Sports

13 pages, 623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Muscle Performance in Young Soccer Players: Exploring the Impact of Resisted Sprint Training and Its Relationship with Distance Covered

by Felipe Hermosilla-Palma, Juan Francisco Loro-Ferrer, Pablo Merino-Muñoz, Nicolás Gómez-Álvarez, Rodrigo Zacca, Hugo Cerda-Kohler, Ciro Brito, Jorge Pérez-Contreras, Moacyr Portes-Junior and Esteban Aedo-Muñoz

Sports 2025, 13(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010026 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 685

Abstract

Background: Speed training with resisted sprints has been shown to positively affect neuromuscular performance in soccer players. Various loads, ranging from 10% to 120% of body mass, have demonstrated performance improvements across the spectrum. However, the impact of sprint distance with optimal load [...] Read more.

Background: Speed training with resisted sprints has been shown to positively affect neuromuscular performance in soccer players. Various loads, ranging from 10% to 120% of body mass, have demonstrated performance improvements across the spectrum. However, the impact of sprint distance with optimal load on these adaptive responses has yet to be thoroughly described. Objective. To analyze the influence of sprint distance in resisted sprints on muscle performance in young soccer players. Methods. This quantitative study utilized a pre-post experimental design. The sample consisted of 24 young soccer players (15.3 ± 0.68 years; 61.4 ± 7.08 kg; 1.60 ± 0.06 m) randomized into three groups (10, 20, and 30 m) and subjected to 12 sessions of resisted sprint training over six weeks. The volume was homogenized across groups, with a total distance of 120 m for each. The intervention’s effect was analyzed through performance in the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), modified 505 agility test (505 m), and linear sprint tests. Differences were analyzed using a mixed ANOVA, incorporating a between-subjects factor (training group) and a within-subjects factor (pre- and post-intervention). Results. Time-dependent differences were observed in all groups for peak force (PF) (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.62), time to PF (TPF) (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.53), impulse at 50 (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.57), 100 (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.60), and 200 ms (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.67) in IMTP; jump height by impulse-momentum (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.64), rate of force development (p = 0.04; η²p = 0.14), yielding impulse (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.49), and concentric impulse (p = 0.01; η²p = 0.19) in CMJ; time (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.46) in 505 m; and average speed in linear sprint (p = 0.003; η²p = 0.36), with moderate to large effect sizes, regardless of the distance covered. No differences were observed for the interaction between the time* and group or between groups. Conclusion. Performance improvements were independent of the sprint distance, with no differences between training groups. Distances between 10 and 30 m may enhance muscle performance in young soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of High-Intensity Training Variations on Biomechanic, Physiology, Biochemistry and Performance in Athletes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrocardiographic Assessment of National-Level Triathletes: Sinus Bradycardia and Other Electrocardiographic Abnormalities

by Mike Climstein, Kenneth S. Graham, Michael Stapelberg, Joe Walsh, Mark DeBeliso, Kent Adams, Trish Sevene and Chad Harris

Sports 2025, 13(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010025 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 670

Abstract

Background: High-intensity endurance training induces specific cardiac adaptations, often observed through electrocardiographic (ECG) changes. This study investigated the prevalence of ECG abnormalities in national-level Australian triathletes compared to sedentary controls. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 22 triathletes and 7 sedentary [...] Read more.

Background: High-intensity endurance training induces specific cardiac adaptations, often observed through electrocardiographic (ECG) changes. This study investigated the prevalence of ECG abnormalities in national-level Australian triathletes compared to sedentary controls. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 22 triathletes and 7 sedentary controls. Standard 12-lead ECGs assessed resting heart rate, ECG intervals, and axis deviation. Peak oxygen consumption was evaluated in triathletes to correlate with ECG indices and left ventricular mass, derived via echocardiography. Results: Triathletes exhibited significantly lower resting heart rates (53.8 vs. 72.1 bpm, −34%, p = 0.04), shorter QRS durations (0.088 vs. 0.107 ms, −21.6%, p = 0.01), and longer QT intervals (0.429 vs. 0.358 ms, +16.6%, p = 0.01) compared to controls. Sinus bradycardia was present in 68.2% of triathletes, with varying severity. First-degree atrioventricular block was identified in 13.6% of athletes, and left ventricular hypertrophy was confirmed in 18 triathletes via echocardiography. A significant positive relationship was identified between VO₂peak and left ventricular mass (r = 0.68, p = 0.003). Conclusions: National-level triathletes exhibited ECG and structural cardiac adaptations consistent with high-intensity endurance training. Echocardiography is recommended for the accurate identification of LVH. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive cardiac evaluation in athletes to distinguish between physiological and pathological adaptations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Hook Maneuver on Oxygen Saturation Recovery After −40 m Apnea Dive—A Randomized Crossover Trial

by Francisco DeAsís-Fernández, Álvaro Reina-Varona, Evangelos Papotsidakis, Juan Lafuente and José Fierro-Marrero

Sports 2025, 13(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010024 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 517

Abstract

To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called “hook breathing” (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive [...] Read more.

To reduce the risk of syncope, trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) use a specialized breathing technique after surfacing called “hook breathing” (HB). It consists of a full inspiration followed by a Valsalva-like maneuver and with subsequent exhalation performed against resistance to generate continuous positive airway pressure during exhalation. This study analyzed the influence of HB on oxygen saturation recovery after a −40 m depth apnea dive in trained BHDs. Thirteen BHDs performed two dives to −40 m at different days, one followed by HB after a dive and the other using usual breathing (UB). To detect signs of lung edema, ultrasound B-line measurements were conducted before, 10 min after the dive, and within 1 h after the dive. To detect oxygen saturation recovery, pulse oximetry was recorded before and immediately after surfacing. Both groups exhibited significant increases in SpO₂ over time (UB: F (2.25, 24.7) = 22.1, p < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.612; HB: F (2.11, 23.2) = 29.0, p < 0.001, ηg2 = 0.688). Significant differences in SpO₂ were observed between the HB and UB groups at 30–45 s post-apnea, with higher SpO₂ values in the HB group; between 1.64 and 5.08% of SpO₂ in favor of the HB intervention. Four participants showed ultrasound B-lines within ten minutes post-dive. After a 40 m apnea dive, the results revealed significant SpO₂ recovery from 30 s to 45 s, with the HB recovering more rapidly. No differences were found at earlier (10–25 s) or later time points (50–60 s). Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Supervised vs. Self-Managed Exercise Therapy for Improving Shoulder Function After Traumatic Dislocation and Sprain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Daniel Koska, Robert Zetzsche, Tobias A. Mayer and Christian Maiwald

Sports 2025, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010023 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Trauma-induced shoulder dislocations and sprains rank among the most common upper extremity injuries, with contact sports accounting for the majority of cases. These injuries often lead to substantial impairments in joint function and long recovery times, requiring targeted therapeutic interventions to restore mobility [...] Read more.

Trauma-induced shoulder dislocations and sprains rank among the most common upper extremity injuries, with contact sports accounting for the majority of cases. These injuries often lead to substantial impairments in joint function and long recovery times, requiring targeted therapeutic interventions to restore mobility and prevent recurrent injuries. Given the pivotal role of exercise therapy in restoring shoulder function, this study systematically reviews the literature on the comparative effectiveness of supervised versus self-managed exercise therapy following acute shoulder trauma. PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, Web of Science, and Science Direct were searched up to 13 December 2024. Conservative and post-surgical treatment modes were analyzed separately. Five studies with a total 689 participants were included (conservative: n = 538 across two studies; post-surgical: n = 151 across three studies). Both treatment modes showed similar pooled effects (standardized mean difference, SMD_conservative:

- 0.35

, 95% CI [

- 1.39

, 0.69]; SMD_{post-surgical}:

- 0.23

, 95% CI [

- 1.21

, 0.75]), with a marginal improvement in shoulder function favoring supervised therapy. Four studies had some risk of bias, and one had serious risk; GRADE certainty was low. Supervised exercise therapy may offer slightly greater functional improvements over self-managed training, but evidence is limited by heterogeneity and low certainty. Further high-quality trials with standardized protocols and improved adherence tracking are needed to establish more definitive conclusions and guide clinical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Injuries, Rehabilitation and New Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 5028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Racket Handle Design on Table Tennis Topspin Forehand Rally Performance Among Beginner Players

by Ryushi Kumamoto, Ping Yeap Loh, Yuqi He, Enrico Ferlinghetti, Matteo Lancini and Tadashi Uno

Sports 2025, 13(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010022 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 433

Abstract

Physical inactivity is a major global public health concern, and table tennis offers a low-impact, engaging way to promote physical activity across various age groups. However, many beginners struggle to maintain effective participation due to their lower skill levels. Therefore, the development and [...] Read more.

Physical inactivity is a major global public health concern, and table tennis offers a low-impact, engaging way to promote physical activity across various age groups. However, many beginners struggle to maintain effective participation due to their lower skill levels. Therefore, the development and reinforcement of stable grip techniques is crucial because it will help beginners achieve sustainable improvements in performance. This will provide additional opportunities to increase physical activity, and therefore overall health, across all age groups. Thus, in this study, we investigate the effects of a prototype table tennis handle on the racket angle and performance of beginners. The prototype handle features a 20° tilt to assist the player in maintaining a stable topspin forehand grip during play. The participants were randomized into three groups, Groups A, B, and C, which used the prototype handle, standard handle, and practiced with the prototype but performed tests with the standard handle, respectively. The participants executed topspin forehand strokes in approximately 30 min of practice, and data on racket angles, swing mechanics, success rates, and ball landing positions were collected. The results showed that Group A exhibited a larger racket open angle and a smaller racket face Angle than the other groups. However, the groups showed no significant differences in hit positions or overall success rates. Our results suggest that although the prototype handle can influence racket angles and some performance aspects, individual differences and swing mechanics should be considered. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pickleball Intervention on the Self-Esteem and Symptoms of Patients with Schizophrenia

by Tsai-Chieh Chien and Chao-Chien Chen

Sports 2025, 13(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010021 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Background: Schizophrenia is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten diseases contributing to the global medical economic burden. Some studies have pointed out that exercise is effective for physical and mental health, as well as cognition. We [...] Read more.

Background: Schizophrenia is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten diseases contributing to the global medical economic burden. Some studies have pointed out that exercise is effective for physical and mental health, as well as cognition. We hypothesized that participation in pickleball intervention would lead to improved self-esteem and reduced psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Method: We recruited participants with schizophrenia from a long-term care facility and a regional hospital, dividing them into two groups based on the institutions. The experimental group underwent a nine-week pickleball exercise intervention, with sessions three times a week, each lasting 90 min, and a Dink ball test was conducted weekly. Questionnaires on self-esteem and the short-form health survey were collected both before and after the intervention. Result: This trial included 30 patients, divided equally into the experimental group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). After the nine-week pickleball intervention, there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (p = 0.153) or the Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5) (p = 0.289). However, the Dink test scores in the experimental group showed significant improvements in physical activity capabilities and attention over time, with average hit counts increasing from 5.3 ± 1.5 to 10.7 ± 2.3 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Although the pickleball intervention did not yield significant differences in self-esteem and symptom measures between groups, the improvements observed in physical performance and attention in the experimental group suggest that exercise remains a feasible complementary approach for managing schizophrenia symptoms. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Physical Activity Interventions for Improving Depression, Anxiety and Distress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Beyond the Finish Line” the Epidemiology of Injury and Illness in Professional Cycling: Insights from a Year-Long Prospective Study

by Thomas Fallon, Rory Nolan, John Peters and Neil Heron

Sports 2025, 13(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010020 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Introduction: Injury and illness rates within cycling are a growing concern for riders, medical personnel, and event organisers. This study is the first to document injury and illness rates in professional cyclists throughout one competitive season including training and racing. Methods: A prospective, [...] Read more.

Introduction: Injury and illness rates within cycling are a growing concern for riders, medical personnel, and event organisers. This study is the first to document injury and illness rates in professional cyclists throughout one competitive season including training and racing. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted with 47 professional cyclists (30 males and 17 females) over the 2024 season (1 November 2023–31 October 2024). Injuries and illnesses were defined and recorded following the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus guidelines for injury reporting in sports and its cycling-specific extension. Data collection utilised a centralised online hub, integrating exposure metrics (e.g., training hours and kilometres) and medical records. All data were processed on a Macintosh computer using the Microsoft Office and R statistics packages epi tools, binom.test function, and ggplot. (V.4.3.2, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Ethical approval was obtained from Queens University Belfast, number MHLS 23_175. Results: Fifty-five injury events were logged, with 1.15 (±0.359) locations injured per incidence and 1.57 (±1.06) injury types per incident. The overall combined injury rate for racing was 4.14 (95% CI: 2.65–5.79) per 1000 h of exposure, with the overall combined rate for training being 1.23 (95% CI: 0.8–1.7) per 1000 h. The injury risk ratio (RR) for injury during racing and training for females was 11.10 (95% CI: 2.69–37.60), and the RR for males was 10.24 (95% CI: 3.84–43.06), both indicating there is a significantly higher risk of injury during racing compared to training. Abrasions were the most common injury type, with fractures being the most burdensome injury. The most common illness was upper respiratory, 0.63 (95% CI: 0.27–0.99) per year for males and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.64–1.59) per year for females. Saddle sores were the second most common at 0.20 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.36) per year for males and 0.08 (95% CI: 0–0.18) per year for females. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive, season-long surveillance data for injuries and illnesses in male and female professional road cycling, highlighting the significant differences in injury profiles between racing and training. These results underscore the need for targeted injury prevention strategies and the establishment of a standardised injury and illness framework for professional cycling. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Physical Activity Level, Strength, Balance, and Body Composition on Perceived Health in Healthy Adults

by José Manuel Delfa-de-la-Morena, Pedro Pinheiro Paes, Frederico Camarotti Júnior, Débora Priscila Lima de Oliveira, Rubem Cordeiro Feitosa, Byanka Santos Cavalcante de Oliveira, Juan-José Mijarra-Murillo, Aranzazu Martínez Moya, Miriam García-González and Francisco De Asís-Fernández

Sports 2025, 13(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010019 - 13 Jan 2025

Viewed by 607

Abstract

Background: Nowadays, not only is a high, long life expectancy desired, but also longevity with quality. Quality of life in adulthood is a multidimensional construct related to the perception of one’s own health, psychological and socio-emotional factors, functionality for daily activities, and body [...] Read more.

Background: Nowadays, not only is a high, long life expectancy desired, but also longevity with quality. Quality of life in adulthood is a multidimensional construct related to the perception of one’s own health, psychological and socio-emotional factors, functionality for daily activities, and body composition. Objective: This study evaluates the effects of physical activity level (PAL), strength, balance, and body composition on perceived health in healthy adults. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study with consecutive, non-probabilistic inclusion of cases was conducted. Body fat percentage (BFP) was measured by DXA. Physical activity level was assessed using accelerometry. The strength index (S_Index) was estimated using dynamometry. Postural control was assessed through posturography. The composite equilibrium score from the Sensory Organization Test (SOT_CES) was conducted to measure postural stability under various sensory conditions using dynamic posturography. Perceived health was calculated using the SF36 questionnaire, which detects health states, both positive and negative. A linear regression model was generated between each domain of SF36 with SOT_CES, BFP, PAL, and S_Index. Results: A total of 64 males with a mean age of 55 ± 5 years and a mean body mass index of 27 ± 4 kg/m² were recruited. Results showed a negative correlation between physical function (ß = −0.7; t = −3.163; p = 0.003; R² = 23.7%) and general health (ß = −0.227; t = −3.425; p = 0.001; R² = 17.4%) with BFP. Also, it showed a negative correlation between physical function (ß = 0.047; t = −2.643; p = 0.011; R² = 17.5%) and general health (ß = 0.016; t = −3.044; p = 0.004; R² = 14.6%) with S_Index. On the other hand, no relation was observed between SF36 and SOT_CES. Finally, only the emotional role showed a positive correlation (ß = −0.02; t = −2.629; p = 0.011; R² = 23.1%) with PAL. Conclusion: A lower BFP and higher S_Index are associated with increased physical function and general health. Also, the higher the PAL, the greater the emotional health. On the other hand, no relation was observed between SF36 and the balance detected from SOT_CES. Full article

34 pages, 1683 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Narrative Review of the Velocity and Acceleration Profile in Football: The Influence of Playing Position

by Charles Cotteret, Ángel González-de-la-Flor, Jaime Prieto Bermejo, Jaime Almazán Polo and Sergio L. Jiménez Saiz

Sports 2025, 13(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010018 - 10 Jan 2025

Viewed by 797

Abstract

To enhance athletic performance and reduce the risk of injury, load quantification has allowed for a better understanding of the individual characteristics of the physical demands on soccer players during training or competition. In this regard, it appears crucial to summarize scientific evidence [...] Read more.

To enhance athletic performance and reduce the risk of injury, load quantification has allowed for a better understanding of the individual characteristics of the physical demands on soccer players during training or competition. In this regard, it appears crucial to summarize scientific evidence to provide useful information and future directions related to the speed and acceleration profiles of male soccer players. This review aims to evaluate the findings reflected in the available literature on both profiles in football, synthesizing and discussing data from scientific articles, while providing insights into quantification methods, employed thresholds, tracking systems, terminology, playing position, and microcycle day. Therefore, it is hoped that this narrative review can support objective decision-making in practice for coaches, sports scientists, and medical teams regarding individualized load management and the appropriate selection of metrics, to explore current trends in soccer player profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Severe Injuries of Former Portuguese Football Players: A Post-Career Burden?

by Eduardo Teixeira, Carlos Silva, Félix Romero, Mauro Miguel and António Vicente

Sports 2025, 13(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010017 - 9 Jan 2025

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Football players have a high injury risk due to the physical demands of their profession, which can negatively affect their quality of life (QoL) in the long term. The aim of this study is to characterize the severe injuries that former Portuguese [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Football players have a high injury risk due to the physical demands of their profession, which can negatively affect their quality of life (QoL) in the long term. The aim of this study is to characterize the severe injuries that former Portuguese football players suffered throughout their professional careers and investigate the resulting impacts on the physical domain of QoL after retirement. Methods: This study includes 84 former Portuguese football players (48.8 ± 8.2 years) who underwent reform between 1988 and 2018 and played in professional leagues (15.2 ± 3.2 years of career duration), namely, first division leagues (n = 43) and secondary division leagues (n = 41). Quantitative and qualitative interview data are used by a validated interview guide and from results of the physical domain obtained by the application of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-Bref). Results: Former players had 2.1 ± 1.5 severe injuries throughout their careers. The most common injuries involve the knee (47.5%) and foot/ankle (17.2%), with the anatomical area of the knee as the most likely to require surgical intervention (60%). The association between tactical-positional status and the incidence of severe injuries is significant, with defenders sustaining less severe injuries throughout their careers. This study found a statistically significant linear model (F(1.82) = 8.089, p < 0.006) that explains 7.9% of the variation in the physical domain of QoL (R2ajuste = 0.079). For each severe injury sustained throughout a career, there is an estimated decrease of 2.7 values in QoL perception in the physical domain. Conclusions: The higher the number of severe injuries sustained during a career, the lower the perception of QoL in the physical domain of former players in their post-career. These findings highlight the need to optimize training programs and injury prevention and recovery protocols for long-term QoL improvement in the physical domain of football players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Healthcare of Athletes)

25 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Nutritional Knowledge and Physical Health Among Football Players: A Pilot Study from Three Sports Clubs in Western Romania

by Gabriel Roberto Marconi, Brigitte Osser, Gyongyi Osser, Caius Calin Miuța, Csongor Toth, Viorel Petru Ardelean, Anca Dicu, Corina Dalia Toderescu and Laura Ioana Bondar

Sports 2025, 13(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010016 - 9 Jan 2025

Viewed by 612

Abstract

Background: Football players require optimal nutrition and physical fitness to enhance their performance and maintain their health. Understanding the relationships among nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, physical health, and substance use in athletes is essential for developing effective strategies. This study investigates these factors [...] Read more.

Background: Football players require optimal nutrition and physical fitness to enhance their performance and maintain their health. Understanding the relationships among nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, physical health, and substance use in athletes is essential for developing effective strategies. This study investigates these factors in male football players aged 16–33 years. Methods: The study involved 60 male football players from three teams in Liga4Arad. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating a self-developed pilot questionnaire and internationally validated instruments. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Guttman’s λ2. The questionnaire assessed nutritional knowledge, eating habits, substance use, and physical health parameters, including body fat percentage and training frequency. Spearman’s correlation was used to analyze the data and explore the interrelationships between these factors. It is important to note that the pilot questionnaire used in this study was self-developed and not previously validated in this specific context. Results: Nutritional knowledge was positively correlated with healthier eating habits (ρ = 0.675, p < 0.001). Intensive training and higher physical activity levels were both associated with improved body composition and lower body fat (ρ = 0.341, p = 0.006). Supplement use was moderately correlated with alcohol consumption (ρ = 0.548, p < 0.001) and weakly correlated with smoking (ρ = 0.348, p = 0.007). Conclusions: The study highlights a strong relationship between nutritional knowledge and healthier eating habits among football players, as well as the significant role of frequent intense training in reducing body fat percentages and enhancing physical fitness. Additionally, the findings suggest a moderate association between dietary supplement use and alcohol consumption, underscoring the need for tailored interventions to address substance use and its impact on players’ health behaviors and performance. Full article

12 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concurrent Effects of Plyometric Interval Training Implemented in Physical Education Lessons on Adolescent Power and Endurance: An Analysis of Responder Prevalence

by Dawid Koźlenia, Katarzyna Kochan-Jacheć and Jarosław Domaradzki

Sports 2025, 13(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010015 - 9 Jan 2025

Viewed by 461

Abstract

Schools provide an ideal setting for enhancing adolescents’ health and fitness. Short-term intensive interventions are particularly relevant, but the effectiveness of plyometric exercises in jointly improving aerobic and anaerobic performance remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plyometric-based training, in [...] Read more.

Schools provide an ideal setting for enhancing adolescents’ health and fitness. Short-term intensive interventions are particularly relevant, but the effectiveness of plyometric exercises in jointly improving aerobic and anaerobic performance remains uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plyometric-based training, in the form of interval workouts during physical education lessons, on power and endurance in adolescents. A total of 87 boys and 95 girls (aged 14–15 years) participated in an 8-week intervention, performing plyometric exercises twice weekly during physical education classes. The analyzed parameters were jump height (JH) measured by countermovement jump (CMJ) and distance covered during multistage fitness test (MFT). The results showed significant improvements among boys participating in the JH experiment and the distance covered in the MFT (p < 0.05); thus, the effect sizes were relatively small (ES < 0.3). Also, the prevalence of positive responders was more common for boys than girls; however, the difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.09). These findings suggest that plyometric training has the potential for improving physical fitness, even in the context of developing opposing physical abilities, particularly in boys. However, the effects varied across individuals and were generally small, highlighting the need to optimize the intervention to achieve more pronounced results tailored to individual characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity, and Adolescent Health: Challenges and Opportunities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Survey on Inclusive Judo: Judo Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Including Participants with Intellectual Developmental Disorders (J-TAID)

by Gaston Descamps, Alain Massart, Terry Rizzo, Viktorija Pečnikar Oblak and Maria João Campos

Sports 2025, 13(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010014 - 9 Jan 2025

Viewed by 651

Abstract

This study developed and refined the Judo Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Including Participants with Intellectual Developmental Disorders (J-TAID) survey, addressing the need to assess attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention regarding inclusion, and grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior. The survey, [...] Read more.

This study developed and refined the Judo Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Including Participants with Intellectual Developmental Disorders (J-TAID) survey, addressing the need to assess attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention regarding inclusion, and grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior. The survey, translated into English, Portuguese, French, and Slovenian, was administered to 163 participants in order to assess its reliability and validity using Cronbach’s alpha, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Internal consistency regarding attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral Constructs ranged from 0,79 to 0.80, with test–retest reliability improving, demonstrating moderate to strong temporal stability (α = 0.679–0.813). The PCA and CFA identified a robust three-factor structure explaining 74% of the variance, with good model fit (RMSEA = 0.048, CFI = 0.978). Pearson correlations supported the TPB constructs. The refined J-TAID demonstrates validity and reliability for its intended purpose, although the results are still preliminary, and the limitations that were observed suggest a need for further validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Researching Physical Activity and Participation in Adapted Sports for People with Disabilities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Muscle Physiology-Based Framework for Quantifying Training Load in Resistance Exercises

by Frank Imbach, Stéphane Perrey, Thomas Brioche and Robin Candau

Sports 2025, 13(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010013 - 9 Jan 2025

Viewed by 985

Abstract

Background: Objective training load (TL) indexes used in resistance training lack physiological significance. This study was aimed to provide a muscle physiology-based approach for quantifying TL in resistance exercises (REs). Methods: Following individual torque–velocity profiling, fifteen participants (11 healthy males, stature: 178.36 ± [...] Read more.

Background: Objective training load (TL) indexes used in resistance training lack physiological significance. This study was aimed to provide a muscle physiology-based approach for quantifying TL in resistance exercises (REs). Methods: Following individual torque–velocity profiling, fifteen participants (11 healthy males, stature: 178.36 ± 3.95 cm, and body mass (BM): 77.48 ± 7.74 kg; 4 healthy females, stature: 169.25 ± 5.03 cm, and body mass: 60.62 ± 3.91 kg) performed isokinetic leg extension exercise sessions at low, moderate, and high intensities (LI, MI, and HI, respectively). Systemic and local physiological responses were measured, and sessions were volume-equated according to the “volume-load” (VL) method. Results: Significant differences were found between sessions in terms of mechanical work (

p < 0.05

and

p < 0.001

, for LI-MI and MI-HI, respectively), averaged normalised torque (

p < 0.001

), mechanical impulse (

p < 0.001

), and rate of force development (RFD,

p < 0.001

for LI-MI). RFD was mainly impacted by the accumulation of repetitions. Muscle function impairments mainly occurred at low intensities–long series, and high intensities, supported by greater RFD rate decay and changes in electromyographic activity. Therefore, accounting for muscle fatigue kinetics within objective TL indexes and using dimension reduction methods better described physiological responses to RE. Conclusions: A generic equation of muscle fatigue rise could add value to TL quantification in RE. Considering other training-related information and TL indexes stands essential, applicable to field situations and supports the multidimensional facet of physiological responses to RE. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1226 KiB

Open AccessReview

Brain Oxygenation During Exercise in Different Types of Chronic Lung Disease: A Narrative Review

by Stella Kritikou, Andreas Zafeiridis, Georgia Pitsiou, Ioannis Gkalgkouranas, Leonidas Kastritseas, Afroditi Boutou and Konstantina Dipla

Sports 2025, 13(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010009 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Chronic lung diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD), and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) are characterized by progressive symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and muscle weakness, often leading to physical inactivity, and reduced quality of life. Many patients also experience [...] Read more.

Chronic lung diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD), and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) are characterized by progressive symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and muscle weakness, often leading to physical inactivity, and reduced quality of life. Many patients also experience significantly impaired exercise tolerance. While pulmonary, cardiovascular, respiratory, and peripheral muscle dysfunction contribute to exercise limitations, recent evidence suggests that hypoxia and impairments in cerebral oxygenation may also play a role in exercise intolerance. This narrative review (i) summarizes studies investigating cerebral oxygenation responses during exercise in patients with different types of chronic lung diseases and (ii) discusses possible mechanisms behind the blunted cerebral oxygenation during exercise reported in many of these conditions; however, the extent of cerebral desaturation and the intensity at which it occurs can vary. These differences depend on the specific pathophysiology of the lung disease and the presence of comorbidities. Notably, reduced cerebral oxygenation during exercise in fibrotic-ILD has been linked with the development of dyspnea and early exercise termination. Understanding the effects of chronic lung disease on cerebral oxygenation during exercise may improve our understanding of exercise intolerance mechanisms and help identify therapeutic strategies to enhance brain health and exercise capacity in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Anthropometric Characteristics on Punch Impact

by Manuel Pinto, João Crisóstomo, Gil Silva and Luís Monteiro

Sports 2025, 13(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010012 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Objective: This review examined the influence of anthropometric characteristics, such as body height (BH) and body mass (BM), on the impact of punches in striking-combat sports. Despite their perceived importance for combat strategy, the relationship between these characteristics and punch impact remains unclear. [...] Read more.

Objective: This review examined the influence of anthropometric characteristics, such as body height (BH) and body mass (BM), on the impact of punches in striking-combat sports. Despite their perceived importance for combat strategy, the relationship between these characteristics and punch impact remains unclear. Methods: We included experimental, quasi-experimental and cross-sectional studies. The search was conducted on 30 August 2024, in three databases. The review analyzed 23 studies involving 381 participants (304 men, 30 women, 47 participants of unknown gender). Various instruments were used in the included studies, including ten instruments used to measure impact force and two instruments used to measure impact power. Results: Impact force ranged from 989 ± 116.76 to 5008.6 ± 76.3 N, with rear-hand straight punches and rear-hand hooks producing the greatest force. The PowerKube, a device specifically designed to measure punch impact power, revealed that the rear-hand straight punch generated the highest power, ranging from 15,183.27 ± 4368.90 to 22,014 ± 1336 W. While higher BM categories were associated with stronger punches, BM alone was not the only predictor. Other factors, such as technique, gender, and sport type, also played roles. The relationship between BH and punch impact showed mixed results. Conclusions: The data suggest that while higher BM categories are associated with greater punch impact, BM is not the only determining factor. The relationship between BH and impact also showed mixed results, with no clear association found. The review highlights the lack of a “gold standard” instrument for evaluating punch impact. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Body Composition, Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, and Body Image in Female and Male Adolescents

by Ligia Rusu, Denisa Piele, Eva Ilie, Gheorghe Ionescu, Mihnea Ion Marin, Mihai Robert Rusu and Mirela Lucia Calina

Sports 2025, 13(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010011 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 562

Abstract

The elements of body composition and their correlation with physical activity, body image, and self-esteem are aspects that require in-depth studies. This link should be seen in the context of the percentage of adipose tissue, which can be modeled via physical activity. The [...] Read more.

The elements of body composition and their correlation with physical activity, body image, and self-esteem are aspects that require in-depth studies. This link should be seen in the context of the percentage of adipose tissue, which can be modeled via physical activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationships between the parameters that define body composition, self-esteem, body image, and physical activity according to gender. This study included 100 females and 100 males with an average age of 22 years. The evaluation included anthropometric parameters, body composition, self-esteem, physical activity index, and body image perception assessment. The results show that the males exhibited a higher percentage of exceeding the upper limit of normal and average weight; in contrast, there were two times more females exhibiting normal weight than those exceeding the upper limit. Therefore, obesity was higher among males. The average fitness score values were 69.07 for females and 76.53 for males, and the mean fitness was within normal limits. Regarding body image, according to the BSQ, we observed that both groups were not satisfied with and were concerned about their body shape. With respect to the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, the average score for females was 20.27, and for males, it was 19.60; the mean self-esteem value was 66% of the maximum value. In terms of the perceived ideal body size assessed with the Silhouette scale, most of the females were placed at level 3, and the males were placed at level 4. Regarding the physical activity index, females carried out on average 1.5 days of intense physical activity over 7 days, and males were involved in intense physical activity for 2 days. Conclusions: The degree of obesity and therefore the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome were higher in males than in females. Although males have a higher degree of obesity, self-esteem is quantified at a higher level of confidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport, Physical Activity, and Adolescent Health: Challenges and Opportunities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 7316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Diagnostic and Performance System for Soccer: Technical Design and Development

by Alberto Gascón, Álvaro Marco, David Buldain, Javier Alfaro-Santafé, Jose Victor Alfaro-Santafé, Antonio Gómez-Bernal and Roberto Casas

Sports 2025, 13(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010010 - 8 Jan 2025

Viewed by 503

Abstract

This study presents a novel system for diagnosing and evaluating soccer performance using wearable inertial sensors integrated into players’ insoles. Designed to meet the needs of professional podiatrists and sports practitioners, the system focuses on three key soccer-related movements: passing, shooting, and changes [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel system for diagnosing and evaluating soccer performance using wearable inertial sensors integrated into players’ insoles. Designed to meet the needs of professional podiatrists and sports practitioners, the system focuses on three key soccer-related movements: passing, shooting, and changes of direction (CoDs). The system leverages low-power IMU sensors, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication, and a cloud-based architecture to enable real-time data analysis and performance feedback. Data were collected from nine professional players from the SD Huesca women’s team during controlled tests, and bespoke algorithms were developed to process kinematic data for precise event detection. Results indicate high accuracy rates for detecting ball-striking events and CoDs, with improvements in algorithm performance achieved through adaptive thresholds and ensemble neural network models. Compared to existing systems, this approach significantly reduces costs and enhances practicality by minimizing the number of sensors required while ensuring real-time evaluation capabilities. However, the study is limited by a small sample size, which restricts generalizability. Future research will aim to expand the dataset, include diverse sports, and integrate additional sensors for broader applications. This system offers a valuable tool for injury prevention, player rehabilitation, and performance optimization in professional soccer, bridging technical advancements with practical applications in sports science. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Body-Weight-Based Resistance Training on Balance Ability and Fear of Falling in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese Women

by Zhenyue Liu, Shuji Sawada, Pengyu Deng, Hisashi Naito and Shuichi Machida

Sports 2025, 13(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010008 - 7 Jan 2025

Viewed by 510

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week body-weight-based resistance training program on balance ability and fear of falling in community-dwelling older women. Methods: Twenty-three older women were assigned to either an intervention group that performed the low-load resistance training [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week body-weight-based resistance training program on balance ability and fear of falling in community-dwelling older women. Methods: Twenty-three older women were assigned to either an intervention group that performed the low-load resistance training with slow movement using the body weight (LRT group; n = 12) or a control group (CON group; n = 11). The LRT group participated in the exercise session twice weekly for 12 weeks, while the CON group maintained their daily routine. The 30 s chair stand test (CS-30) was applied to measure lower-extremity muscle strength, balance ability was evaluated using one-leg standing tests with eyes open (OLST-O) and closed (OLST-C), and fear of falling among all participants was assessed using the Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) before (pre) and after (post) the intervention. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures [group (LRT and CON) × time (pre and post)] was carried out to evaluate the intervention effects. Results: Significant interactions were observed in the CS-30 (F = 9.503, p < 0.01,

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.312), OLST-O (F = 5.211, p < 0.05,

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.199), and OLST-C (F = 5.257, p < 0.05,

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.200), though significant simple main effects from pre to post were observed only in the LRT group. The CS-30 scores (pre: 19.8 ± 3.8 times, post: 25.5 ± 5.6 times; p < 0.001), OLST-O time (pre: 78.8 ± 35.8 s, post: 96.2 ± 29.9 s; p < 0.01), and OLST-C time (pre: 10.2 ± 5.9 s, post: 17.4 ± 12.2 s; p < 0.01) were improved before and after the intervention. However, a significant interaction was not observed in FES-I (F = 1.335, p = 0.261,

η_{p}^{2}

= 0.06). Conclusions: The 12-week body-weight-based resistance training program enhanced lower-extremity muscle strength and balance ability but did not lessen the fear of falling in community-dwelling older women. The study findings offer relevant information for fall prevention in older adults. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

External Load Variability in Elite Futsal: Positional Demands and Microcycle Structuring for Player Well-Being and Performance

by Héctor Gadea-Uribarri, Elena Mainer-Pardos, Ainhoa Bores-Arce, Rafael Albalad-Aiguabella, Sergio López-García and Carlos Lago-Fuentes

Sports 2025, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010007 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 595

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the external load of each session along competitive microcycles on an elite futsal team, considering the positions and relationships of the players. The external load of 10 elite players from a First Division team in [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the external load of each session along competitive microcycles on an elite futsal team, considering the positions and relationships of the players. The external load of 10 elite players from a First Division team in the Spanish Futsal League (age 27.5 ± 7 years, height 1.73 ± 0.05 m, weight 70.1 ± 3.8 kg) were recorded across 30 microcycles. The players’ external loads were monitored using OLIVER devices. To analyse the external load, Levene’s test was conducted to assess the homogeneity of variances, followed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify differences in dependent variables across the different microcycle days and player positions. Regarding external load during the microcycle, the day with the lowest external load was MD-1, and the days with the highest external load were MD-3 and MD-4. In addition, considering playing positions, pivots exhibited the lowest loads throughout the microcycle, whereas wingers and defenders exhibited the highest loads, depending on the variables analysed. By providing reference values from elite contexts, this study offers practical insights for S&C coaches to optimize microcycles. Furthermore, it contributes to workload management strategies within sport science and public health frameworks, promoting sustainable performance and athlete wellness in futsal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Physical Fitness Profile in Soccer Players)

11 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arm Propulsion in Front Crawl Stroke

by Cristian Romagnoli, Vincenzo Bonaiuto and Giorgio Gatta

Sports 2025, 13(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010006 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 845

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to determine the propulsive force and effective arm area contributed by the propulsion through the dynamic balance (power balance) between drag and propulsive power in swimming crawl performance. Methods: Ten male swimmers participated in the study. The [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study aims to determine the propulsive force and effective arm area contributed by the propulsion through the dynamic balance (power balance) between drag and propulsive power in swimming crawl performance. Methods: Ten male swimmers participated in the study. The athletes conducted the crawl trials at a constant velocity using only the upper limbs. Data were collected using a Spectro instrument to measure the drag and 3D video analysis for kinematic of upper limbs movement. Results: The power balance was confirmed through the Bland–Altman estimation (estimated bias 8.5) and was also demonstrated by a one-way analysis of variance that does not show statistical differences. Subsequently, by applying the power balance, the effective propulsive area could be estimated. The result shows an increase of ~8.5% over the value at the hand area used to verify the power balance. This value appears to be attributable to a percentage of the forearm area to propulsive action. Conclusions: This information will allow athletes and coaches to constantly monitor the propulsive force and power, providing useful data on arm movement and swimming technique. Indeed, deeper knowledge about the athlete’s swimming technique can reduce the possibility of suffering micro-traumas in the elbows and shoulders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Physiology in Exercise, Health and Sports Performance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability, Objectivity, Validity and Reference Levels of the Austrian Balance Check (ABC)—A Novel Balance Field Test for Children, Adolescents and Young Adults to Assess Static Balance

by Gerald Jarnig, Reinhold Kerbl and Mireille N. M. van Poppel

Sports 2025, 13(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010005 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 410

Abstract

Balance is a relevant indicator of physical fitness and correlates with intellectual abilities. Due to limited resources, however, balance tests are underrepresented in fitness checks. To develop an effective field test to assess static balance with minimal cost, little spatial requirement and short [...] Read more.

Balance is a relevant indicator of physical fitness and correlates with intellectual abilities. Due to limited resources, however, balance tests are underrepresented in fitness checks. To develop an effective field test to assess static balance with minimal cost, little spatial requirement and short testing time, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in three different school types (primary school, secondary school, and high school) and the reliability, objectivity and validity of the novel Austrian Balance Check (ABC) were assessed, with the generation of age- and gender-specific reference values. Tests were carried out with participants from regular school classes (RSC) and elite sports school classes (ESC). A total of 1005 participants were included (age range: 6.2 to 19.8 years). Participants in RSC (ICC_2.1 = 0.92, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.93) showed excellent values, and those in ESC (ICC_2.1 = 0.89, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.93) had good to excellent values in the reliability test. Objectivity was excellent in both groups (RSC (ICC_2.1 = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 0.99); ESC (ICC_2.1 = 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 0.99)). A gold standard comparison using an electronic force plate showed a strong negative correlation: participants with high overall ABC scores showed less movement on the force plate (parameters of the center of pressure: surface area (ρ = −0.61), mean velocity (ρ = −0.65) and path length (ρ = −0.65). The test duration of ABC was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter compared with an established balance test. ABC offers potential benefits by allowing field-based static balance testing in large groups with low cost, minimal time and spatial requirements as well as high reliability, objectivity and validity. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 922 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Validating Questionnaires for Lower Limb Rehabilitation Systems and Devices: A Scoping Review

by Angie D. Moscoso, Vera Z. Pérez and Manuel J. Betancur

Sports 2025, 13(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010004 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 532

Abstract

This article aims to make a scoping review of Validating Questionnaires used in the field of lower limb (LL) rehabilitation in which systems, devices or exergames are used. Its main objective is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the results obtained in [...] Read more.

This article aims to make a scoping review of Validating Questionnaires used in the field of lower limb (LL) rehabilitation in which systems, devices or exergames are used. Its main objective is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the results obtained in the validation of questionnaires, as well as to identify specific criteria for evaluating systems, devices or exergames in the area of LL rehabilitation, through the analysis of validating instruments and their application in different associated contexts. The article details the methodology employed, a PRISMA ScR method review which included database research and an evaluation of the selected studies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select all relevant studies, resulting in 81 studies after initial review based on titles and abstracts. Subsequently, the criteria were again applied to read the full text, resulting in 58 final studies. The document distinguishes between standardized and non-standardized validating questionnaires, emphasizing that standardized validating questionnaires have undergone rigorous statistical processes to ensure their validity, reliability and consistency. The information compiled in the tables provides a solid basis for identifying and evaluating validation questionnaires in the above-mentioned context. This resource constitutes an accurate and reliable reference for selecting the most appropriate instruments for future research and comparisons with similar work. This article is a valuable resource for those interested in the validation of questionnaires used in the field of lower limb rehabilitation systems/devices/exergames. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Habits Related to Strength Training of Brazilian Recreational Runners

by Wagner K. A. Santos, Lucas D. M. Forte, Alexandre S. Silva, Hallisson V. de O. Rufino, Lucas de F. Vieira, João M. F. Lima Silva, Mabliny Thuany, Reginaldo Gonçalves and Ytalo M. Soares

Sports 2025, 13(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010003 - 25 Dec 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Despite strength training (ST) being well characterized by professional runners, little is known about the inclusion of ST models for recreational runners. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of ST in the training practices of recreational runners, with a focus [...] Read more.

Despite strength training (ST) being well characterized by professional runners, little is known about the inclusion of ST models for recreational runners. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of ST in the training practices of recreational runners, with a focus on understanding its characteristics and the motivations of recreational athletes for including ST in their routines. To this end, 801 recreational runners (493 male and 308 female) completed a structured questionnaire regarding their training habits, the inclusion of ST, and its characteristics, concerning the type of ST, training volume, and the reasons for including ST in their training programs. To assess the possible associations between categorical variables, data were analyzed using the chi-square test for independent samples. Approximately 625 runners (78.1%) reported that they included ST in their training routine, with a statistically significant difference between the sexes (men: 73.5% vs. women: 85.4%; X² = 14.09; p = 0.01). Traditional strength training (TST) was the predominant type of ST included (78.5%), with most participants performing 2–4 sets and 8–12 repetitions per set at a frequency of 3–4 sessions per week. The importance of ST was primarily attributed to performance improvement (85%). The results suggest that recreational runners incorporate different types of ST into their training routines, with TST being the predominant type perceived by runners as a valuable asset for improving running performance. Full article

14 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Workplace Supervised Exercise on Psychological Capital: An Intervention Study

by Carmen M. Salvador-Ferrer, Pedro A. Diaz-Fúnez, Álvaro Carrera-Ruiz, Montserrat Monserrat-Hernández, Enrique G. Artero and Miguel A. Mañas-Rodríguez

Sports 2025, 13(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010002 - 24 Dec 2024

Viewed by 429

Abstract

Public employees face a growing array of professional challenges, and psychological capital (PC) has emerged as a valuable resource to address them. Workplace supervised exercise (WSE) programs can improve physical fitness and personal resources, though their adoption in organizations is limited. This study [...] Read more.

Public employees face a growing array of professional challenges, and psychological capital (PC) has emerged as a valuable resource to address them. Workplace supervised exercise (WSE) programs can improve physical fitness and personal resources, though their adoption in organizations is limited. This study examines the impact of a long-term WSE program on the psychological capital of public administration employees. Fifty-five participants completed PC questionnaires and attended at least 40% of the sessions; 49.1% were women, and 40% were over 50 years old (age range: 24–73 years). A quasi-experimental design without a control group was used with a longitudinal design, and a nine-month WSE program (from October to June) was implemented. The data show gender-specific variations in PC patterns. Among men, incremental increases were observed over the three measurement intervals, with statistical significance achieved only in self-efficacy and hope. Among women, an upward trend was observed between October and February without statistical significance, followed by a slight decline. The results suggest that the WSE program may enhance personal resources, particularly hope and self-efficacy, highlighting the importance of tailoring WSE programs to the specific characteristics of the target group. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Active and Passive Glenohumeral Rotational Deficits in Professional Tennis Players: Use of Normative Values at 90° and 45° of Abduction to Make Decisions in Injury-Prevention Programs

by Maite Terré, Juliette Tlaiye and Monica Solana-Tramunt

Sports 2025, 13(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13010001 - 24 Dec 2024

Viewed by 504

Abstract

(1) Background: Glenohumeral internal and external rotational range-of-movement deficits (GIRDs and GERDs) are some of the primary outcomes used to determine the risk of injury in overhead athletes, such as tennis players. Nevertheless, the current testing position does not consider the fact that [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Glenohumeral internal and external rotational range-of-movement deficits (GIRDs and GERDs) are some of the primary outcomes used to determine the risk of injury in overhead athletes, such as tennis players. Nevertheless, the current testing position does not consider the fact that most tennis actions are repeated at 45° of abduction, and actively. The aim of this study was to establish normative values of pathological GIRDs and GERDs in tennis players and to provide normative values for both the passive and active rotational range of motion of the glenohumeral joint at 90° and 45° of abduction. (2) Methods: Forty-three tennis players voluntarily participated in this study (19.1 ± 2.75 years). The dominant and non-dominant total glenohumeral rotational range of motion (TRROM), external rotation (ER), and internal rotation (IR) at 90° and 45° under active and passive conditions were evaluated. The GIRD and GERD were calculated in both positions and under both conditions. (3) Results: There were significant differences in all of the passive measurements between the 45° and 90° testing positions. The ER and TRROM at 90° and 45° showed significant differences under both passive and active conditions and on the dominant and non-dominant sides. Actively, there were no significant differences in the IR or TRROM for either the dominant or non-dominant side at 90° or 45°. (4) Conclusions: It is necessary to evaluate ER under the same conditions at 90° or 45°. Practitioners should consider assessing the ER for the angle at which most actions are repeated in tennis (45°) as a method to monitor GERDs. Evaluating GERDs in asymptomatic tennis players could help avoid future biomechanical and GIRD problems. Both GIRDs and GERDs should be considered as a percentage of the athlete’s own deficit in IR or ER, instead of referencing specific degrees that have been observed in baseball pitchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Sports, Volume 13, Issue 1 (January 2025) – 26 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI