Animals

13 pages, 8280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Selection Signatures in Zaobei Beef Cattle

by Liangyu Shi, Pu Zhang, Qing Liu, Chenhui Liu, Lei Cheng, Bo Yu and Hongbo Chen

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162447 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 750

This investigation provides a comprehensive analysis of genomic diversity and selection signatures in Zaobei beef cattle, an indigenous breed known for its adaptation to hot and humid climates and superior meat quality. Whole-genome resequencing was conducted on 23 Zaobei cattle, compared with 46 [...] Read more.

This investigation provides a comprehensive analysis of genomic diversity and selection signatures in Zaobei beef cattle, an indigenous breed known for its adaptation to hot and humid climates and superior meat quality. Whole-genome resequencing was conducted on 23 Zaobei cattle, compared with 46 Simmental cattle to highlight genetic distinctions. Population structure analysis confirmed the genetic uniqueness of Zaobei cattle. Using methods such as DASDC v1.01, XPEHH, and θπ ratio, we identified 230, 232, and 221 genes through DASDC, including hard sweeps, soft sweeps, and linkage sweeps, respectively. Coincidentally, 109 genes were identified when using XPEHH and θπ ratio methods. Together, these analyses revealed eight positive selection genes (ARHGAP15, ZNF618, USH2A, PDZRN4, SPATA6, ROR2, KCNIP3, and VWA3B), which are linked to critical traits such as heat stress adaptation, fertility, and meat quality. Moreover, functional enrichment analyses showed pathways related to autophagy, immune response, energy metabolism, and muscle development. The comprehensive genomic insights gained from this study provide valuable knowledge for breeding programs aimed at enhancing the beneficial traits in Zaobei cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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20 pages, 3710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LEP Gene Promotes Milk Fat Synthesis via the JAK2-STAT3 and mTOR Signaling Pathways in Buffalo Mammary Epithelial Cells

by Ruixia Gao, Qunyao Zhu, Lige Huang, Xinyang Fan, Xiaohong Teng and Yongwang Miao

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162446 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 705

Abstract

Leptin (LEP), a protein hormone well-known for its role in metabolic regulation, has recently been linked to lipid metabolism in cattle. However, its function in buffalo mammary glands remains unclear. To address this issue, we isolated and identified the LEP gene and conducted [...] Read more.

Leptin (LEP), a protein hormone well-known for its role in metabolic regulation, has recently been linked to lipid metabolism in cattle. However, its function in buffalo mammary glands remains unclear. To address this issue, we isolated and identified the LEP gene and conducted experiments to investigate its function in buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BuMECs). In this study, two transcript variants of LEP, designated as LEP_X1 and LEP_X2, were identified. The coding sequences (CDS) of LEP_X1 and LEP_X2 are 504 bp and 579 bp in length, encoding 167 and 192 amino acid residues, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that LEP_X2 is a hydrophobic protein with an isoelectric point below 7 and contains a signal peptide, while LEP_X1 is hydrophilic and lacks a signal peptide. Our study found that LEP gene expression in lactating BuMECs was significantly higher than in non-lactating cells, with LEP_X2 expression remarkably higher than LEP_X1 in lactating BuMECs. Overexpression of both LEP_X1 and LEP_X2 significantly promoted the expression of genes related to milk fat synthesis in lactating BuMECs, including STAT3, PI3K, mTOR, SCD, and SREBF1, accompanied by an increase in cellular triglycerides (TG). Interestingly, LEP_X2 overexpression significantly suppressed LEP_X1 expression while increasing intracellular TG concentration by 12.10-fold compared to LEP_X1 overexpression, suggesting an antagonistic relationship between the two variants and supposing LEP_X2 plays a dominant role in milk fat synthesis in lactating BuMECs. Additionally, four nucleotide substitutions were identified in the buffalo LEP CDS, including a nonsynonymous substitution c.148C>T (p.Arg50Cys), which was predicted to decrease the stability of the LEP protein without affecting its function. These results collectively underscore the significant role of LEP in milk fat synthesis and can provide a basis for molecular breeding strategies of buffalo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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20 pages, 1288 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Personality Unleashed: Surveying Correlation of Neuter Status and Social Behaviour in Mixed-Breed Male Dogs across Weight Classes

by Carina A. Kolkmeyer, Ana M. Zambrano Cardona and Udo Gansloßer

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162445 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 4895

Abstract

This study investigates the behavioural differences between neutered and intact dogs. A total of 230 questionnaires of neutered (n = 115) and intact (n = 115) mixed-breed male dogs were collected. Small, medium, large, and giant dogs were analysed to investigate a possible [...] Read more.

This study investigates the behavioural differences between neutered and intact dogs. A total of 230 questionnaires of neutered (n = 115) and intact (n = 115) mixed-breed male dogs were collected. Small, medium, large, and giant dogs were analysed to investigate a possible influence of body size. The results showed neuters were significantly more stressed than intacts (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.001). In terms of stress by influences (such as separation anxiety and anxiety at car rides), neutered small, medium, and large dogs were more stressed than giant dogs (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.05). Neuters were also found to be more aggressive in general (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.04) and more aggressive on the walk (multinomial logistic regression, p = 0.02). In addition, personality questionnaires revealed significant differences in all characteristics. Neuters were less emotionally calm (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.03), less trainable and less sociable (each multiple ordinal regression, p < 0.001). They also scored lower on extraversion (multiple ordinal regression, p = 0.04). These findings highlight the importance of further research into the behavioural effects of neutering dogs, as well as the need for evidence-based guidelines for neutering practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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23 pages, 4313 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Behavioural Responses of Beef Cattle to Hot Conditions

by Musadiq Idris, Megan Sullivan, John B. Gaughan and Clive J. C. Phillips

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162444 - 22 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 706

Abstract

Cattle are increasingly exposed to hot temperatures as a result of climate change, and a better understanding of behavioural responses could be beneficial for the diagnosis of heat loads. The changes in the positioning of key body parts, feeding behaviour, body maintenance, and [...] Read more.

Cattle are increasingly exposed to hot temperatures as a result of climate change, and a better understanding of behavioural responses could be beneficial for the diagnosis of heat loads. The changes in the positioning of key body parts, feeding behaviour, body maintenance, and respiratory dynamics were assessed in 24 Black Angus steers individually exposed to hot conditions and fed a finisher diet based on cereal grain or a substituted diet (8% of the grain replaced by an isoenergetic amount of lucerne hay). Increased respiration rate during the heat load period, compared to the recovery period, was associated with increased stepping, especially by left limbs. Cattle also reduced eating, grooming, and scratching during the heat load period. The lowered head, backward ear, vertical or raised tail, and increased respiration rate and panting persisted in cattle during the heat load period. Cattle on the cereal grain diet stood for longer and were more likely to hold their ears backward and tail vertical than those on the substituted diet. We conclude that these behaviours could be used to detect animals that are most affected and that changing from a cereal-based diet to a substituted diet containing a higher amount of fibre, such as lucerne hay, can reduce hyperthermic behavioural responses to a heat load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Behavior, Affective States, and Health to Identify Welfare Concerns of Farm Animals)

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20 pages, 6181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification, Expression, Characteristic Analysis, and Immune Function of Two Akirin Genes in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

by Guokun Yang, Jianing Gu, Hao Wang, Boya Yang, Shikun Feng, Yanmin Zhang, Xindang Zhang, Xulu Chang, Jianchun Shao and Xiaolin Meng

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162443 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 747

Abstract

Intensive aquaculture of grass carp often leads to decreased immunity and increased disease prevalence, resulting in economic losses. Improving grass carp immunity is therefore a critical strategy for addressing these challenges. Akirin reportedly participates in myogenesis, growth, and immune responses. However, its role [...] Read more.

Intensive aquaculture of grass carp often leads to decreased immunity and increased disease prevalence, resulting in economic losses. Improving grass carp immunity is therefore a critical strategy for addressing these challenges. Akirin reportedly participates in myogenesis, growth, and immune responses. However, its role in grass carp remains unclear. Herein, we isolated akirins from the spleen of grass carp and analyzed their tissue-specific expression. Akirin expression was detected following treatment with poly (I:C), LPS, and Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). The immunological function of the akirin protein was evaluated in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). The results revealed that the coding sequence (CDS) of akirin1 is 570 bp, encoding 189 amino acids. There was one predicted nuclear localization signal (NLS) and two predicted α- helix domains. The CDS of akirin2 is 558 bp, encoding 185 amino acids. There were two predicted NLSs and two predicted α-helix domains. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that akirins are widely detected in grass carp tissues. akirin1 was highly detected in the brain, kidneys, heart, spleen, and gonads, while akirin2 was highly detected in the brain, liver, gonads, kidneys, spleen, and heart. The mRNA levels of akirins were promoted after treatment with poly (I:C), LPS, and A. hydrophila. Recombinant akirin proteins were produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli). il-1β, ifnγ, il-6, tnfα, il-4, iκbα, and nfκb were markedly increased in grass carp HKLs by treatment with the akirin protein. These results suggest that akirins play a role in the immunological regulation of grass carp. Full article

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9 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CMAH Coding Sequence Variants in 15 Non-Domestic Felid Species Related to ABC Blood Group System

by Alexandra Kehl, Henrike Kuder, Lily Parkinson, Amie Koenig, Ines Langbein-Detsch, Elisabeth Mueller and Urs Giger

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2442; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162442 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 719

Abstract

Different blood group systems have been characterized in people and other mammals. In domestic cats, the ABC blood group system plays the most important clinical role and has been investigated extensively—from the phenotype to the molecular genetics. In non-domestic felids, phenotypic ABC blood [...] Read more.

Different blood group systems have been characterized in people and other mammals. In domestic cats, the ABC blood group system plays the most important clinical role and has been investigated extensively—from the phenotype to the molecular genetics. In non-domestic felids, phenotypic ABC blood typing has been performed by different methods to detect the antigens, but the four informative CMAH markers in domestic cats were not able to identify types B and C (AB) in non-domestic cats. In this study, 138 blood samples from 15 non-domestic (wild) felid species were investigated by CMAH exonic sequencing and genotyping for putative variants causing type B or C (AB) and correlation to the respective ABC blood phenotype. A total of 58 CMAH variants were found, including 15 missense and 43 synonymous CMAH variants. One variant (c.635G>C) was concordant with blood type B (and C) in cheetahs and type B in cougars, compared to blood type A in all other felid species (lion, tiger, Canada lynx, snow leopard, clouded leopard, serval, jaguar, fishing cat, Pallas cat, bobcat, black footed cat, leopard, and sand cat). Since cheetahs and cougars belong to the genera puma, it could not be determined if the common CMAH variant is either a marker for type B (or C) or is just common in pumas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

23 pages, 3883 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Unveiling Genetic Potential for Equine Meat Production: A Bioinformatics Approach

by Martin Šimon, Ana Kaić and Klemen Potočnik

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162441 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 796

Abstract

In view of the predicted significant increase in global meat production, alternative sources such as horsemeat are becoming increasingly important due to their lower environmental impact and high nutritional value. This study aimed to identify SNP markers on the GeneSeek^® Genomic Profiler™ [...] Read more.

In view of the predicted significant increase in global meat production, alternative sources such as horsemeat are becoming increasingly important due to their lower environmental impact and high nutritional value. This study aimed to identify SNP markers on the GeneSeek^® Genomic Profiler™ Equine (Neogen, Lansing, MI, USA) that are important for horsemeat production traits. First, orthologous genes related to meat yield in cattle and common genes between horses and cattle within QTLs for body size and weight were identified. Markers for these genes were then evaluated based on predicted variant consequences, GERP scores, and positions within constrained elements and orthologous regulatory regions in pigs. A total of 268 markers in 57 genes related to meat production were analyzed. This resulted in 27 prioritized SNP markers in 22 genes, including notable markers in LCORL, LASP1, IGF1R, and MSTN. These results will benefit smallholder farmers by providing genetic insights for selective breeding that could improve meat yield. This study also supports future large-scale genetic analyses such as GWAS and Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP). The results of this study may be helpful in improving the accuracy of genomic breeding values. However, limitations include reliance on bioinformatics without experimental validation. Future research can validate these markers and consider a wider range of traits to ensure accuracy in equine breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food from Equids: Production, Quality, Promotion, and Commercialization)

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15 pages, 4526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Aeromonas veronii as the Pathogen Associated with Massive Mortality in Bronze Gudgeon (Coreius heterodon)

by Wenzhi Liu, Mengmeng Li, Mingyang Xue, Yong Zhou, Nan Jiang, Yan Meng, Yisha Liu, Jingwen Jiang, Xiaolin Liao and Yuding Fan

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162440 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 674

Abstract

Aeromonas veronii, an opportunistic pathogen toward aquatic organisms, was identified as the causative pathogen (isolate WH10) in diseased bronze gudgeon via bacterial isolation, and morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. WH10 exerted its pathogenicity via five virulence genes, including those encoding cytotoxic [...] Read more.

Aeromonas veronii, an opportunistic pathogen toward aquatic organisms, was identified as the causative pathogen (isolate WH10) in diseased bronze gudgeon via bacterial isolation, and morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. WH10 exerted its pathogenicity via five virulence genes, including those encoding cytotoxic enterotoxins (act and alt), lipase (lip), a quorum sensing-controlled virulence factor (LuxS), and a Type III secretion system inner membrane component (ascV). WH10 was shown to be sensitive to compound sulfamethoxazoles, cefothiophene, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole. Toward bronze gudgeon, WH10 had a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 1.36 × 10⁶ colony forming units/mL. Analysis of blood parameters of diseased fish revealed significant increases in monocytes and neutrophils, but decreased numbers of lymphocytes. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and triglyceride concentration were significantly higher in diseased fish than in healthy fish. The reverse was noted for alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, and glucose. Thus, Aeromonas veronii is implicated as the causative agent of the mass mortality observed in bronze gudgeon, warranting further investigations into the diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of this infectious disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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17 pages, 1049 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Chicken Secondary Lymphoid Tissues—Structure and Relevance in Immunological Research

by Cassandra Ceccopieri and Jan P. Madej

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162439 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1157

Abstract

Recent discoveries have indicated the importance of developing modern strategies for vaccinations, more ethical research models, and effective alternatives to antibiotic treatment in farm animals. Chickens (Gallus gallus) play a crucial role in this context given the commercial and economic relevance [...] Read more.

Recent discoveries have indicated the importance of developing modern strategies for vaccinations, more ethical research models, and effective alternatives to antibiotic treatment in farm animals. Chickens (Gallus gallus) play a crucial role in this context given the commercial and economic relevance of poultry production worldwide and the search for analogies between the immune systems of humans and birds. Specifically, chicken secondary lymphoid tissues share similar features to their human counterparts. Chickens have several secondary or peripheral lymphoid tissues that are the sites where the adaptive immune response is initiated. The more general classification of these organs divides them into the spleen and skin-, pineal-, or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. Each of these tissues is further subdivided into separate lymphoid structures that perform specific and different functions along the animal’s body. A review summarizing the state of the art of research on chicken secondary lymphoid organs is of great relevance for the design of future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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22 pages, 3752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of L-citrulline Supplementation on the Athletic Performance, Physiological and Biochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Blood Amino Acid and Polyamine Levels in Speed-Racing Yili Horses

by Peiyao Li, Shuo Sun, Wenjie Zhang, Wen Ouyang, Xiaobin Li and Kailun Yang

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162438 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1050

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-exercise L-citrulline supplementation on the athletic performance of Yili speed-racing horses during a high-intensity exercise. On the 20th day of the experiment, blood samples were collected at 3 h and 6 [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-exercise L-citrulline supplementation on the athletic performance of Yili speed-racing horses during a high-intensity exercise. On the 20th day of the experiment, blood samples were collected at 3 h and 6 h post-supplementation to measure the amino acid and polyamine concentrations. On the 38th day of the experiment, the horses participated in a 2000 m speed race, and three distinct blood samples were gathered for assessing blood gases, hematological parameters, the plasma biochemistry, antioxidant parameters, and NO concentrations. The results indicate that the L-citrulline group showed a significant increase in the plasma citrulline and arginine concentrations. Conversely, the concentrations of alanine, serine, and threonine were significantly decreased. The glycine concentration decreased significantly, while there was a trend towards an increase in the glutamine concentration. Additionally, the levels of putrescine and spermidine in the plasma of the L-citrulline group were significantly increased. In terms of exercise performance, L-citrulline can improve the exercise performance of sport horses, significantly reduce the immediate post-race lactate levels in Yili horses, and accelerate the recovery of blood gas levels after an exercise. Furthermore, in the L-citrulline group of Yili horses, The levels of the total protein of plasma, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly increased both 2 h before and 2 h after the race. The total antioxidant capacity showed a highly significant increase, while the malondialdehyde content significantly decreased. In the immediate post-race period, the creatinine content in the L-citrulline group significantly increased. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that L-citrulline supplementation can influence the circulating concentrations of L-citrulline and arginine in Yili horses, enhance the antioxidant capacity, reduce lactate levels, and improve physiological and biochemical blood parameters, thereby having a beneficial effect on the exercise performance of athletic horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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14 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Farm Management Practices on Tick Infestation in Punjab’s Livestock: A Comprehensive Epidemiological Study

by Muhammad Husnain Ali Alvi, Abdul Rehman, Tariq Jamil, Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, Aneela Zameer Durrani, Aman Ullah Khan, Muhammad Usman, Carola Sauter-Louis and Franz J. Conraths

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162437 - 22 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1336

Abstract

Tick infestation poses an important challenge to livestock in Pakistan. Farm management practices and environmental variables can influence tick infestation prevalence in animals. To this end, a cross-sectional survey of 96 farms in four different geographical districts (24 farms from each district) was [...] Read more.

Tick infestation poses an important challenge to livestock in Pakistan. Farm management practices and environmental variables can influence tick infestation prevalence in animals. To this end, a cross-sectional survey of 96 farms in four different geographical districts (24 farms from each district) was conducted in Punjab, Pakistan, between October 2021 and January 2022. An epidemiological questionnaire was designed focusing on farm management practices and their impact on tick infestations at these farms. Data were collected via in-person interviews. Regional and farm-specific variables’ associations were evaluated using Pearson’s chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test, respectively. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify significant risk factors. This study identified that using soft bedding materials, e.g., wheat straw, leaf litter or plain soil posed a significant risk of tick infestation. Additionally, the absence of quarantine measures, open sheds and inadequate drainage were found as contributing factors in univariable analysis. Higher tick prevalence in the hotter seasons highlighted the influence of Punjab’s extreme weather on tick infestation. Despite regular veterinary visits and the use of acaricidal drugs, the prevalence of tick infestation at these farms suggested potential drug resistance in the ticks. The study recommended establishing quarantine practices, improving farms’ drainage systems and bedding and using a combination of chemical and traditional remedies to tackle drug resistance in ticks. Education and awareness programs on tick-borne diseases and control measures are advocated to reduce the tick infestation burden on animals. Further research on longitudinal studies to better understand tick population dynamics and develop effective acaricides is encouraged. This called for collaborative control efforts among farmers, veterinarians and research institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)

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16 pages, 5928 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Detailed Comparison of Acoustic Signals from Rehabilitated and Wild Franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) Dolphins

by Gisela Vanina Giardino, Mel Cosentino, Agustina Camila Macchi, Juan Pablo Loureiro, Sergio Rodriguez Heredia, Karina Ceilia Alvarez, Sergio Gabriel Moron and Diego Horacio Rodriguez

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162436 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1208

Abstract

The franciscana dolphin is a small, vulnerable species often caught in artisanal gillnets. This study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of their acoustic capabilities by using advanced equipment to collect a large dataset of wideband, continuous recordings. We examined the detailed acoustic [...] Read more.

The franciscana dolphin is a small, vulnerable species often caught in artisanal gillnets. This study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of their acoustic capabilities by using advanced equipment to collect a large dataset of wideband, continuous recordings. We examined the detailed acoustic signals of franciscana dolphins, comparing the sounds from rehabilitated dolphins in captivity with those of wild dolphins near fishing nets. Significant differences in acoustic characteristics were found between neonates and older dolphins, with juvenile and wild dolphins showing similar features. For the first time, repetition patterns in click production were identified, highlighting the importance of understanding the context of these sounds in regards to feeding and communication. This study emphasizes the need for detecting neonates for species protection and suggests the potential for developing acoustic classifiers specific to different age groups. Our findings offer valuable insights for conservation efforts and the development of protection strategies for franciscana dolphins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoo Animals: How Actual Zoological Institutions Assess, Ensure, and Promote Their Animals’ Welfare?)

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20 pages, 4041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Life Cycle Assessment Study of the Impacts of Pig Breeding on the Environmental Sustainability of Pig Production

by Greg J. Thoma, Banks Baker and Pieter W. Knap

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162435 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1358

Abstract

Lifecycle assessment (LCA) quantified changes in environmental impact categories (global warming, eutrophication, etc.) from 2021 to 2030 due to genetic trends in (re)production traits in pig lines of the breeding company Genus-PIC. The 2030 levels were projected with selection index theory based on [...] Read more.

Lifecycle assessment (LCA) quantified changes in environmental impact categories (global warming, eutrophication, etc.) from 2021 to 2030 due to genetic trends in (re)production traits in pig lines of the breeding company Genus-PIC. The 2030 levels were projected with selection index theory based on weightings of traits in the breeding goals and genetic covariances among them. The projected improvement was 0.9% annually for most impact categories. Another LCA compared the impacts of 2021 North American pig production based on PIC genetics versus the industry average. Software openLCA converted material and energy flows to impact categories of frameworks ReCiPe-2016, PEF-3.1, and IPCC-2021. Flows came from data recorded by customers (1.1/4.7 million sows/finishing pigs) and by subscribers to a third-party data aggregator (1.3/9.1 million). PIC genetics have a 7–8% better impact than industry average for 13/18 categories of ReCiPe-2016, 19/25 of PEF-3.1, and all categories of IPCC-2001. Pig breeding delivers positive environmental outcomes as correlated responses to selection for profitability-oriented breeding goals. This trend is additive; technology development will increase it. Different investment levels in breeding population structure and technology and different operational efficiencies of breeding companies cause substantial differences in the environmental impact of pig production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

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11 pages, 4276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibitor of FTO, Rhein, Restrains the Differentiation of Myoblasts and Delays Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

by Rongyang Li, Yan Cao, Wangjun Wu, Honglin Liu and Shiyong Xu

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2434; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162434 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial RNA modification affecting skeletal muscle development. Rhein, an anti-inflammatory extract, inhibits FTO, a key demethylase in m6A metabolism. Our study showed that during muscle fiber formation, FTO and ALKBH5 expression increased while m6A levels decreased. After muscle [...] Read more.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial RNA modification affecting skeletal muscle development. Rhein, an anti-inflammatory extract, inhibits FTO, a key demethylase in m6A metabolism. Our study showed that during muscle fiber formation, FTO and ALKBH5 expression increased while m6A levels decreased. After muscle injury, FTO and ALKBH5 expression initially rose but later fell, while m6A levels initially dropped and then recovered. Inhibition of FTO by Rhein reduced MyHC and MyoG expression, indicating myoblast differentiation suppression. In a mouse model, Rhein decreased MyHC expression and muscle fiber cross-sectional area, delaying muscle regeneration. Rhein’s ability to increase RNA m6A modification delays skeletal muscle remodeling post-injury, suggesting a new medicinal application for this plant extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Animal Models: From Physiology to Pathology)

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17 pages, 4126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environment DNA Reveals Fish Diversity in a Canyon River within the Upper Pearl River Drainage

by Si Luo, Meng Wang, Weizhong Ma, Dangen Gu, Zhijun Jin, Ruiqi Yang, Zhen Qian, Chengwen Song, Zexin Wang and Shiyu Jin

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2433; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162433 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 806

Abstract

Investigating fish diversity in canyon rivers through conventional fish surveys is challenging due to precipitous conditions, including steep slopes, rapid water flow, and complex habitats. Additionally, intensive construction of dams has further complicated the understanding of contemporary fish diversity in these rivers. In [...] Read more.

Investigating fish diversity in canyon rivers through conventional fish surveys is challenging due to precipitous conditions, including steep slopes, rapid water flow, and complex habitats. Additionally, intensive construction of dams has further complicated the understanding of contemporary fish diversity in these rivers. In this study, we used the environmental DNA (eDNA) technique to assess fish diversity and examine the effects of dams on fish diversity in the Mabiehe River, a canyon river in the upper reaches of the Pearl River drainage. Water samples from 15 sampling sites were collected, yielding 9,356,148 valid sequences. Utilizing the NCBI public database, a total of 60 freshwater fish species were identified, with Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco being the most dominant species in the Mabiehe River. We also detected one nationally protected fish species, three provincially protected fish species, and six exotic species in this river. Furthermore, eDNA analyses demonstrated that the lotic river sections harbor more species and greater diversity than dammed sections, suggesting that dams might exert significant impacts on local fish diversity. Overall, this study supports the effectiveness of the eDNA technique as a complementary tool to traditional field surveys for monitoring fish biodiversity in canyon rivers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental DNA as a Tool for the Management and Conservation of Natural Resources)

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16 pages, 5226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of PCR, Nested PCR, and RT-LAMP for Rapid Detection of Feline Calicivirus Infection in Clinical Samples

by Piyamat Khamsingnok, Witsanu Rapichai, Amonpun Rattanasrisomporn, Oumaporn Rungsuriyawiboon, Kiattawee Choowongkomon and Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2432; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162432 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1406

Abstract

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious virus that causes upper respiratory tract disease, commonly known as cat flu. It is widely distributed worldwide and poses a major threat to feline health. Therefore, it is essential to find an efficient and rapid method [...] Read more.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious virus that causes upper respiratory tract disease, commonly known as cat flu. It is widely distributed worldwide and poses a major threat to feline health. Therefore, it is essential to find an efficient and rapid method for detecting FCV. In this study, the colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay, using neutral red as an indicator, was developed and validated to target the ORF2 gene of FCV for the first time. Additionally, the study compared the diagnostic abilities of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and RT-LAMP assays for detecting FCV in clinical samples. The optimized RT-LAMP amplification was carried out at 56.3 °C. The technique visually detected FCV within 70 min, with a limit of detection of 14.3 × 10¹ copies/µL, and showed no cross-reactivity with other feline pathogens. Out of 54 oropharyngeal swab samples, 17 tested positive for FCV using both nested PCR and RT-LAMP, while only one tested positive using conventional PCR. The positivity rate was higher with nested PCR and RT-LAMP (31.48%) compared to conventional PCR (1.85%). Consequently, these results demonstrated the effectiveness of the colorimetric RT-LAMP assay developed in this study as an alternative for diagnosing FCV in cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Clinical Pathology)

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19 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Seasonal Variation in Mammalian Mesopredator Spatiotemporal Overlap on a Barrier Island Complex

by Timothy D. Bransford, Spencer A. Harris and Elizabeth A. Forys

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2431; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162431 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 809

Abstract

Due to lack of apex predators in human-dominated landscapes, mesopredator relationships are complex and spatiotemporal niche partitioning strategies can vary, especially when seasonal shifts in resource availability occur. Our objective was to understand spatiotemporal niche overlap across seasons among mesopredators inhabiting a barrier [...] Read more.

Due to lack of apex predators in human-dominated landscapes, mesopredator relationships are complex and spatiotemporal niche partitioning strategies can vary, especially when seasonal shifts in resource availability occur. Our objective was to understand spatiotemporal niche overlap across seasons among mesopredators inhabiting a barrier island complex. We placed 19 unbaited cameras throughout Fort De Soto County Park, Florida, USA between February 2021 and July 2023. Of six mesopredator species detected, three species had >75 detections during both the wet and dry seasons (coyote, Canis latrans; Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana; and raccoon, Procyon lotor). Using general linear mixed models, we determined that during the wet season coyote–raccoon and raccoon–opossum detections were positively associated with each other (p < 0.05). During the dry season, raccoon–opossum detections were positively associated, and opossums were more likely to be detected around mangroves. After calculating coefficients of overlap, we found all three species varied their temporal activity between seasons. During the dry season exclusively, all three mesopredators occupied different temporal niches. The park’s isolated but developed nature has potentially led to a destabilized mesopredator community. Understanding seasonal mesopredator dynamics of Fort De Soto is particularly important because this park supports a high number of nesting shorebirds and sea turtles, which are known food sources for mesopredators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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12 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Use of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (PAP) for Improved Beef Cattle Management

by Kaylen Stearns, Hannah DelCurto-Wyffels, Sam Wyffels, Megan Van Emon and Tim DelCurto

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2430; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162430 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1433

Abstract

Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) determines cattle’s susceptibility to High Altitude Disease (HAD), also known as Brisket Disease, High Mountain Disease, and right-sided heart failure (RHF). This non-infectious disease causes pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. PAP measures the resistance of blood flow through the [...] Read more.

Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) determines cattle’s susceptibility to High Altitude Disease (HAD), also known as Brisket Disease, High Mountain Disease, and right-sided heart failure (RHF). This non-infectious disease causes pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. PAP measures the resistance of blood flow through the lungs. It is estimated that 1.5 million head of cattle are raised in high-altitude environments (above 1500 m), and HAD accounts for 3–5% of calf death loss yearly. In addition, there have been increasing concerns about feedlot cattle succumbing to RHF at moderate elevations. This review focuses on the historical background, explanation of PAP measurement and scores, genetic implications, and the relationship between PAP and economically relevant traits. Specifically, traits such as gestation length, birth weight, weaning weight, and yearling weight may impact PAP scores. In addition, environmental effects and other factors impacting PAP score variations are discussed. Information gaps and research needs are addressed to determine where missing information could improve the understanding of PAP while also benefiting beef cattle producers in high-elevation production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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13 pages, 1886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Starve and Shelter Availability on the Group Behavior of Two Freshwater Fish Species (Chindongo demasoni and Spinibarbus sinensis)

by Wuxin Li, Jiaqian Li and Shijian Fu

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162429 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 573

Abstract

In complex environments, fish often suffer from reduced physiological functioning due to starvation, which may have a significant effect on their behavioral adaptive strategies to predator attacks. We selected qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis, which prefers flowing water habitats) and demasone cichlid ( [...] Read more.

In complex environments, fish often suffer from reduced physiological functioning due to starvation, which may have a significant effect on their behavioral adaptive strategies to predator attacks. We selected qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis, which prefers flowing water habitats) and demasone cichlid (Chindongo demasoni, which prefers still water habitats), to investigate the differences in group distribution and dynamics between the two species when faced with a simulated predation attack under different trophic states (fasted for 2 weeks or fed). We chose to conduct our experiments in a six-arm maze that included a central area and six arms of equal length and width and to obtain evidence of how the fish used the various areas of the maze to respond to simulated predation attacks. We found that the two fish species differed in their responses to simulated predation attacks under different trophic states. The group structure of the two species was relatively stable, and the effect of fasting on the qingbo group was not significant, whereas the demasone cichlid group was more susceptible to the effects of fasting, shelter and a simulated predation attack. In an environment with shelter, both species had the same anti-predator strategy and tended to enter the shelter arm to hide after encountering a simulated predation attack. However, differences in the anti-predator strategies of the two species emerged in the no-shelter environment, with the qingbo tending to enter the arm to hide, whereas the demasone cichlid group chose to enter the central area to congregate, and this phenomenon was more pronounced in the fasted group. In conclusion, our research shows that even group-stable fish may shift their anti-predation strategies (i.e., entering a shelter to hide shifts to aggregating in situ into a shoal) when starved and that the worse the swimming ability of the fish, the more affected they are by starvation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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13 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Phytogenic Additive in Broiler’s Diet on Production Results, Physicochemical Parameters, and the Composition of Volatile Organic Compounds of Broiler Meat Assessed by an Electronic Nose System

by Monika Michalczuk, Paulina Abramowicz-Pindor, Jakub Urban, Damian Bień, Patrycja Ciborowska, Arkadiusz Matuszewski, Anna Zalewska, Eliza Opacka and Iwona Wojtasik-Kalinowska

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2428; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162428 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1020

Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a phytogenic additive (PA) in broiler chickens’ diet on production, physiochemical parameters, and the profile of volatile organic compounds present in broiler chickens’ meat. The experiment was conducted in a commercial [...] Read more.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a phytogenic additive (PA) in broiler chickens’ diet on production, physiochemical parameters, and the profile of volatile organic compounds present in broiler chickens’ meat. The experiment was conducted in a commercial chicken house, where Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into two groups, each consisting of 65,000 broilers. One group was fed a diet supplemented with 100 ppm of PA throughout the rearing period. The primary chemical composition of the meat and its physicochemical parameters were determined. A visual assessment of breast muscles for defects and volatile organic compounds were evaluated using an electronic nose system. No statistically significant differences were shown in the production performance of the chickens; while summarizing all production parameters, a higher EPEF index of 31 points in the experimental group was highlighted. Breast muscle quality showed differences in drip loss and WHC (p ≤ 0.01) in favor of the experimental group, and a lower cutting force value (p ≤ 0.05) was found for breast muscles from the experimental group. The group also had a lower proportion of muscles with a white striping defect, and the results of volatile organic compound profiling showed the most aroma units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors Affecting Poultry Meat Quality and Flavor: Physico-Chemical Attributes and Sensory Evaluation)

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34 pages, 944 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Recent Developments in the Application of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae in Ruminant Feed

by Clarisse Uwineza, Milad Parchami, Mohammadali Bouzarjomehr, Mohammad J. Taherzadeh and Amir Mahboubi

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2427; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162427 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1904

Abstract

The resource-intensive nature of the ruminant farming sector, which has been exacerbated by population growth and increasing pressure to reduce feed antibiotics and growth promoters, has sparked interest in looking for sustainable alternative feed sources to enhance ruminant production efficiency. Edible filamentous fungi, [...] Read more.

The resource-intensive nature of the ruminant farming sector, which has been exacerbated by population growth and increasing pressure to reduce feed antibiotics and growth promoters, has sparked interest in looking for sustainable alternative feed sources to enhance ruminant production efficiency. Edible filamentous fungi, rich in macronutrients like proteins, offer promise in reducing the reliance on conventional protein sources and antimicrobials to improve feed quality and animal performance. The inclusion of single-cell proteins, particularly filamentous fungi, in ruminant feed has long been of scientific and industrial interest. This review focuses on the potential application of the extensively studied Aspergillus oryzae and its fermentation extracts in ruminant nutrition. It provides an overview of conventional ruminant feed ingredients, supplements, and efficiency. Additionally, this review analyzes the re-utilization of organic residues for A. oryzae cultivation and examines the effects of adding fungal extracts to ruminant feed on ruminal digestibility and animal performance, all within a circular bioeconomy framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Feed Additives/Supplements on the Quality of Animal Products)

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20 pages, 5326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Individuals of Two Takin Subspecies Using Biological and Ecological Criteria in Eastern Himalayas of China

by Yuan Wang, Yonglei Lv, Guanglong Wang, Feng Liu, Yingxun Ji, Zheng Liu, Wanglin Zhao, Wulin Liu, Pu Bu Dun Zhu and Kun Jin

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2426; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162426 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

Limited background data are available on the Mishmi takin (Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor) and Bhutan takin (Budorcas taxicolor whitei) subspecies in the Eastern Himalayas of China because of the lack of systematic field investigations and research. Therefore, mature-animal ecological methods [...] Read more.

Limited background data are available on the Mishmi takin (Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor) and Bhutan takin (Budorcas taxicolor whitei) subspecies in the Eastern Himalayas of China because of the lack of systematic field investigations and research. Therefore, mature-animal ecological methods were used to evaluate these takin subspecies’ phenotypic characteristics, distribution range, activity rhythm, and population size. From 2013 to 2022, 214 camera traps were installed for wild ungulate monitoring and investigation in all human-accessible areas of the Eastern Himalayas, resulting in 4837 distinguishable takin photographs. The external morphological characteristics were described and compared using visual data. Artificial image correction and related technologies were used to establish physical image models based on the differences between subspecies. MaxEnt niche and random encounter models obtained distribution ranges and population densities. Mishmi takins have a distribution area of 17,314 km², population density of 0.1729 ± 0.0134 takins/km², and population size of 2995 ± 232. Bhutan takins have a distribution area of 25,006 km², population density of 0.1359 ± 0.0264 takins/km², and population size of 3398 ± 660. Long-term monitoring data confirmed that the vertical migration within the mountain ecosystems is influenced by climate. Mishmi takins are active at 500–4500 m, whereas Bhutan takins are active at 1500–4500 m. The two subspecies were active at >3500 m from May to October yearly (rainy season). In addition, surveying combined with model simulation shows that the Yarlung Zangbo River is not an obstacle to migration. This study provides basic data that contribute to animal diversity knowledge in biodiversity hotspots of the Eastern Himalayas and detailed information and references for species identification, distribution range, and population characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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25 pages, 785 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Multifaceted Potential of Endangered Sturgeon: Caviar, Meat and By-Product Benefits

by Andreea (Stroe) Dudu and Sergiu Emil Georgescu

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2425; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162425 - 21 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Sturgeons are facing critical endangerment due to overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. Their roe, highly prized as caviar, has driven the overexploitation, severely depleting wild populations. In recent years sturgeon aquaculture has experienced significant growth, primarily aimed at providing high-quality caviar [...] Read more.

Sturgeons are facing critical endangerment due to overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution and climate change. Their roe, highly prized as caviar, has driven the overexploitation, severely depleting wild populations. In recent years sturgeon aquaculture has experienced significant growth, primarily aimed at providing high-quality caviar and secondarily meat. This sector generates significant quantities of by-products, which are mainly treated as waste, being mostly discarded, impacting the environment, even though they are a source of bioactive molecules and potential applications in various sectors. This article presents a review of the proximate composition and nutritional value of sturgeon caviar and meat, also exploring the potential of the by-products, with an emphasis on the processing of these components, the chemical composition and the functional and bioactive properties. Although sturgeon caviar, meat, and by-products are highly valuable both nutritionally and economically, adopting sustainable practices and innovative approaches is crucial to ensuring the industry’s future growth and maintaining ecological balance. Despite some limitations, like the deficient standardization of the methods for extracting and processing, sturgeon by-products have a tremendous potential to increase the overall value of sturgeon aquaculture and to promote a zero-waste approach, contributing to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Aquaculture Sustainability and Endangered Aquatic Species Conservation: Advances in Reproduction, New Aquafeed Formulations, Sustainable Farming Systems, Emerging Contaminants, and Waste Treatment and Revalorization)

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4 pages, 156 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Schilling-Hazlett et al. On-Farm Methane Mitigation and Animal Health Assessment of a Commercially Available Tannin Supplement in Organic Dairy Heifers. Animals 2024, 14, 9

by Ashley Schilling-Hazlett, Edward J. Raynor, Logan Thompson, Juan Velez, Sara Place and Kim Stackhouse-Lawson

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2424; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162424 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 365

Abstract

Text Correction [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

11 pages, 2951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinicopathological and Molecular Investigation of Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Broiler Chicken Flocks in Nepal

by Subash Regmi, Rajesh Bhatta, Pushkar Pal, Arvindra Shrestha, Tamás Mató, Bikash Puri and Surya Paudel

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2423; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162423 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 992

Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the paramyxovirus, which is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. This study was conducted to investigate ND outbreaks in 10 vaccinated or non-vaccinated broiler farms, collectively housing 9840 birds of various ages [...] Read more.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the paramyxovirus, which is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. This study was conducted to investigate ND outbreaks in 10 vaccinated or non-vaccinated broiler farms, collectively housing 9840 birds of various ages in the Chitwan and Nawalpur districts of Nepal from July to December 2021. Clinically, the affected birds exhibited symptoms such as limb paralysis, greenish diarrhea (seven out of ten flocks), torticollis (two out of ten flocks), inappetence, and drowsiness (ten out of ten flocks). Birds that succumbed during the clinical course underwent a necropsy for gross pathology and samples were collected for the histopathology and molecular diagnosis. The gross and microscopic examination revealed hemorrhages in the proventriculus, erosions and ulcers in the small intestine, congestion, as well as sero-mucosal hemorrhages in the trachea of affected birds, which are typical of ND. Rapid test kits further confirmed the presence of the ND virus antigen while excluding the avian influenza virus. Furthermore, M gene-based real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed in the pooled samples from the affected birds and the presence of a velogenic strain of the ND virus was identified. The phylogenetic analysis of the RT-PCR positive strain based on the partial F gene nucleotide sequence revealed these strains as genotype VII.2 (formerly VIIi). The findings highlight the occurrence of clinical ND outbreaks in farms despite adherence to recommended vaccination protocols in broiler flocks, underscoring the need for a regular comprehensive investigation involving in-depth examinations of available vaccines and genetic analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry)

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30 pages, 19662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Regulatory Mechanism of the PDK1-Mediated TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway in Hypoxia-Induced Yak Lungs

by Yiyang Zhang, Jun Wang, Meng Zhang, Xiaoyun Li, Fan Zhang, Manlin Zhou, Kun Yang, Weiji Chen, Haie Ding, Xiao Tan, Qian Zhang and Zilin Qiao

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2422; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162422 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 885

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxia-induced phenotype, glucose metabolism, ROS levels, and the PDK1-mediated regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling in yellow cattles, yaks, and those overexpressing PDK1 PASMCs using growth curves, flow cytometry, scratch experiments, glucose and lactic [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxia-induced phenotype, glucose metabolism, ROS levels, and the PDK1-mediated regulation of TGF-β/Smad signaling in yellow cattles, yaks, and those overexpressing PDK1 PASMCs using growth curves, flow cytometry, scratch experiments, glucose and lactic acid assays, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. The results showed that hypoxia significantly promoted proliferation, migration, antiapoptosis, ROS levels, glucose consumption, and lactate production in yellow cattle PASMCs (p < 0.05), and the cells were dedifferentiated from the contractile phenotype; conversely, hypoxia had no significant effect on yak PASMCs (p > 0.05). PDK1 overexpression significantly promoted proliferation, antiapoptosis, glucose consumption, and lactate production in yak PASMCs under normoxia and hypoxia (p < 0.05), decreased their migration levels under hypoxia (p < 0.05), and dedifferentiated the contractile phenotype of the cells. Overexpression of PDK1 in yak PASMCs is detrimental to their adaptation to hypoxic environments. Yak PASMCs adapted to the effects of hypoxia on lung tissue by downregulating the expression of genes related to the PDK1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. Taken together, the regulation of PDK1-mediated TGF-β/Smad signaling may be involved in the process of yaks’ adaptation to the hypoxic environment of the plateau, reflecting the good adaptive ability of yaks. The present study provides basic information to further elucidate the mechanism of PDK1-mediated TGF-β/Smad signaling induced by hypoxia in the lungs of yaks, as well as target genes for the treatment of plateau diseases in humans and animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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14 pages, 5746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Automated Approach for Determination of Pig Carcass Traits

by Jiacheng Wei, Yan Wu, Xi Tang, Jinxiu Liu, Yani Huang, Zhenfang Wu, Xinyun Li and Zhiyan Zhang

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162421 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Pig carcass traits are among the most economically significant characteristics and are crucial for genetic selection in breeding and enhancing the economic efficiency. Standardized and automated carcass phenotyping can greatly enhance the measurement efficiency and accuracy, thereby facilitating the selection and breeding of [...] Read more.

Pig carcass traits are among the most economically significant characteristics and are crucial for genetic selection in breeding and enhancing the economic efficiency. Standardized and automated carcass phenotyping can greatly enhance the measurement efficiency and accuracy, thereby facilitating the selection and breeding of superior pig carcasses. In this study, we utilized phenotypic images and data from 3912 pigs to propose a deep learning-based approach for the automated determination of pig carcass phenotypic traits. Using the YOLOv8 algorithm, our carcass length determination model achieves an average accuracy of 99% on the test set. Additionally, our backfat segmentation model, YOLOV8n-seg, demonstrates robust segmentation performance, with a Mean IoU of 89.10. An analysis of the data distribution comparing manual and model-derived measurements revealed that differences in the carcass straight length are primarily concentrated between −2 cm and 4 cm, while differences in the carcass diagonal length are concentrated between −3 cm and 2 cm. To validate the method, we compared model measurements with manually obtained data, achieving coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.9164 for the carcass straight length, 0.9325 for the carcass diagonal length, and 0.7137 for the backfat thickness, indicating high reliability. Our findings provide valuable insights into automating carcass phenotype determination and grading in pig production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Livestock Productivity and Sustainability: Use of Sensor Data and Livestock Behavior)

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13 pages, 1419 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Exploring the Genetic Landscape of Vitiligo in the Pura Raza Español Horse: A Genomic Perspective

by Nora Laseca, Antonio Molina, Davinia Perdomo-González, Chiraz Ziadi, Pedro J. Azor and Mercedes Valera

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162420 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1019

Abstract

Vitiligo is a depigmentation autoimmune disorder characterized by the progressive loss of melanocytes leading to the appearance of patchy depigmentation of the skin. The presence of vitiligo in horses is greater in those with grey coats. The aim of this study was therefore [...] Read more.

Vitiligo is a depigmentation autoimmune disorder characterized by the progressive loss of melanocytes leading to the appearance of patchy depigmentation of the skin. The presence of vitiligo in horses is greater in those with grey coats. The aim of this study was therefore to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions and putative candidate loci associated with vitiligo depigmentation and susceptibility in the Pura Raza Español population. For this purpose, we performed a wssGBLUP (weighted single step genomic best linear unbiased prediction) using data from a total of 2359 animals genotyped with Affymetrix Axiom™ Equine 670 K and 1346 with Equine GeneSeek Genomic Profiler™ (GGP) Array V5. A total of 60,136 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) present on the 32 chromosomes from the consensus dataset after quality control were employed for the analysis. Vitiligo-like depigmentation was phenotyped by visual inspection of the different affected areas (eyes, mouth, nostrils) and was classified into nine categories with three degrees of severity (absent, slight, and severe). We identified one significant genomic region for vitiligo around the eyes, eight significant genomic regions for vitiligo around the mouth, and seven significant genomic regions for vitiligo around the nostrils, which explained the highest percentage of variance. These significant genomic regions contained candidate genes related to melanocytes, skin, immune system, tumour suppression, metastasis, and cutaneous carcinoma. These findings enable us to implement selective breeding strategies to decrease the incidence of vitiligo and to elucidate the genetic architecture underlying vitiligo in horses as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in the disease’s development. However, further studies are needed to better understand this skin disorder in horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Equine Genetics and Breeding)

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15 pages, 7735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus salivarius and Berberine Alleviated Yak Calves’ Diarrhea via Accommodating Oxidation Resistance, Inflammatory Factors, and Intestinal Microbiota

by Qing He, Sijia Lu, Jia Wang, Chang Xu, Weijie Qu, Shah Nawaz, Farid Shokry Ataya, Yi Wu and Kun Li

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162419 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 934

Abstract

Yaks are important food animals in China; however, bacterial diarrheal diseases frequently occur on the plateau, with limited effective therapies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) and berberine in alleviating diarrhea in yak calves. For [...] Read more.

Yaks are important food animals in China; however, bacterial diarrheal diseases frequently occur on the plateau, with limited effective therapies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) and berberine in alleviating diarrhea in yak calves. For this purpose, eighteen healthy yak calves were divided into control (JC), infected (JM), and treatment (JT) groups. Yaks in the JT group were treated with 2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/calf L. salivarius and 20 mg/kg berberine, and yaks in the JM and JT groups were induced with multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli. The results showed that the weight growth rate in the JM group was significantly lower than that in the JC and JT groups. The diarrhea score in the JM group was significantly higher than that in both the JC and JT groups. Additionally, the contents of T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, and IL-10 were significantly lower in the JM group than those in the JC and JT groups, while MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly higher in the JM group. Microbiota sequencing identified two phyla and twenty-seven genera as significant among the yak groups. Notably, probiotic genera such as Faecalibaculum and Parvibacter were observed, alongside harmful genera, including Marvinbryantia and Lachnospiraceae UCG-001. Our findings indicate that treatment with L. salivarius and berberine significantly reduced diarrhea incidence, improved growth performance, and positively modulated intestinal microbiota, which could provide novel insights for developing new therapies for ruminant diarrhea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)

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12 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Eugenol and MS-222 as Anesthetics in Zebrafish in Repeated Exposures and Post-Anesthesia Behaviour

by Nahúm Ayala-Soldado, Rafael Mora-Medina, Ana María Molina-López, Antonio Jesús Lora-Benítez and Rosario Moyano-Salvago

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162418 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 816

Abstract

The increasing use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) in scientific experiments has made it necessary to implement anesthesia protocols guaranteeing minimum pain and suffering for these animals and ensuring the reliability of the results obtained from their research. Therefore, we aimed [...] Read more.

The increasing use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) in scientific experiments has made it necessary to implement anesthesia protocols guaranteeing minimum pain and suffering for these animals and ensuring the reliability of the results obtained from their research. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of two anesthetics, eugenol and MS-222, in consecutive administrations and evaluate the zebrafish behaviour after repeated anesthesia. Thus, several zebrafish were anaesthetized with eugenol, MS-222, and buffered MS-222 three times repeatedly with a 24-h interval between each exposure. The induction and recovery periods were also timed. Their swimming frequency was determined after each exposure to assess their behaviour after the anesthesia. Anesthesia induction was quicker with eugenol compared to MS-222. However, eugenol presented longer recovery times, which were prolonged after each exposure. Also, the swimming frequency was reduced after each anesthesia with eugenol. The buffered version of MS-222 was more efficacious than the non-buffered one. Both versions of MS-222 did not affect the swimming frequency. Based on these findings, we recommend the utilization of MS-222 buffered rather than eugenol when repeated, brief-duration anesthesia is necessitated for a study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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