chilean adults, 159 men (32.9%) and 324 women (67.1%) aged from 18 to 69 years old (36.5 ± 12.0). The participants completed an ad hoc sociodemographic online survey between December 2022 and March 2023 that included questions about characteristics of participants such as sex, age, educational level, household income, marital status, and working mode. Vigorous, moderate, and walking activities were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), a self-administered questionnaire. Men declared significantly higher vigorous and moderated physical activity than women. People aged 18 to 25, single or unmarried, and with the lowest household income, showed significantly higher scores in vigorous physical activity than those aged 26 to 45, cohabiting with a partner or married, and middle household income, respectively. Regarding working mode, people working at their job site said walking more than people not working, working in a hybrid mode, and working online. Our findings suggest that promoting strategies that increase physical activity during the pandemic is necessary to avoid health problems. Full article

11 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longitudinal Relationships of Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Muscular Fitness with Body Fatness in Preschoolers

by Kirkke Reisberg, Eva-Maria Riso, Liina Animägi and Jaak Jürimäe

Sports 2024, 12(9), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090237 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 798

Abstract

There is still insufficient knowledge about the potential benefits of physical activity and fitness or the adverse impact of sedentary behaviours on body composition at preschool age. Therefore, we aimed to study the relationships of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), cardiorespiratory [...] Read more.

There is still insufficient knowledge about the potential benefits of physical activity and fitness or the adverse impact of sedentary behaviours on body composition at preschool age. Therefore, we aimed to study the relationships of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular fitness (MF) with body fat percentage (BF%) in boys and girls. Participants were investigated twice: in the final year of kindergarten, when the boys’ median age was 7 years and the girls’ median age was 6 years (p = 0.240), and again in the first grade of school. MVPA and ST were measured with an accelerometer, BF% was derived from skinfold thicknesses, CRF was measured with a 20 m shuttle run test, and MF was represented by the mean z-scores from standing long jump and relative upper-limb strength. In girls, higher ST (β = 0.587, p = 0.021) and lower MF (β = −0.231, p = 0.009) at preschool age were related to higher BF% in the first grade of school after adjustment for confounders. MVPA and CRF in preschool children were unrelated to BF% in school among boys and girls. In conclusion, sitting less and having greater muscular fitness at preschool age appear to be beneficial for lower body fatness in the first grade among girls, but not in boys. MVPA and CRF at preschool age are unrelated to body fatness at school age in boys and girls. Our results indicate that girls may especially benefit from decreasing sedentary behaviours and increasing upper- and lower-limb muscular strength at preschool age for a healthy weight profile in the first grade of school. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and Exercise Interventions in Children)

8 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolic Capacities Contributing to Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 2 Test Performance in Australian Rules Footballers

by Mitchell Mooney, Ryan Worn, Matt Spencer and Brendan J. O’Brien

Sports 2024, 12(9), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090236 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 748

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic performance capacities contributing to Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) test performance. Nineteen recreational Australian footballers completed a Yo-Yo IR2 test, and on another day a treadmill peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak [...] Read more.

This study aimed to identify the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic performance capacities contributing to Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2) test performance. Nineteen recreational Australian footballers completed a Yo-Yo IR2 test, and on another day a treadmill peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit test in a randomised counter-balanced order. The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) procedures included 5 × 5 min sub-maximal continuous runs at progressively higher speeds whilst VO₂ was recorded; thereafter, speed was incrementally increased to elicit VO_2peak. After 35 min of rest, participants ran at a speed equivalent to 115% of VO_2peak until exhaustion, at which point expired air was collected to determine maximal accumulated oxygen deficit. Relationships between variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation and partial correlations. Maximum aerobic speed, relative intensity, and VO_2peak were significantly correlated with Yo-Yo IR2 performance. High Yo-Yo IR2 performers also had higher MAS, relative intensity, and VO_2peak levels. However, when higher maximum aerobic speed, relative intensity, and VO_2peak were controlled for each other and analysed independently, neither maximal aerobic speed nor VO_2peak correlated with Yo-Yo IR2 performance. Yo-Yo IR2 performance is the result of a complex interaction between several variables. Training programs should primarily focus on improving VO_2peak, maximal aerobic speed, and relative intensity to optimize Yo-Yo IR2 test performance. Full article

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16 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of School-Level Factors and School Sport Facility Parameters with Overweight and Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Pakistan: An Empirical Cross-Sectional Study

by Moazzam Tanveer, Ejaz Asghar, Georgian Badicu, Umar Tanveer, Nadeem Roy, Asifa Zeba, Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna and Alexios Batrakoulis

Sports 2024, 12(9), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090235 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1074

Abstract

Childhood overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent in Pakistan, posing significant public health challenges. This study explores the associations of school-level factors and school sports facility parameters with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study across seven random [...] Read more.

Childhood overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent in Pakistan, posing significant public health challenges. This study explores the associations of school-level factors and school sports facility parameters with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study across seven random districts in Punjab province, Pakistan, was conducted using a representative multistage random cluster sample. Underweight (BMI < 5th percentile), overweight (85th ≤ BMI < 95th percentile), and obese (95th percentile ≤ BMI) were defined using the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 criteria. Statistical analyses including the Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression were performed to investigate predictive characteristics. Logistic regression analysis assessed the simultaneous impact of several covariates on dichotomous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) computed and a significance level set at p < 0.05. The study included 4108 Pakistani school children aged 9 to 17 years (mean age = 13.92 years, 59.3% boys) from 62 schools. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Findings revealed a concerning lack of physical education activities (60% reported 0 sessions per week), morning exercise (60%), and classroom exercises (66%) among school-aged children. Leadership attitudes toward physical education (β = 0.04, p = 0.006) and students’ satisfaction with the playground (β = 0.05, p = 0.015) showed significant associations with body weight status. Conversely, provision of physical education facilities, effective fund utilization for physical education, meeting school sports facility requirements, and weekend opening of school sports grounds did not significantly impact weight status. Satisfaction with the playground was significantly associated with a lower risk of overweight (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.95, p < 0.05), indicating reduced overweight likelihood among students satisfied with school playgrounds. The study underscores significant gaps in promoting physical activity within school environments and highlights the urgent need for interventions to enhance physical education resources and sports facilities, aiming to create healthier school environments and reduce overweight and obesity prevalence among students. Further research and interventions are crucial for promoting lifelong physical activity habits and improving student health and well-being. Full article

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11 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity and Reliability of Wearable Technology Devices during Simulated Pickleball Game Play

by James W. Navalta, Bryson Carrier, Matahn Blank, Setareh Zarei, Dustin W. Davis, Micah Craig, Olivia R. Perez, Jacob Baca, Thea S. Sweder, Tashari Carballo and Jamaal Bovell

Sports 2024, 12(9), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090234 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 948

Abstract

Pickleball is a popular sport. Also popular is wearable technology usage. Because the validity and reliability of wearable technology during pickleball is unknown, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of common devices to return heart rate and estimated energy [...] Read more.

Pickleball is a popular sport. Also popular is wearable technology usage. Because the validity and reliability of wearable technology during pickleball is unknown, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of common devices to return heart rate and estimated energy expenditure during pickleball activity. Twenty adult participants were outfitted with a portable metabolic unit and heart rate monitor (criterion measures). Experimental devices were a Garmin Instinct, Polar Vantage M2, Polar OH1, and Polar Verity Sense. Participants played simulated pickleball for 10 min. Validity measures included mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC), whereas reliability measures included coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The heart rate returned lower than 10% MAPE across all devices (Instinct = 5.73–6.32%, Verity Sense = 2.92–2.97%, OH1 = 3.39–3.45%) and greater than 0.85 CCC (Instinct = 0.85–0.88, Verity Sense = 0.96–0.96, OH1 = 0.93–0.94). The CV was below 10% (Instinct = 9.30%, Verity Sense = 2.68%, OH1 = 5.01%), and ICC was above 0.7 (Instinct = 0.77, Verity Sense = 0.98, OH1 = 0.91). The energy expenditure MAPE was greater than 10% (Instinct = 27.67–28.08%, Vantage M2 = 18.87–23.38%) with CCC lower than 0.7 (Instinct = 0.47–0.49, Vantage M2 = 0.62–0.63). Reliability thresholds were met in the Vantage M2 (CV = 6%, ICC = 0.98) but not in the Instinct (CV = 15%, ICC = 0.86). The Instinct was neither valid nor reliable for estimated energy expenditure, while the Polar Vantage M2 was reliable but not valid. All devices returned valid and reliable heart rates during pickleball. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

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Sports, Volume 12, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 35 articles

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