Behavioral Sciences

20 pages, 2263 KiB

Open AccessReview

It Is a Catch-22 Situation! A Decade of Research Trends on Gay Wellbeing in China: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Jiankun Gong and Weishan Miao

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010099 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1357

The wellbeing of gay men in China is shaped by a combination of cultural, social, and political factors, yet research on this topic remains fragmented despite growing global interest in LGBTQ+ health. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research trends on [...] Read more.

The wellbeing of gay men in China is shaped by a combination of cultural, social, and political factors, yet research on this topic remains fragmented despite growing global interest in LGBTQ+ health. This study provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research trends on wellbeing of gays (MSM) in China, using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for a systematic search strategy and VOSviewer for bibliometric mapping. Data from Scopus were analyzed to examine publication output, top journals, and authors, along with a co-occurrence analysis of keywords and co-authorship networks across countries and authors. Results show a steady rise in publications over the past decade, particularly after 2015, revealing strong domestic collaboration and emerging international partnerships. The study identifies key contributing journals and themes, while revealing that most research remains narrowly focused on HIV/AIDS, leaving gaps in understanding gay wellbeing from broader societal and cultural perspectives. Surprisingly, very few studies specifically examine or measure overall wellbeing, whether using quantitative or qualitative approaches, and there is limited exploration of how cultural factors influence the experiences of gay men in China. These findings underscore the need for more holistic research approaches that move beyond public health and HIV prevention to address the psychological, social, and cultural dimensions of wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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12 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Optimal Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Reducing Problematic Internet Use in Youth: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis

by Jing-Jing Tian, Xiao-Ya He and Zhen Guo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010098 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 603

Abstract

The purpose of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to compare the effect of different non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) on Problematic Internet Use (PIU). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from their inception to 22 December 2023 were searched in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, [...] Read more.

The purpose of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to compare the effect of different non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) on Problematic Internet Use (PIU). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from their inception to 22 December 2023 were searched in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database, and WanFang Data. We carried out a data analysis to compare the efficacy of various NPIs using Bayesian NMA. A battery of analyses and assessments, such as conventional meta-analysis and risk of bias, were performed concurrently. Two reviewers extracted data and evaluated bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool independently. We identified 90 RCTs including 15 different NPIs (5986 participants), namely sports intervention (SI), electroencephalogram biological feedback (EBF), reality therapy (RT), positive psychology therapy (PPT), sandplay therapy (ST), educational intervention (EI), compound psychotherapy (CPT), electroacupuncture therapy (AT), group counseling (GC), family therapy (FT), electrotherapy (ELT), craving behavior intervention (CBI), virtual reality therapy (VRT), cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), and mindfulness therapy (MT). Our NMA results showed that SI, EBF, RT, PPT, ST, EI, CPT, AT, GC, FT, ELT, CBT, CBI, VRT, and MT were effective in reducing PIU levels. The most effective NPI was SI (SMD = −4.66, CrI: −5.51, −3.82, SUCRA = 95.43%), followed by EBF (SMD = −4.51, CrI: −6.62, −2.39, SUCRA = 90.89%) and RT (SMD = −3.83, CrI: −6.01, −1.62, SUCRA = 81.90%). Our study showed that SI was the best NPI to relieve PIU levels in youth. Medical staff should be aware of the application of SI to the treatment of PIU in youth in future clinical care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Cyberbullying, Social Media, and Problematic Internet and Mobile Use: Research and Strategies for Effective Intervention)

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17 pages, 2086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Target-Defining Attributes Can Determine the Effects of Attentional Control Settings in Singleton Search Mode

by Ying Chen, Junzhe Wang, Zhiwei Miao, Yunpeng Jiang and Xia Wu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010097 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 481

Abstract

The attentional control settings (ACSs) can help us efficiently select targets in complex real-world environments. Previous research has shown that category-specific ACS demands more attentional resources than feature-specific ACS. However, comparing natural or alphanumeric categories with color features does not distinguish the effects [...] Read more.

The attentional control settings (ACSs) can help us efficiently select targets in complex real-world environments. Previous research has shown that category-specific ACS demands more attentional resources than feature-specific ACS. However, comparing natural or alphanumeric categories with color features does not distinguish the effects of processing hierarchy and target-defining properties. The present study employed a spatial cueing paradigm to better understand the effects of target-defining properties and search mode on attentional resources in visual search. The target was defined as a combination of shape feature (shape “X”) and color category (green in different shades), which generated shape-specific ACS (sACS) and color-specific ACS (cACS). The degrees of shape matching (SM), color matching (CM), and spatial validity between the cue and target were manipulated. Search modes were manipulated by changing the homogeneity of distractors in either shape or color dimensions. Results show a main effect of CM across all four experiments, indicating that category can tune on attentional capture consistently. Importantly, the analysis between four experiments found different interactions across experiments, suggesting that the singleton search mode can reduce the effects of ACS and increase the interactions with other factors. In conclusion, this study suggests that the effects of ACS on attentional capture are determined by both target-defining properties and search mode, rather than processing hierarchy. The results indicate that attentional processes are highly dynamic and context-dependent, requiring a flexible allocation of resources to effectively prioritize relevant information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Aware Interaction in Augmented Reality)

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16 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Minority-Serving Institutions Make a Difference in the Engagement and Outcomes of Minority College Students? Empirical Evidence from China

by Yuheng Huang, Zengchen Han, Yu Tian and Yannan Cao

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010096 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 500

Abstract

This study uses nationally representative data from the Chinese College Student Survey (CCSS) (N = 37,508) to examine the impact of minority-serving institutions (MSIs) on learning opportunities, processes, and outcomes for ethnic minority college students. The CCSS uses a self-report questionnaire with [...] Read more.

This study uses nationally representative data from the Chinese College Student Survey (CCSS) (N = 37,508) to examine the impact of minority-serving institutions (MSIs) on learning opportunities, processes, and outcomes for ethnic minority college students. The CCSS uses a self-report questionnaire with multiple scales to measure ethnic minority students’ development, including family and ethnic background, university admission opportunities, learning behavior and psychology, and skill development in areas such as leadership and innovative thinking. We employ logistic regression and propensity score matching and find that MSIs offer valuable learning opportunities to minority students from ethnic areas and economically disadvantaged backgrounds, as well as those with weak academic preparation. Furthermore, these institutions enhance ethnic minority students’ engagement in active and cooperative learning, participation in high-impact educational activities, acquisition of knowledge and skills, innovative thinking, leadership development, and overall growth. However, MSIs are less effective at fostering interpersonal relationships. Additionally, MSIs exert a significant positive influence on college students from ethnic groups characterized by strong religious affiliations or low average educational levels, particularly in terms of learning behaviors and both academic and social integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviors in Educational Settings—2nd Edition)

27 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Ethical Leadership on Autonomy and Self-Efficacy in Virtual Work Environments: The Disintegrating Effect of an Egoistic Climate

by Carlos Santiago-Torner, José-Antonio Corral-Marfil, Yirsa Jiménez-Pérez and Elisenda Tarrats-Pons

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010095 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 587

Abstract

Ethical management is key to ensuring organizational sustainability, through resources such as autonomy or self-efficacy. However, economic and social uncertainty occasionally leads to adaptive responses that prioritize profit as the primary interest, blurring the integrating role of ethical leadership. There are a number [...] Read more.

Ethical management is key to ensuring organizational sustainability, through resources such as autonomy or self-efficacy. However, economic and social uncertainty occasionally leads to adaptive responses that prioritize profit as the primary interest, blurring the integrating role of ethical leadership. There are a number of studies that support this reality in a virtual work environment. This sector-specific and cross-sectional research explores how ethical leadership influences self-efficacy among teleworkers, through active commitment to job autonomy, and how an egoistic climate hinders this influence. The analysis is quantitative and correlational, and the sample includes 448 teleworkers. A model of conditional indirect effects, including both a mediation process and a moderation process, is used. The results support that ethical leadership enhances followers’ self-efficacy through a redistribution of responsibilities, which increases the perception of autonomy. However, when ethical leadership coincides with a climate that has opposing interests, such as an egoistic climate, ethical leadership is unable to counteract it, and its effect on self-efficacy gradually diminishes. The benefits of this management style are widely known, but it is crucial to understand under what circumstances it loses efficacy. This research presents a new theoretical model that contributes to the existing literature on ethical leadership. Lastly, organizations that embrace ethical leadership can avoid the emergence of ethical climates disconnected from collective benefit, such as those characterized by selfishness, which hinder prosocial motivation. In this context, ethical leadership fosters the development of high-quality interpersonal relationships with followers, which are considered essential for creating an environment conducive to group learning. Consequently, change management in organizations necessitates the adoption of an ethical system that enhances self-efficacy through moral principles, rather than relying solely on individualistic aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leadership in the New Era of Technology)

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15 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Financial Literacy and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from South Korea

by Youngjoo Choung, Tae-Young Pak and Swarn Chatterjee

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010094 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 686

Abstract

Digital financial literacy is an emerging concept that refers to the ability to effectively use digital tools, platforms, and services to manage personal finances. While previous studies have explored the behavioral effects of digital financial literacy, less is known about its broader well-being [...] Read more.

Digital financial literacy is an emerging concept that refers to the ability to effectively use digital tools, platforms, and services to manage personal finances. While previous studies have explored the behavioral effects of digital financial literacy, less is known about its broader well-being implications for financial consumers. In this study, we aim to examine the association between digital financial literacy and life satisfaction in a developed country context. Digital financial literacy was measured using a multidimensional scale that encompasses financial knowledge, digital literacy, digital financial service awareness, practical know-how of digital financial services, and self-protection against digital financial fraud. Using data of 1615 Korean adults who currently use digital financial services, this study estimated a series of regressions linking life satisfaction to digital financial literacy and covariates. The results showed a significant association between digital financial literacy and life satisfaction, with self-protection against fraud being the most influential subdimension. Notably, financial knowledge was not associated with life satisfaction when other dimensions of digital financial literacy were independently included in the regression models. These findings highlight the importance of digital skills and knowledge in navigating digital financial services. They also emphasize the need for targeted policies, financial education initiatives, and consumer protection measures to address the lack of digital financial literacy among marginalized populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

17 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Online Learning Readiness and Online Self-Regulated English Learning on Satisfaction with Online English Learning Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Sarah W. S. Ip and Wai-Ming To

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010093 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 534

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major changes in pedagogical practices worldwide. As COVID-19 cases increased, universities had to move their teaching online, requiring both instructors and students to engage through online learning platforms. This study explored the effects of students’ online learning readiness [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major changes in pedagogical practices worldwide. As COVID-19 cases increased, universities had to move their teaching online, requiring both instructors and students to engage through online learning platforms. This study explored the effects of students’ online learning readiness and online self-regulated English learning on their satisfaction with the online English learning experience. Additionally, it investigated whether and how online learning readiness and online self-regulated English learning influenced students’ perceived English self-efficacy which could in turn influence their satisfaction with the online English learning experience. Data were collected from 163 university students in Macau, China. The results of partial least squares structural equation modeling showed that students’ online learning readiness significantly influenced their satisfaction with the online English learning experience directly and indirectly through online self-regulated English learning. Furthermore, online learning readiness affected students’ perceived English self-efficacy. However, online self-regulated English learning did not significantly impact students’ perceived English self-efficacy, and there was no significant link between students’ perceived English self-efficacy and their satisfaction with the online English learning experience. The implications of this study are given. Full article

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25 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessReview

Stakeholders’ Roles in Evolutionizing Education: An Evolutionary-Based Toolkit Surrounding Elementary Education

by Kathryne Gruskin, Mariah Griffin, Sonaskshi Bansal, Stephanie Dickinson-Frevola, Ashlee Dykeman, Desiree Groce-Volinski, Keydy Henriquez, Maya Kardas, Aileen McCarthy, Aman Shetty, Brandon Staccio, Glenn Geher and Ethan Eisenberg

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010092 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1042

Abstract

There is a rapidly growing body of research in the field of evolutionary educational psychology that examines children’s evolved motivational and educational inclinations as they relate to modern learning and schooling. It is generally agreed that schools are inherently mismatched with how children [...] Read more.

There is a rapidly growing body of research in the field of evolutionary educational psychology that examines children’s evolved motivational and educational inclinations as they relate to modern learning and schooling. It is generally agreed that schools are inherently mismatched with how children of our species evolved to learn, thereby contributing to difficulty learning and associated adverse schooling outcomes. Many researchers argue that, by making small changes to schools that help to better align instructional methods and childhood as a whole with our species’ evolved learning mechanisms, we can lessen the negative impacts from evolutionary mismatch and create better outcomes for modern students. In order to create effective change, there must be collaborative work done by parents, teachers, and school administrators. This paper delineates the roles of these stakeholders in elementary education with respect to creating more evolutionarily relevant systems. A research-based toolkit is proposed to guide these stakeholders in evolutionizing the elementary education system. Full article

17 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Identified Employment Challenges for Young Adults with a Cleft Lip and Palate: A Qualitative Exploration

by Haslina Rani, Hasherah Mohd Ibrahim, Nurshazwanie Amira Mohamed Noor Shafie, Suziyani Mohamed, Azianura Hani Shaari, Murshida Marizan Nor and Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010091 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 477

Abstract

As individuals with a cleft lip and palate (CLP) transition into adulthood, they face unique employment challenges related to income, job stability, and fewer career options. This study explored these challenges through two focus group discussions with 19 participants (aged 21–38), primarily women, [...] Read more.

As individuals with a cleft lip and palate (CLP) transition into adulthood, they face unique employment challenges related to income, job stability, and fewer career options. This study explored these challenges through two focus group discussions with 19 participants (aged 21–38), primarily women, to understand their employment experiences. Thematic analysis revealed the following three main themes: (1) physical factors, (2) psychosocial factors, and (3) overcoming employment challenges, with nine sub-themes including speech, hearing, appearance, health, childhood experiences, societal expectations, lack of self-confidence, communication improvement, and self-esteem building. The findings highlighted that physical and psychosocial factors significantly shape employment outcomes for CLP individuals. Difficulties with speech often hinder professional communication, while appearance concerns can reduce confidence in interviews and workplaces. To address these issues, the participants used strategies like targeted speech therapy and self-esteem building, which helped improve their communication and resilience. This study emphasises the need for targeted interventions such as specialised career counselling, access to assistive technologies, and inclusive workplace policies to support CLP individuals in overcoming employment barriers and achieving stable careers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity, Identity, and Inclusion in Education, Health, and Work: Ensuring No One Is Left Behind)

19 pages, 857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Transformative Power of Embodied Behaviour: Influencing Tourists’ Experience in the Guangzhou Marathon as a Mass Participant Sports Event

by Xin Xu and Guangquan Dai

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010090 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 473

Abstract

Mass-participation sports events (MPSEs) are of significant value to the fields of sports, culture, and tourism. MPSEs have witnessed a remarkable surge in popularity, which has led to a complex interplay of factors influencing participants’ overall experience, making it crucial to understand the [...] Read more.

Mass-participation sports events (MPSEs) are of significant value to the fields of sports, culture, and tourism. MPSEs have witnessed a remarkable surge in popularity, which has led to a complex interplay of factors influencing participants’ overall experience, making it crucial to understand the role of embodied behaviour. However, the existing literature is deficient in terms of providing substantial evidence, particularly with regard to the growing significance of experience planning as a core aspect of event design. This research employed the Guangzhou Marathon, one of the most renowned MPSEs in China, as a case study. The objective of this research is to investigate and extend the knowledge of the embodied behaviour of MPSE tourists through the mixed method of a questionnaire survey together with interviews. Furthermore, this research aimed to explore the antecedents and consequences of the embodied experience formation process. The findings demonstrated the pivotal role of the embodied experience in shaping tourist perceptions and subsequent intentions. Specifically, this research suggested that tourist behaviour with experience and attachment influenced the perceived value and cost of participation willingness through moderating and mediating effects. The findings contribute to the existing knowledge on sports tourism and behavioural studies and provide sustainable event management strategies. Full article

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23 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Experiencing Traumatic Violence: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of One Man’s Lived Experience of a Violent Attack Involving a Knife

by Zoe Partington, R. Stephen Walsh and Danielle Labhardt

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010089 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 557

Abstract

A review of the violent knife crime literature suggests that the experiential perspective is one which has not been addressed in academic study. The research presented hereafter aims to address this literary gap and generate transferable knowledge relevant to the lived experience of [...] Read more.

A review of the violent knife crime literature suggests that the experiential perspective is one which has not been addressed in academic study. The research presented hereafter aims to address this literary gap and generate transferable knowledge relevant to the lived experience of violent knife crime. The experiential study of the single case within psychological research involves detailed examination of a particular event. Participant ‘J’ is the survivor of an extremely violent attack, involving the use of a knife, in his own home. J’s experience was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis with reference to elements of the lifeworld: temporality, spatiality, intersubjectivity, and embodiment. Three themes were identified: 1. switching from past to present tense when relaying traumatic experience; 2. The presence of redemption sequences; and 3. making sense as a temporal process, which included an additional two subthemes—‘The long journey’ and ‘Seeking belongingness’. This case emphasises that the traumatic event is conceptualised as one part of a longer journey towards recovery, and that recovery itself is central to the experience of violent knife crime. Finally, the need to understand recovery as temporal process highlights the need to provide victims with appropriate support in order to avoid negative outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Developments in Attitudes and Interactions with Victims of Crime)

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25 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Healthcare Professionals Use AI: Exploring Work Well-Being Through Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Job Complexity

by Weiwei Huo, Qiuchi Li, Bingqian Liang, Yixin Wang and Xuanlei Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010088 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1049

Abstract

This study examines how the use of artificial intelligence (AI) by healthcare professionals affects their work well-being through the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, framed within Self-Determination Theory. Data from 280 healthcare professionals across various departments in Chinese hospitals were collected, and the [...] Read more.

This study examines how the use of artificial intelligence (AI) by healthcare professionals affects their work well-being through the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, framed within Self-Determination Theory. Data from 280 healthcare professionals across various departments in Chinese hospitals were collected, and the hierarchical regression and regression were analyzed to assess the relationship between the use of AI, psychological needs satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), and their work well-being. The results reveal that the use of AI enhances work well-being indirectly by increasing the satisfaction of these psychological needs. Additionally, job complexity serves as a boundary condition that moderates the relationship between the use of AI and work well-being. Specifically, job complexity weakens the relationship between the use of AI and the satisfaction of autonomy and competence, while having no significant effect on the relationship between the use of AI and the satisfaction of relatedness. These findings suggest that the impact of the use of AI on healthcare professionals’ well-being is contingent on job complexity. This study highlights that promoting healthcare professionals’ well-being at work in the context of AI adoption requires not only technological implementation but also ongoing adaptation to meet their evolving psychological needs. These insights provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for integrating AI into healthcare to support the well-being of healthcare professionals. Full article

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19 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Etiopathogenic Mosaic of Suicidal Behaviour

by Doinița Temelie-Olinici, Anton Knieling, Dan Vâță, Laura Gheucă-Solovăstru, Monica Neamțu, Mădălina Mocanu, Adriana-Ionela Pătrașcu, Vasile-Bogdan Grecu and Daniela-Anicuța Leca

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010087 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 412

Abstract

Suicidality is among the most controversial concepts in multi-disciplinary studies worldwide, regardless of the form and approach. The etiopathological variability in suicidal ideation correlates with the heterogeneity of the clinical and behavioural patterns of self-harm attempts, which significantly impact the prognosis and quality [...] Read more.

Suicidality is among the most controversial concepts in multi-disciplinary studies worldwide, regardless of the form and approach. The etiopathological variability in suicidal ideation correlates with the heterogeneity of the clinical and behavioural patterns of self-harm attempts, which significantly impact the prognosis and quality of life of patients. The main objective of the present study was to identify and outline the spectrum of factors predisposing to suicide, with the whole suite of consequences and manifestations in ideation and behaviour. In this regard, the research literature of the last decade contains numerous articles dealing with the theoretical premises pertaining to both the statistical and the profoundly psychological and philosophical dimensions of suicide. The micro-environment favouring the clinical evolution of self-harm/self-destructive thoughts and attempts to the terminal, final act integrates individual medical-biological and psychological factors into the overall social reality. Knowledge of the whole etiopathogenic amalgam with clinical-evolutionary implications allows for the development of methods and tools for the early assessment and prevention of suicidal risk. At the same time, the present study aims to qualitatively focus on the subjective motivation declared by patients regarding the internal, individual catalyst of suicidal ideation and attempts on a predominantly psycho-social coordination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk Assessment, Management and Prevention in Adolescents)

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14 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Perception and Key Beliefs on Business Adaptation Behavior of Family Farmers: Empirical Evidence from Sichuan Province, China

by Yu Mou and Xiaofeng Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010086 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 469

Abstract

Family farmers face various business risks, including natural disasters, policies, technology adoption, and market uncertainties. This paper develops a conceptual framework for the formation mechanism of family farmers’ business adaptation behaviors by linking “risk perception, key beliefs, and adaptation behavior”. Using microdata from [...] Read more.

Family farmers face various business risks, including natural disasters, policies, technology adoption, and market uncertainties. This paper develops a conceptual framework for the formation mechanism of family farmers’ business adaptation behaviors by linking “risk perception, key beliefs, and adaptation behavior”. Using microdata from 363 family farmers in Sichuan Province, China, and applying ordered logit model regression analysis, we find that both risk perception and key beliefs positively influence family farmers’ business adaptation behavior. Key beliefs partially mediate this relationship, while risk preference negatively moderates the effect of risk perception on business adaptation behavior. Additionally, family farmers with higher farm profit levels and larger social networks are more likely to engage in business adaptation behavior. Family farmers who have higher education, are older, operate larger-scale farms, and are male exhibit stronger risk perceptions. Full article

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21 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediating Roles of Resilience and Flow in Linking Basic Psychological Needs to Tertiary EFL Learners’ Engagement in the Informal Digital Learning of English: A Mixed-Methods Study

by Yang Gao, Xiaochen Wang and Barry Lee Reynolds

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010085 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 595

Abstract

Resilience and flow are crucial in language education, yet most research focuses on formal learning environments, with limited studies on their impact in informal settings. This study explores the relationship between basic psychological needs and engagement in the context of informal digital English [...] Read more.

Resilience and flow are crucial in language education, yet most research focuses on formal learning environments, with limited studies on their impact in informal settings. This study explores the relationship between basic psychological needs and engagement in the context of informal digital English learning (IDLE). Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 512 Chinese EFL learners. Structural equation modeling and NVivo analysis were applied to quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. The findings reveal that resilience fully mediates the relationship between basic psychological needs and engagement, serving as an adaptability enhancer, persistence promoter, stress buffer, self-efficacy builder, and emotional regulation facilitator. Conversely, flow partially mediates this relationship, though perceived competence does not significantly predict flow in this context. Building on this, flow contributes as an intrinsic motivation driver, positive cycle creator, external pressure mitigator, and efficiency enhancer. This research underscores the important role of resilience and flow in IDLE among Chinese university EFL students. By highlighting these mediating roles, the study provides valuable insights for enhancing the effectiveness of IDLE experiences, contributing to the broader discourse on language education in the digital age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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14 pages, 895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fear of Missing out and Online Social Anxiety in University Students: Mediation by Irrational Procrastination and Media Multitasking

by Weimiao Wu, Jie Zhang and Namjeong Jo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010084 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 674

Abstract

With the rapid growth of internet mobile technology, recent research has increasingly focused on the mental health challenges faced by young people, particularly in relation to social media use. One significant concern is the impact of the fear of missing out (FoMO) and [...] Read more.

With the rapid growth of internet mobile technology, recent research has increasingly focused on the mental health challenges faced by young people, particularly in relation to social media use. One significant concern is the impact of the fear of missing out (FoMO) and online social anxiety, yet the underlying mechanisms that link these factors remain largely unexplored. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the role of FoMO in predicting online social anxiety among university students, with a particular focus on understanding how irrational procrastination and media multitasking may mediate this relationship. In total, 451 university students completed a survey on demographics, FoMO, online social anxiety, irrational procrastination, and media multitasking questionnaires. After controlling for demographic variables, the findings revealed that (a) FoMO showed a significant positive correlation with online social anxiety; (b) the connection between FoMO and online social anxiety in university students was partially mediated by irrational procrastination; and (c) the connection between FoMO and online social anxiety in university students was partially mediated by media multitasking. This research contributes to the understanding of the psychological mechanisms that link FoMO to online social anxiety, offering insights that can inform interventions aimed at improving university students’ mental health in the digital age. Full article

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15 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Logical Intuition in Base-Rate Problems Using the Instructional Manipulation Paradigm

by Debiao Zhu, Ping Lu, Zhujing Hu, Jianyong Yang and Dandan Nie

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010083 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 589

Abstract

The default–interventionist model of dual-process theories proposes that stereotype descriptions in base-rate problems are processed using Type 1 processing, while the evaluation of base rates depends on Type 2 processing. The logical intuition view posits that people can process base-rate information using Type [...] Read more.

The default–interventionist model of dual-process theories proposes that stereotype descriptions in base-rate problems are processed using Type 1 processing, while the evaluation of base rates depends on Type 2 processing. The logical intuition view posits that people can process base-rate information using Type 1 processing. This study examined the logical intuition view using the instructional manipulation paradigm. Participants judged the probability that a character in a base-rate problem belonged to a particular group based on either their beliefs or statistics and then rated their confidence in their responses. Results showed that a belief–statistics conflict affected both statistics- and belief-based judgments, resulting in lower probability estimates, longer response times, and lower confidence ratings for conflict items compared to no-conflict items, suggesting participants intuitively processed base rates such that they influenced rapid belief judgments. This intuitive logic effect was observed for extreme base rates, moderate base rates, and moderate base rates with small absolute values. These findings are inconsistent with the default–interventionist model but align with dual-process theories emphasizing logical intuition. The study provides additional evidence for human rationality. Full article

24 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Young Adult Women’s Psychological Well-Being in Romantic Relationships

by Elif Yöyen, Süreyya Çalık and Tülay Güneri Barış

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010082 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 660

Abstract

Psychological well-being is the experience of fewer negative emotions, such as feelings of loneliness, depression, and low mood, and more positive emotions, such as taking pride in one’s life, being enthusiastic about one’s life, and having a highly satisfying purpose in life. In [...] Read more.

Psychological well-being is the experience of fewer negative emotions, such as feelings of loneliness, depression, and low mood, and more positive emotions, such as taking pride in one’s life, being enthusiastic about one’s life, and having a highly satisfying purpose in life. In other words, it describes an individual who is happy and free from psychopathology. Psychological well-being in romantic relationships is influenced by several factors, such as empathy, relationship stability, and quality of sex life. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between psychological well-being and empathy, quality of sexual life, love, relationship intimacy, and relationship stability among women in romantic relationships. This study included 415 female participants aged 23–45 who had been in a romantic relationship for at least 12 months. Data were collected using the Sociodemographic Data Form, the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), the Sexual Quality of Life Scale—Women’s Form (SQLS), the Relationship Stability Scale (RSS), the Passionate Love Scale (PLS) and the Romantic Relationship Closeness Scale (RRCS). Independent group t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The analyses found that the variables that predicted psychological well-being were the relationship satisfaction sub-dimension of the relationship stability scale, quality of sexual life, empathy, and having children. In addition, correlational analysis revealed that empathy, sexual quality of life, intimacy in romantic relationships, relationship satisfaction, and relationship attachment were significantly positively correlated with psychological well-being. In terms of demographic information, it was found that scores for evaluating options in the relationship increased as education level increased; scores for investing in the relationship increased as education level decreased; passionate love was more common among working women; having children increased psychological well-being but decreased intimacy in romantic relationships; and quality of sexual life increased as seriousness in the relationship increased. The results of this study may be useful to psychologists and psychiatrists in their studies of female clients, to sociologists and public health specialists in their studies of women, and to policy makers in determining public health policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Well-Being and Mental Health)

20 pages, 4196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postdigital Bystanding: Youth Experiences of Sexual Violence Workshops in Schools in England, Ireland, and Canada

by Jessica Ringrose, Debbie Ging, Faye Mishna, Betsy Milne, Tanya Horeck and Kaitlynn Mendes

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010081 - 18 Jan 2025

Viewed by 822

Abstract

In this paper, we report on creative- and arts-based sexual violence and bystander intervention workshops we developed and researched in England, Ireland, and Canada, through evaluation surveys, observations, and focus group interviews with nearly 1200 young people (aged 13–18). Whist the young people [...] Read more.

In this paper, we report on creative- and arts-based sexual violence and bystander intervention workshops we developed and researched in England, Ireland, and Canada, through evaluation surveys, observations, and focus group interviews with nearly 1200 young people (aged 13–18). Whist the young people generally reported benefitting from the intervention, in the context of increasing use of digital technologies amongst youth, we explore the context-specific challenges they faced in learning about and being supported through bystander strategies across a wide range of diverse school spaces. We use the term postdigital bystanding to explicitly explore how teen’s digital networks are often connected to the school-based ‘real life’ peer group, in ways that complicate clear distinctions between online and offline, arguing that these postdigital dynamics have not yet been adequately considered in bystanding interventions. We analyse how the intersectional community, cultural, and identity-specific factors in particular schooling environments shape responses to bystanding in postdigital environments, including how factors of sexism, defensive masculinity, elitism, racism, and a reluctance to report digital issues played out in the responses to the workshops. Finally, following young people’s suggestions, we recommend that schools need to cultivate better safety and support strategies for youth in order to make postdigital bystander interventions more responsive and therefore effective in challenging and preventing sexual violence in society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives on Violence and Sexual Harassment)

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21 pages, 1572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decision-Making Styles, Prosociality, and Behavioral Difficulties in Adolescent Offenders: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction and Emotional Experiences

by Arcadio de Jesús Cardona-Isaza, Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla and Angela Trujillo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010080 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Research on adolescents suggests that decision-making styles, emotional experiences, and life satisfaction play a crucial role in emotional and behavioral difficulties and the development of prosocial behaviors. This study analyzed the relationship between decision-making styles, prosociality, and difficulties among adolescent offenders, as well [...] Read more.

Research on adolescents suggests that decision-making styles, emotional experiences, and life satisfaction play a crucial role in emotional and behavioral difficulties and the development of prosocial behaviors. This study analyzed the relationship between decision-making styles, prosociality, and difficulties among adolescent offenders, as well as the mediating role of life satisfaction and emotional experiences in this relationship. A total of 457 adolescents aged from 14 to 19 years (M = 16.23; S.D. = 1.31; 32.2% female) participated in this study. The variables of interest were assessed using self-reports and descriptive, reliability, correlational, predictive, and mediation analyses were performed. A significant association was found between the study variables. Non-rational decision-making styles and negative emotional experiences influenced difficulties, whereas rational decision-making, life satisfaction, and positive emotional experiences influenced prosocial behavior. Furthermore, the results show that the relationship between rational decision-making and prosocial behavior is mediated by life satisfaction, emotional balance, and positive emotional experiences. Similarly, negative emotional experiences mediated the relationship between a hypervigilance decision-making style and emotional and behavioral difficulties. The results of this study indicate the importance of intervening in decision-making styles, emotional management, and life satisfaction in offending adolescents to decrease behavioral and emotional difficulties and favor prosocial behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personality Traits and Decision-Making Styles as Predictors of Behavior)

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22 pages, 1085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adapting and Implementing a Blended Collaborative Care Intervention for Older Adults with Multimorbidity: Quantitative and Qualitative Results from the ESCAPE Pilot Study

by Josefine Schulze, Dagmar Lühmann, Jonas Nagel, Cornelia Regner, Christine Zelenak, Kristina Bersch, Christoph Herrmann-Lingen, Matthew M. Burg and Birgit Herbeck-Belnap

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010079 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 689

Abstract

Multimorbidity poses significant challenges for patients and healthcare systems, often exacerbated by fragmented care and insufficient collaboration across providers. Blended Collaborative Care (BCC) is a promising strategy to address care complexity by partnering care managers (CMs) with primary care providers (PCPs) and specialists. [...] Read more.

Multimorbidity poses significant challenges for patients and healthcare systems, often exacerbated by fragmented care and insufficient collaboration across providers. Blended Collaborative Care (BCC) is a promising strategy to address care complexity by partnering care managers (CMs) with primary care providers (PCPs) and specialists. This study aimed to adapt and pilot a BCC intervention for patients aged 65+ with heart failure and physical–mental multimorbidity. Our objectives were to assess the feasibility of the study procedures, patient recruitment, participant satisfaction and acceptability, and to identify necessary adjustments for improving intervention delivery. We evaluated goal attainment and intervention fidelity through standardised electronic documentation by CMs, and patient acceptance and satisfaction through semi-structured interviews. A monocentric, one-arm pilot study involved nine patients with a mean of 6.7 contacts with their CM over three months. Patients’ health goals primarily focused on lifestyle changes and psychosocial support. The intervention was generally well-accepted, with no reported negative consequences. Difficulties in establishing working alliances with PCPs were a barrier to effective implementation. The analysis indicated the need for minor procedural adjustments. Next steps include launching the ESCAPE trial, a large randomised-controlled trial across different European healthcare systems and developing strategies to facilitate PCP involvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Providing Emotional Support for People with Chronic Diseases)

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24 pages, 2851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Students Online Learning Behavioral Engagement in University: Factors, Academic Performance and Their Relationship

by Yonghong Wang, Mingzhang Zuo, Xiangchun He and Zhifeng Wang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010078 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 662

Abstract

As online learning platforms become prevalent, online learning has been an important way for college students. Online learning engagement, as an evaluation of online learning quality, is crucial for enhancing learning quality and promoting higher education by investigating college students’ engagement and its [...] Read more.

As online learning platforms become prevalent, online learning has been an important way for college students. Online learning engagement, as an evaluation of online learning quality, is crucial for enhancing learning quality and promoting higher education by investigating college students’ engagement and its influencing factors in the online learning environment. This paper aims to identify key factors affecting college students’ online learning behavioral engagement. Based on a literature review, the Delphi expert consultation method was used to build an assessment framework covering five dimensions (participation, concentration, interaction, challenge, and self-monitoring) with sixteen specific indicators. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) determined the weights of these factors. Then, data from 63 students using the “Ketangpai” online learning platform were collected and analyzed to explore the correlation and predictive relationships between online learning behavior indicators and academic achievements. The results showed a strong correlation between the frequency of accessing online learning resources and long-term online learning and academic performance, and a prediction model was established. The framework offers theoretical and methodological insights for designing online learning activities and evaluating learning quality. It supports intervening in and assessing college students’ online learning processes and improving learning quality. Also, exploring the relationship helps educators formulate personalized online teaching strategies, improving online education effectiveness and students’ learning experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviors in Educational Settings—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Free Weight Resistance Training on Cognitive Function Explored Through Eye Tracking: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial

by Cristián Mateluna-Núñez, Romualdo Ibáñez-Orellana, César Campos-Rojas, Andrea Santana-Covarrubias, Rodrigo Fuentes Figueroa and Ricardo Martínez-Flores

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010077 - 17 Jan 2025

Viewed by 567

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the impact of a 10-week free weight resistance training (RT) program on cognitive function in healthy young adults. In this randomized controlled trial, 18 participants were assigned to either an experimental or control group. We assessed cognitive function [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the impact of a 10-week free weight resistance training (RT) program on cognitive function in healthy young adults. In this randomized controlled trial, 18 participants were assigned to either an experimental or control group. We assessed cognitive function by using eye-tracking (ET) technology during text processing tasks. First-pass reading times (FPRTs) and total reading times (TRTs) were measured. Results revealed a significant three-way interaction between group, moment, and syntactic complexity in FPRTs, demonstrating training effects on cognitive processing. The experimental group showed a distinctive shift in processing patterns: from longer times in low complexity pre-intervention to increased times in high complexity post-intervention, particularly in early processing measures (FPRTs). Complementary analyses of strength improvements showed that increased strength was associated with enhanced attention allocation to complex structures and improved processing efficiency for simpler texts, suggesting RT’s potential to modulate cognitive function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Psychological and Cognitive Development)

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16 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Personal Values on School Engagement Among Chinese Adolescents: Mediating Effects of Achievement Goals

by Tingyu Gu and Xiaosong Gai

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010076 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 569

Abstract

Much of past research has centered on the impact of personal values on career progression. Yet, the connection between personal values and academic performance remains under-explored, especially the mechanisms through which they relate. Additionally, the relative strength of the correlation between different types [...] Read more.

Much of past research has centered on the impact of personal values on career progression. Yet, the connection between personal values and academic performance remains under-explored, especially the mechanisms through which they relate. Additionally, the relative strength of the correlation between different types of personal values and academic performance has yet to be examined. This research aimed to examine the effect of various personal values on school engagement among Chinese adolescents, as well as the role of four achievement goals as potential mediators. We surveyed 700 senior high school students from a public school in Changchun, Jilin province, China (M_age = 16.91, SD_age = 0.43, 55.57% male). Participants completed the Personal Values Scale, Achievement Goal Orientation Scale, and School Engagement Scale. Materialistic values were positively correlated with performance avoidance goals, which in turn were negatively related to school engagement. In contrast, self-improvement values were positively associated with school engagement. This relationship was mediated by a higher number of mastery approach goals and fewer performance avoidance goals. Self-transcendence values were linked to an increase in mastery approach goals, which were in turn positively related to school engagement. Additionally, although both self-improvement and self-transcendence values positively correlated with adolescents’ school engagement, the correlation was stronger for self-improvement values. This study makes a unique contribution by showing that personal values are linked to school engagement through achievement goal orientations, thereby supporting and expanding the future-oriented motivation and self-regulation model. The practical value of this study lies in demonstrating that promoting self-improvement and self-transcendence values, particularly self-improvement values, fosters positive achievement goal orientations, such as mastery approach goals, which in turn enhance school engagement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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15 pages, 575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Single-Session Digital Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention

by Michael E. Levin, Miriam N. Mukasa, Emily M. Bowers, Korena S. Klimczak and Ty B. Aller

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010075 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 821

Abstract

Adherence challenges are common among digital mental health interventions (DMHIs). Single-session DMHIs may help by providing a low-intensity intervention that takes less time to complete. This pilot randomized controlled trial sought to evaluate the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a single-session DMHI based [...] Read more.

Adherence challenges are common among digital mental health interventions (DMHIs). Single-session DMHIs may help by providing a low-intensity intervention that takes less time to complete. This pilot randomized controlled trial sought to evaluate the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a single-session DMHI based on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in a non-clinical sample of college students. The trial was pre-registered (NCT06139718). A total of 61 students were recruited, which was below the target of 100 participants. The participants were randomized to the single-session ACT DMHI or to a waitlist condition, with assessments completed at 1-week and 1-month follow-ups. The vast majority of participants (87%) completed the single-session ACT program. The participants provided high program satisfaction ratings. There were no differences between conditions on psychological flexibility, distress, or mental health help seeking. However, the participants assigned to ACT improved significantly more than the waitlist on well-being from baseline to 1-month follow-up (d = 0.29). Overall, the results were mixed, with some support for the acceptability and potential efficacy of a single-session ACT DMHI but also a lack of effect, most notably on psychological flexibility as the process of change in ACT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Flexibility for Health and Wellbeing)

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20 pages, 1087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crossing Gender Boundaries: Exploring the Chain-Mediated Causal Role of Social Media Sharing in Shaping Interpersonal Networks and Enhancing Job Satisfaction

by Xin Liu, Nan Qin and Xiaochong Wei

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010074 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 452

Abstract

The theoretical relationship between social media use and job satisfaction, especially concerning gender-specific mechanisms, remains a subject of ongoing debate in the literature. This divergence reflects our insufficient understanding of the complex relationships among gender, social media use, and job satisfaction. Drawing on [...] Read more.

The theoretical relationship between social media use and job satisfaction, especially concerning gender-specific mechanisms, remains a subject of ongoing debate in the literature. This divergence reflects our insufficient understanding of the complex relationships among gender, social media use, and job satisfaction. Drawing on Social Role Theory (SRT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study utilizes 4651 valid samples from the 2020 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database to investigate how gender influences interpersonal relationships through social media sharing frequency, thereby enhancing job satisfaction. The findings indicate that women, compared to men, exhibit higher job satisfaction and more frequent social media sharing behavior. Moreover, the frequency of social media sharing positively affects job satisfaction by improving interpersonal relationships. This study employs a chain-mediated causal path analysis to delve into the causal relationships among gender, social media sharing frequency, and interpersonal relationships, effectively addressing previous limitations in handling multiple mediating effects. The findings not only provide new insights into the role of social media in the modern workplace but also offer empirical evidence and practical guidance for organizations on leveraging social media to foster employee relationships and enhance job satisfaction. Full article

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24 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Disparities in Pandemic-Related Strains, Digital Coping Strategies, and Protective Mechanisms Among Rural-to-Urban Migrant Working Adolescents in China

by Xinge Jia, Hua Zhong, Qian Wang and Qiaobing Wu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010073 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 514

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant strains on daily life, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as rural-to-urban young migrant workers. Based on General Strain Theory (GST), these pandemic-related strains lead to delinquent copings, including excessive Internet use. However, the association between pandemic-related challenges faced [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant strains on daily life, particularly affecting vulnerable groups such as rural-to-urban young migrant workers. Based on General Strain Theory (GST), these pandemic-related strains lead to delinquent copings, including excessive Internet use. However, the association between pandemic-related challenges faced by migrant youth and their digital copings has yet to be investigated. GST also posits that some conditioning factors, such as conventional beliefs, internal resilience and life satisfaction, might serve as protective factors, which can help to alleviate the disruptive consequences of the pandemic-related strains. Utilizing the fourth sweep of International Self-Report Delinquency Survey (ISRD4) in China comprising 769 working migrant adolescents aged 16 to 19, who did not attend high school, the present study examines variations in pandemic-related strains, frequent use of the Internet for gaming and social media, and their associations. In addition, this study investigates the moderating effect of three protective factors: conventional beliefs, internal resilience and life satisfaction. Results indicated that economic strain, information strain and health-related strain significantly influenced digital coping strategies, with notable gender differences. Conventional beliefs served as a significant moderator for males, while life satisfaction played a more significant moderating role for females. Relevant policy implications are then discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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27 pages, 1005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanisms of Inclusive Leadership on Newcomers’ Proactive Socialization Behaviors—An Exploration Based on the Proactive Motivation Model

by Jingyi Shi, Long Ye and Junnan Ren

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010072 - 16 Jan 2025

Viewed by 601

Abstract

This study advances newcomers’ socialization research by identifying and investigating the antecedents of newcomers’ proactive behaviors, a perspective often overlooked within the current studies, which primarily focuses on the outcomes of such behaviors. Based on the proactive motivation model, our core hypothesis is [...] Read more.

This study advances newcomers’ socialization research by identifying and investigating the antecedents of newcomers’ proactive behaviors, a perspective often overlooked within the current studies, which primarily focuses on the outcomes of such behaviors. Based on the proactive motivation model, our core hypothesis is that inclusive leadership allows newcomers to experience psychological changes in control beliefs (can-do motivation), state promotion focus (reason-to motivation), and positive affect (energized-to motivation), which are stimulated following proactive behaviors. We further consider an individual values variable—individual power distance orientation—as the boundary condition on the influence of inclusive leadership. Research was conducted on 353 newcomers with less than one year of work experience to test the above hypothesis. The results show that inclusive leadership positively and indirectly influences the newcomers’ proactive behaviors via state promotion focus and positive affect. However, the mediating effect of control beliefs was not significant. Furthermore, the positive association between inclusive leadership and two kinds of newcomer proactive motivations, and their accompanying indirect impacts on newcomers’ proactive behaviors, was proved stronger at lower levels of individual power distance orientation. Additionally, it has been discovered in a follow-up complementary study that the effect of control beliefs on newcomers’ proactive behaviors is transmitted through positive affect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

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11 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Loneliness in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Effects of Social Environments

by Inna Murtazina, Kristina Krupina and Olga Strizhitskaya

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010071 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 589

Abstract

Loneliness is a common subjective condition that is associated with distress and negative outcomes for psychosocial functioning and well-being, and it is grounded in destructive or inadequate social functioning. Social interactions are considered one of the key factors determining loneliness, and similarly to [...] Read more.

Loneliness is a common subjective condition that is associated with distress and negative outcomes for psychosocial functioning and well-being, and it is grounded in destructive or inadequate social functioning. Social interactions are considered one of the key factors determining loneliness, and similarly to social interactions, loneliness can occur in different domains. While a solid body of research is focused on loneliness as a general condition, there are few studies that investigate loneliness from a multidimensional perspective, particularly combining general and domain-specific loneliness. In the present study, we conceptualized loneliness as a complex phenomenon. We focused on the associations between different types of loneliness and the characteristics of social environments. The participants were 140 adults aged 45–73 (58.9% females). The methods involved the Multidimensional Inventory of Loneliness Experience, the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale (SELSA-S), the “Sociotropy—Self-Sufficiency” Questionnaire, and the assessment of demographic characteristics (age and sex). To test our hypothesis, we applied regression path modeling. The results showed that general loneliness predicted both family and non-family loneliness. We also found that general loneliness increased experiences of social uncertainty, while non-family loneliness decreased positive relations with others. No age effects were found. An effect of sex was found for social uncertainty and positive relations with others. Full article

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11 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Neophobia and Two Facets of Orthorexia Among Women: Cross-Sectional Study

by Tuba Yalçın, Seda Çiftçi and Elif Esra Ozturk

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010070 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 505

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the link between food neophobia and two dimensions of orthorexia in women. This cross-sectional study of 985 women aged 18 years and over was conducted using face-to-face questionnaires. Women who had a disability, had a [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the link between food neophobia and two dimensions of orthorexia in women. This cross-sectional study of 985 women aged 18 years and over was conducted using face-to-face questionnaires. Women who had a disability, had a chronic disease, or were pregnant or breastfeeding were excluded. Participants provided information on their sociodemographic details (age and educational level) and frequency of physical activity. Orthorexic tendencies were assessed using the Teruel Orthorexia Scale. The women’s attitude towards trying new foods was assessed using the Food Neophobia Scale. A total of 337 participants (34.2%) were neophilic, 322 participants (32.7%) were neutral, and 326 participants (33.1%) were neophobic. There was no correlation between food neophobia scores and either age or body mass index. However, food neophobia was positively correlated with healthy orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa (p < 0.05). The mean individual scores for orthorexia nervosa and healthy orthorexia according to the Teruel Orthorexia Scale were 11.45 ± 3.91 and 20.04 ± 4.31, respectively. The results indicate that individuals with orthorexia nervosa have higher food neophobia scores, reflecting a greater reluctance to try unfamiliar foods, whereas individuals with healthy orthorexia do not show significant differences in food neophobia tendencies. This distinction highlights the importance of distinguishing between pathological and non-pathological eating behaviors when addressing dietary concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders)

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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 1 (January 2025) – 99 articles

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