Plants

12 pages, 1170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of Isograndidentatin D, a Novel Phenolic Glycoside, and Anti-Helicobacter pylori Phenolics from Salix koreensis Twigs

by Yoon Seo Jang, Dong-Min Kang, Yoon-Joo Ko, Moon-Jin Ra, Sang-Mi Jung, Mi-Jeong Ahn, Seulah Lee and Ki Hyun Kim

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3603; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243603 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Salix koreensis Anderss (Salicaceae), commonly referred to as Korean willow, is native to East Asia, particularly Korea and China, and it has been used in traditional Korean folk medicine for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. In our ongoing research efforts to [...] Read more.

Salix koreensis Anderss (Salicaceae), commonly referred to as Korean willow, is native to East Asia, particularly Korea and China, and it has been used in traditional Korean folk medicine for its potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties. In our ongoing research efforts to discover biologically new natural products, phytochemical analysis on an ethanolic extract of S. koreensis twigs yielded the isolation and identification of ten phenolic compounds (1–10), including a newly discovered phenolic glycoside (1) named isograndidentatin D, isolated via HPLC purification. The structure of compound 1 was determined through extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectral data analysis and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). Its absolute configuration was established using DP4+ probability analysis combined with gauge-including atomic orbital NMR chemical shift calculations and chemical reaction methods. The other known compounds were identified as isograndidentatin B (2), trichocarposide (3), glanduloidin C (4), tremuloidin (5), 3-O-acetylsalicin (6), 2-O-acetylsalicin (7), salicin (8), salireposide (9), and coumaric acid (10), confirmed by comparing their NMR spectra with previously reported data and further verified through liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. The isolated compounds 1–10 were tested for their anti-Helicobacter pylori activities. Among these, compounds 4 and 5 demonstrated moderate anti-H. pylori activity at a concentration of 100 μM. Specifically, compound 5 showed an inhibitory activity of 35.9 ± 5.4%, making it slightly more potent than compound 4, with 34.0 ± 1.0% inhibition. These results were comparable to that of quercetin, a known anti-H. pylori agent used as a positive control in this study, which showed 38.4 ± 2.3% inhibition. The remaining compounds exhibited very weak inhibitory effects. This study highlights the potential of S. koreensis twigs as a valuable natural source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications against H. pylori. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Bioactivity of Natural Products and Extracts from Horticultural Plants)

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30 pages, 13072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomics Profiling Provides Integrated Insight into Melatonin Mediated Salt and Copper Stress Tolerance in Selenicereus undatus L.

by Darya Khan, Xin Yang, Gong He, Raja Asad Ali Khan, Babar Usman, Liu Hui, Aamir Ali Khokhar, Qamar U Zaman and Hua-Feng Wang

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3602; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243602 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 747

Abstract

Selenicereus undatus L., (pitaya) is an important tropical fruit crop, and faces significant challenges from soil salinity and heavy metal toxicity. This study explores the role of melatonin (M) in enhancing stress tolerance in pitaya against salinity (S) and copper (Cu) toxicity, both [...] Read more.

Selenicereus undatus L., (pitaya) is an important tropical fruit crop, and faces significant challenges from soil salinity and heavy metal toxicity. This study explores the role of melatonin (M) in enhancing stress tolerance in pitaya against salinity (S) and copper (Cu) toxicity, both individually and in combination (SCu). SCu stress reduced plant biomass by ~54%, while melatonin application mitigated stress effects and increased plant growth by ~73.26% under SCuM compared to SCu treatment. Antioxidant activities were also modulated by stress. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 21 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common across stress treatments and 13 DEGs specific to combined melatonin with stress treatments involved in stress signaling, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified four gene modules (brown, dark green, dark grey, and grey) significantly associated with phenotypic traits. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted 14 hub genes per module, including GH3, JAZ, PAL, CCR, and POD, implicated in MAPK signaling, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and hormone signaling pathways. Integration of DESeq2 and WGCNA identified 12 key stress-responsive genes strongly correlated with phenotypic traits. This study provides insights into regulatory mechanisms underlying stress responses and highlights candidate genes for developing stress-resilient S. undatus through breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Melatonin to Abiotic Stress in Horticultural Crops)

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24 pages, 6764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Salicylic Acid-Induced Expression Profiles of LRR and LRR-RLK Candidate Genes Modulate Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus Resistance in Blackgram and Its Two Wild Non-Progenitors

by Mansi Shukla, Priyanka Kaundal, Shalini Purwar, Mukul Kumar, Chandragupt Maurya, Chirag, Awdhesh Kumar Mishra, Kwang-Hyun Baek and Chandra Mohan Singh

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3601; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243601 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 490

Abstract

Blackgram is an important short-duration grain legume, but its yield is highly affected by various stresses. Among biotic stresses, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) is known as a devastating disease that leads to 100% yield loss under severe conditions. The cultivated lines possess resistance, [...] Read more.

Blackgram is an important short-duration grain legume, but its yield is highly affected by various stresses. Among biotic stresses, yellow mosaic disease (YMD) is known as a devastating disease that leads to 100% yield loss under severe conditions. The cultivated lines possess resistance, but exploring more diverse sources of resistance may be useful for pyramiding to improve the durability of said resistance. Some wild Vigna species have potentially demonstrated a high level of resistance. R-genes, including gene families of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), are known for modulating the resistance in plants against various biotic stresses. The first comprehensive analysis of the LRR and LRR-RLK gene families in mungbean is reported in the present study. A total of forty-six candidate genes were identified and grouped into eight clades. Protein motif analysis showed that the “Pkinase domain” and “LRR domains” were conserved in most of the R-proteins. The expression of candidate genes viz. VrNBS_TNLRR-8, VrLRR_RLK-20, VrLRR_RLK-17, and VrLRR_RLK-19 demonstrated significantly up-regulated expression upon YMD infection in control and salicylic acid-primed (SA-primed) plants. The analysis provides insight into the diversity and robust candidate genes for functional studies modulating YMD resistance altered by salicylic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding and Cultivation Management of Legumes, Volume II)

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9 pages, 4860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Visualization of Pollen Tubes in Wheat Pistils

by Kohei Mishina, Minami Morita, Sora Matsumoto and Shun Sakuma

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3600; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243600 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 591

Abstract

Successful pollination and fertilization are crucial for grain setting in cereals. Wheat is an allohexaploid autogamous species. Due to its evolutionary history, the genetic diversity of current bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars is limited. Introducing favorable alleles from related wild and [...] Read more.

Successful pollination and fertilization are crucial for grain setting in cereals. Wheat is an allohexaploid autogamous species. Due to its evolutionary history, the genetic diversity of current bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars is limited. Introducing favorable alleles from related wild and cultivated wheat species is a promising breeding strategy for resolving this issue. However, wide hybridization between bread wheat and its relatives is hampered by the presence of suppressor genes and difficulties in crossing. Optimized methods for observing pollen tubes are essential for understanding the mechanism of crossability between wheat and its relatives. Here, we improved the crossing procedure between bread wheat and rye (Secale cereale) and established an optimized protocol for visualizing pollen tube behavior. Crossing via detached spike culture significantly enhanced crossing efficiency and phenotypic stability. A combination of canonical aniline blue staining and optimized clearing and sectioning allowed us to visualize pollen tube behavior. The proportion of rye pollen tubes reaching the micropyle was lower than that for pollen tubes germinated on the stigmatic hair, explaining why the hybrid seed-setting rate was approximately 75% instead of 100%. This method sheds light on wide hybridization through deeper visualization of the insides of pistils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wheat Breeding for Global Climate Change)

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22 pages, 4969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Seed Germination and Physiological Metabolism of Rice Under NaCl Stress

by Xiaohui Yang, Jian Xiong, Xiaole Du, Minmin Sun, Linchong Ding, Wanqi Mei, Zhiyuan Sun, Naijie Feng, Dianfeng Zheng and Xuefeng Shen

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3599; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243599 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 716

Abstract

Salt stress is one of the principal abiotic stresses limiting agricultural production and seriously inhibiting seed germination rates. This study selected the salt-tolerant rice variety HD961 and the salt-sensitive rice variety 9311 as experimental materials to investigate the physiological and metabolic effects of [...] Read more.

Salt stress is one of the principal abiotic stresses limiting agricultural production and seriously inhibiting seed germination rates. This study selected the salt-tolerant rice variety HD961 and the salt-sensitive rice variety 9311 as experimental materials to investigate the physiological and metabolic effects of exogenous Spd seed priming on rice seeds and seedlings under NaCl stress. The experiment involved treating rice seeds with 0.1 mmol·L⁻¹ Spd and then subjecting them to 100 mmol·L⁻¹ NaCl stress for 24 h, with sampling for analysis at the 24 h and the four-leaf-one-heart stage. The results indicated that under NaCl stress, the rice’s germination and vigor indices significantly decreased. However, exogenous Spd seed priming reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde, enhanced the capacity for osmotic adjustment, and increased the amylase and antioxidant activity by 50.07% and 26.26%, respectively. Under NaCl stress, the morphological development of rice seedlings was markedly inhibited, whereas exogenous Spd seed priming improved the aboveground and belowground biomass of the rice under stress conditions, as well as the content of photosynthetic pigments. It also reduced the damage to seedlings from electrical conductivity, helped maintain ionic balance, and promoted the excretion of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ and the absorption of K⁺ and Ca²⁺. In the salt-sensitive rice variety 9311, the soluble protein content increased by 15.12% compared to the salt-tolerant rice variety HD961, especially under 100 mmol·L⁻¹ NaCl stress, when the effect of exogenous Spd seed priming was more pronounced. In summary, these findings might provide new research perspectives and strategies for improving the salt tolerance of rice under NaCl stress. Full article

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13 pages, 2328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Responses of Populus cathayana and Salix babylonica to Combined Stress of Diesel Fuel and Sr²⁺ Stress in Soil

by Chunyan Luo, Tingting Jiang, Peng Ren, Zhirong Suo and Ke Chen

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3598; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243598 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 556

Abstract

Diesel spills and nuclides pollution cause global ecosystem and human health problems. The remediation of contaminated soil using woody plants has received considerable attention. Differences in plant species and sex can lead to differences in tolerance to various stressors. We aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Diesel spills and nuclides pollution cause global ecosystem and human health problems. The remediation of contaminated soil using woody plants has received considerable attention. Differences in plant species and sex can lead to differences in tolerance to various stressors. We aimed to investigate the response of male and female seedlings of Populus cathayana and Salix babylonica to diesel and Sr²⁺ stress and to compare the enrichment characteristics of Sr²⁺ in trees. Male and female seedlings of P. cathayana and S. babylonica were treated with diesel fuel and 0, 10 (low), and 100 (high) mg Kg⁻¹ of Sr²⁺. Results showed that P. cathayana and S. babylonica had good enrichment characteristics and tolerance. S. babylonica had a more robust tolerance and ability to remediate contaminated soil than P. cathayana. The defense mechanisms of both female seedlings in response to stress were similar, while males showed different defense strategies. Male trees had higher Sr²⁺ enrichment capacity, antioxidant enzymes, soil enzyme activity, and soluble matter content, indicating that males had higher tolerance capacity than females. Under diesel stress alone, the reduced photosynthetic rate of male seedlings of P. cathayana was mainly limited by stomatal factors, and their photosynthetic system was more tolerant to diesel. POD and APX activities, as well as alkaline phosphatase and urease activities in the soil, were significantly higher in S. babylonica seedlings than in P. cathayana, indicating that S. babylonica seedlings were more resistant to diesel pollution. At low concentrations of the Sr²⁺ complex, diesel and Sr²⁺ showed antagonistic effects in reducing the damage caused by stress. As the Sr²⁺ concentration increased, damage to the plants manifested primarily through synergistic enhancement. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the remediation of diesel fuel and nuclides contaminated soils using woody plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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14 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

The Global Advance of Genome-Edited Plants to the Market: The Key Role of Chile in Its Development

by Miguel A. Sánchez

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3597; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243597 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 935

Abstract

The global advancement of genome-edited plants toward commercialization has been significantly shaped by the functionality and flexibility of some regulatory frameworks governing plant genome editing. These frameworks vary widely across countries, reflecting diverse approaches to assessing and managing the risks and benefits of [...] Read more.

The global advancement of genome-edited plants toward commercialization has been significantly shaped by the functionality and flexibility of some regulatory frameworks governing plant genome editing. These frameworks vary widely across countries, reflecting diverse approaches to assessing and managing the risks and benefits of genome-editing technologies. While some nations have adopted product-based frameworks that focus on the characteristics of the final plant rather than the technique used, others rely on more restrictive process-based regulations. This variability influences the pace of innovation, the types of products able to enter the market, and their global trade potential. Chile stands out as a leader in this landscape, having implemented a science-driven and flexible regulatory framework. Its system promotes innovation by facilitating genome-edited plant research and development, field testing, and local commercialization. This regulatory adaptability positions Chile as a critical player in supporting the global integration of genome-editing technologies into agriculture, fostering advancements that address food security, sustainability, and climate resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Plant Biotechnology: In Vitro Propagation and Plant Transformations)

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16 pages, 15890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Patterns of Genetic and Morphological Variability of Teucrium montanum sensu lato (Lamiaceae) on the Balkan Peninsula

by Miloš Zbiljić, Dmitar Lakušić, Zlatko Šatović, Zlatko Liber and Nevena Kuzmanović

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3596; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243596 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 465

Abstract

The Balkan Peninsula represents an important center of plant diversity, exhibiting remarkable ecological heterogeneity that renders it an optimal region for studying the diversification patterns of complex taxa such as Teucrium montanum. In the Balkan Peninsula, T. montanum is a highly plastic [...] Read more.

The Balkan Peninsula represents an important center of plant diversity, exhibiting remarkable ecological heterogeneity that renders it an optimal region for studying the diversification patterns of complex taxa such as Teucrium montanum. In the Balkan Peninsula, T. montanum is a highly plastic and morphologically variable species with unresolved taxonomic status. To ascertain the patterns of genetic and morphological diversification, a comparative genetic and morphological analysis was conducted. In total, 57 populations were subjected to analysis using AFLP and a multivariate morphometric approach. A Bayesian analysis of population structure distinguished two main genetic clusters, labelled A and B. Cluster B was found to be geographically restricted to the northwestern Dinarides, while cluster A occurred in the rest of the Balkans. Genetic cluster A was further subdivided into four subclusters that were spatially separated from each other. The contact populations between the subclusters exhibited a mixed genetic structure. There was a partial correlation between genetic and morphological diversification. The peripheral populations of the genetic clusters displayed morphological differences, while both genetic and morphological differences decreased in the contact zones. The observed genetic structure can be attributed to the reproductive biology of this species and the complex geological history of the Balkan Peninsula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Euro + Mediterranean Vascular Plants)

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21 pages, 12597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of NAC Gene Family Members in Seashore Paspalum Under Salt Stress

by Xuanyang Wu, Xiaochen Hu, Qinyan Bao, Qi Sun, Pan Yu, Junxiang Qi, Zixuan Zhang, Chunrong Luo, Yuzhu Wang, Wenjie Lu and Xueli Wu

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3595; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243595 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 633

Abstract

The NAC gene family plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Paspalum Vaginatum, a warm-season turfgrass with exceptional salt tolerance, can be irrigated with seawater. However, the NAC gene family in seashore paspalum remains [...] Read more.

The NAC gene family plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Paspalum Vaginatum, a warm-season turfgrass with exceptional salt tolerance, can be irrigated with seawater. However, the NAC gene family in seashore paspalum remains poorly understood. In this study, genome-wide screening and identification were conducted based on the NAC (NAM) domain hidden Markov model in seashore paspalum, resulting in the identification of 168 PvNAC genes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed, and the genes were classified into 18 groups according to their topological structure. The physicochemical properties of the PvNAC gene family proteins, their conserved motifs and structural domains, cis-acting elements, intraspecific collinearity analysis, GO annotation analysis, and protein–protein interaction networks were analyzed. The results indicated that the majority of PvNAC proteins are hydrophilic and predominantly localized in the nucleus. The promoter regions of PvNACs are primarily enriched with light-responsive elements, ABRE motifs, MYB motifs, and others. Intraspecific collinearity analysis suggests that PvNACs may have experienced a large-scale gene duplication event. GO annotation indicated that PvNAC genes were essential for transcriptional regulation, organ development, and responses to environmental stimuli. Furthermore, the protein interaction network predicted that PvNAC73 interacts with proteins such as BZIP8 and DREB2A to form a major regulatory hub. The transcriptomic analysis investigates the expression patterns of NAC genes in both leaves and roots under varying durations of salt stress. The expression levels of 8 PvNACs in roots and leaves under salt stress were examined and increased to varying degrees under salt stress. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the expression levels of the selected genes were consistent with the FPKM value trends observed in the RNA-seq data. This study established a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular functions and regulatory mechanisms of the NAC gene family in seashore paspalum under salt stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)

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13 pages, 3382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Production in Brown Rice via Prolonged Seed Priming

by Lingxiang Xu, Xiaoan Wang, Qixiang Li, Yuqing Niu, Guohui Ding, Jiawei He, Weiping Chen and Dagang Tian

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3594; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243594 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 462

Abstract

Germinated whole seeds possess elevated levels of bioactive nutrients; however, their application is hindered by several constraints. The germination process is typically time-consuming, and germinated seeds present challenges in terms of storage and transportation compared to dry seeds. This study introduces a novel [...] Read more.

Germinated whole seeds possess elevated levels of bioactive nutrients; however, their application is hindered by several constraints. The germination process is typically time-consuming, and germinated seeds present challenges in terms of storage and transportation compared to dry seeds. This study introduces a novel processing method for rice, termed prolonged priming (PLP), aiming to combine the benefits of germinated and dry seeds. PLP involves soaking the seeds until the embryo exposure stage, followed by redrying. At 10 h (hour) germination post PLP, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in Hanyou73 (HY73) and IRAT exceeded 20 mg/100 g. Additionally, there was an induction of various nutrient components, including an increase in protein content, a reduction in amylose levels, and an elevation in fatty acid content, among others. Malondialdehyde levels, indicating oxidative damage, remained stable, and PLP preserved better seed integrity compared to routine priming in the desiccation-tolerant HY73. Collectively, the PLP treatment demonstrates an optimization of the nutritional value and storage in germinated brown rice (GBR). This novel process holds potential for enhancing the nutritional profile of GBR and may be applicable to other crop species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Exploring Nutritional, Antioxidant and Functional Potential of Plant-Based Food and Plant Bioactive Compounds in Human Health)

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18 pages, 3297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Physio-Biochemical Evaluation Reveals Promising Genotypes and Mechanisms for Cadmium Tolerance in Tibetan Hull-Less Barley

by Md Rafat Al Foysal, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Jakkrit Sreesaeng, Saad Elhabashy, Delara Akhter, Shuo Zhang, Shou-Heng Shi and Feibo Wu

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3593; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243593 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in agricultural soil is increasing globally and significantly impacts crop production and food safety. Tibetan hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum), an important staple food and economic crop, exhibits high genetic diversity and is uniquely adapted to [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in agricultural soil is increasing globally and significantly impacts crop production and food safety. Tibetan hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum), an important staple food and economic crop, exhibits high genetic diversity and is uniquely adapted to the harsh conditions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study utilized hydroponic experiments to evaluate the genotypic differences in Cd tolerance among 71 Tibetan hull-less barley genotypes. Physiological assessments revealed significant reductions in various growth parameters under Cd stress compared to normal conditions: soil–plant analysis development (SPAD) value, shoot height, root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, of 11.74%, 39.69%, 48.09%, 52.88%, 58.39%, 40.59%, and 40.52%, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed key traits contributing to Cd stress responses, explaining 76.81% and 46.56% of the variance in the preliminary and secondary selection. The genotypes exhibited varying degrees of Cd tolerance, with X178, X192, X215, X140, and X162 showing high tolerance, while X38 was the most sensitive based on the integrated score and PCA results. Validation experiments confirmed X178 as the most tolerant genotype and X38 as the most sensitive, with observed variations in morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters, as well as mineral nutrient responses to Cd stress. Cd-tolerant genotypes exhibited higher chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rates, and effective photochemical capacity of photosystem II, along with an increased Cd translocation rate and reduced oxidative stress. This was accompanied by elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), indicating a robust stress response mechanism. These findings could facilitate the development of high-tolerance cultivars, with X178 as a promising candidate for further research and cultivation in Cd-contaminated soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Genetic Improvement of Barley)

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16 pages, 2619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Shoot Phenological Study of Certain Phyllostachys Bamboo Taxa Under Central European Climatic Conditions

by Khin Nyein Chan, Anikó Veres, Zhiwei Liang, Szilvia Kisvarga and András Neményi

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3592; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243592 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 387

Abstract

This study aimed to understand the phenological changes in the shoots of temperate bamboo Phyllostachys spp. grown in Hungary, with a focus on how these changes were influenced by local climatic conditions. Data collected over two years on shoot phenology were analyzed with [...] Read more.

This study aimed to understand the phenological changes in the shoots of temperate bamboo Phyllostachys spp. grown in Hungary, with a focus on how these changes were influenced by local climatic conditions. Data collected over two years on shoot phenology were analyzed with weather variables, especially air temperature and soil temperature. Shoot emergence date, shoot numbers, and shooting period were recorded within and between Phyllostachys spp. The date of shooting was observed between May and July, and species started shooting in May the most, followed by June. Only one species, P. sulphurea, started shoot emergence in July. Shoot emergence started earlier in 2022 than in 2023 and ranged from 3 days to 27 days. Bamboo shoot phenology was strongly influenced by the air temperature and soil temperature each year. According to our regression analysis, the dates of shoot emergence were influenced by air temperature (r² = 0.819) in 2022 and 2023 (r² = 0.781), and soil temperature also influenced shoot emergence (r² = 0.956) in 2022 and 2023 (r² = 0.769). Sharp air temperature changes between the shooting season and the period before shooting were considered as the reasons for early shooting. The soil temperature in April before the start of shoot emergence was 8.15 °C, increasing to 14.1 °C during shooting time in May. Abrupt fluctuations of air temperature between the shoot emergence season and the month prior to shooting commencement determined early shooting or late shooting. The soil temperature had to reach 9 °C or above prior to shooting time, as this was found to be a critical temperature for shoot emergence in Phyllostachys bamboo taxa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants and Urban Gardening II)

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14 pages, 3895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of Cynara cardunculus (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves

by Antonietta Cerulli, Roberta Cuozzo, Maria Paola Melis, Gabriele Serreli, Monica Deiana, Milena Masullo and Sonia Piacente

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3591; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243591 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 442

Abstract

The Italian Carciofo di Paestum (C. scolymus) PGI, an artichoke variety from the Campania region, was investigated for its potential to reuse by-products for food supplements. EtOH:H₂O 50:50 and 75:25 extracts of its leaves were analyzed for phenolic and [...] Read more.

The Italian Carciofo di Paestum (C. scolymus) PGI, an artichoke variety from the Campania region, was investigated for its potential to reuse by-products for food supplements. EtOH:H₂O 50:50 and 75:25 extracts of its leaves were analyzed for phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (TEAC: 1.90 and 1.81 mM of Trolox; DPPH IC₅₀: 106.31 µg/mL and 128.21 µg/mL; FRAP: 1.68 and 1.58 mM FeSO₄/g extract). To further investigate the antioxidant potential, the ability of the two extracts to scavenge reactive species was assessed in Caco-2 cell cultures, showing a dose-dependent antioxidant capacity. To highlight metabolites responsible for the activity, LC-ESI/HRMSMS analysis was achieved, revealing 28 compounds (sesquiterpenes, megastigmanes, quinic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, triterpenoid saponins, and polar fatty acids), of which structures were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis. In addition, quantitative determination of caffeoyl, dicaffeoyl, and quinic acid derivatives (CQAs) was performed through LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS, highlighting that the most abundant compound was 5-caffeoylquinic acid (6), with values of 9.310 and 7.603 mg/g extract in EtOH:H₂O (75:25) and EtOH:H₂O (50:50), respectively. The analysis showed that extracts were rich in bioactive compounds, suggesting their potential for development into antioxidant-based food supplements that may protect cells from oxidative stress and support overall wellness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Active Compounds in Horticultural Plants)

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15 pages, 2808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cryopreservation Protocols and the Associated Ultrastructural Changes in Dormant Buds of Vitis amurensis

by Dan Sun, Peijin Ni, Jian Liu, Zhenxing Wang, Guangli Shi, Meng Li, Xuanhe Zhang and Jun Ai

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3590; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243590 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 414

Abstract

There is an urgent need for the cryopreservation of dormant buds to conserve the genetic resources of woody plants, particularly fruit trees, as this method is less time-consuming and relatively inexpensive. In the present study, three different cryopreservation protocols were tested on dormant [...] Read more.

There is an urgent need for the cryopreservation of dormant buds to conserve the genetic resources of woody plants, particularly fruit trees, as this method is less time-consuming and relatively inexpensive. In the present study, three different cryopreservation protocols were tested on dormant buds from three varieties of Vitis amurensis Rupr. The explants were collected between November 2017 and March 2018. Twig segments harvested from field-grown plants, each containing one dormant bud, were desiccated in a low-temperature test chamber at −5 °C. The viability of the buds was highest (45%) after 28–30 days of desiccation, when the moisture content was approximately 25–30%. Cryopreservation using the CP3 protocol (which involves decreasing the temperature at a rate of 0.1 °C/min to −30 °C and holding this temperature for 24 h, followed by a 0.5 °C/min decline to −80 °C, a 1 °C/min decline to −180 °C, and finally reaching −196 °C in a CryoMed controlled rate freezer) significantly enhanced the viability (66.67%) when the samples were packed in aluminum-foil bags. Additionally, immersing the twigs in ice-cold (4 °C) water for 24 h in a refrigerator during thawing proved to be more conducive to viability. The dormant buds of all three V. amurensis varieties collected in January exhibited the highest viability after cryopreservation, followed by those collected in February and December. In contrast, the dormant buds collected in November and March showed the lowest viability after cryopreservation. The average viability of twigs of ‘Shuanghong’, ‘Zuoshanyi’, and ‘Shuangfeng’ collected between 2019 and 2021 all exceeded 60%. After the cryopreservation process, the outer multilayered cells in the buds were completely damaged; however, the inner cells exhibited moderate damage and were able to resume growth after thawing. Therefore, based on graft viability and histological observations, the dormant bud cryopreservation protocols tested in this study could be applicable to these three V. amurensis varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Forest Plants)

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15 pages, 4626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Members in the YT521-B Homology Domain-Containing RNA Binding Protein Family in Ginkgo biloba

by Han Wang, Jingjing Zhang, Sheng Yao, Xiang Cheng, Kongshu Ji and Qiong Yu

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3589; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243589 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 490

Abstract

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is a widespread post-transcriptional modification of RNA in eukaryotes. The conserved YTH-domain-containing RNA binding protein has been widely reported to serve as a typical m⁶A reader in various species. However, no studies have reported the [...] Read more.

N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is a widespread post-transcriptional modification of RNA in eukaryotes. The conserved YTH-domain-containing RNA binding protein has been widely reported to serve as a typical m⁶A reader in various species. However, no studies have reported the m⁶A readers in Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba). In this study, a systematic analysis of the m⁶A reader (YTH) gene family was performed on G. biloba, identifying 10 YTH genes in its genome. Phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding sequences revealed that YTH genes from G. biloba could be classified into two subgroups: GbDC1 and GbDC2 in GbDC and GbDF1-8 in GbDF, each with similar motifs and gene structures. In G. biloba, the predicated aromatic cage pocket of the YTH domains in the YTH gene family is uniformly composed of tryptophan residues (WWW). Subcellular localization experiments verified that GbDC1 is indeed localized in the nucleus, while GbDF1 is localized in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The expression patterns of the identified m⁶A reader genes showed a wide distribution but were tissue-specific. Most genes were highly expressed in leaves, followed by the stem, while the lowest expression tendency was found in the roots. Cis-regulatory element analysis predicted the possible functions of YTH genes in G. biloba, which were mainly responsive to plant hormones such as ABA and MeJA, as well as stress responses. Furthermore, the expression levels of YTH genes indeed changed significantly after ABA, MeJA, and NaCl treatments, suggesting that they can be affected by these abiotic factors. In addition, the PLAAC prediction results indicate that prion domains exist in GbDF1, GbDF2, GbDF3, GbDF4, GbDF6, GbDF7, GbDF8, and GbDC1, and phase separation is possible. This study provides a foundation for further investigation of the effects of m⁶A methylation on gene expression regulation in G. biloba and other forest trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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13 pages, 3258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Major Quantitative Trait Locus for the Whiteness of Rice Grain Using Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines

by Lulu Chen, Yujia Leng, Caiyun Zhang, Xixu Li, Zhihui Ye, Yan Lu, Lichun Huang, Qing Liu, Jiping Gao, Changquan Zhang and Qiaoquan Liu

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3588; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243588 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 456

Abstract

The whiteness of rice grains (WRG) is a key indicator of appearance quality, directly impacting its commercial value. The trait is quantitative, influenced by multiple factors, and no specific genes have been cloned to date. In this study, we first examined the correlation [...] Read more.

The whiteness of rice grains (WRG) is a key indicator of appearance quality, directly impacting its commercial value. The trait is quantitative, influenced by multiple factors, and no specific genes have been cloned to date. In this study, we first examined the correlation between the whiteness of polished rice, cooked rice, and rice flour, finding that the whiteness of rice flour significantly correlated with both polished and cooked rice. Thus, the whiteness of rice flour was chosen as the indicator of WRG in our QTL analysis. Using a set of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSL) with japonica rice Koshihikari as the recipient and indica rice Nona Bokra as the donor, we analyzed QTLs for WRG across two growth environments and identified six WRG QTLs. Notably, qWRG9 on chromosome 9 displayed stable genetic effects in both environments. Through chromosomal segment overlapping mapping, qWRG9 was narrowed to a 1.2 Mb region. Additionally, a BC₄F₂ segregating population confirmed that low WRG was a dominant trait governed by the major QTL qWRG9, with a segregation ratio of low to high WRG approximating 3:1, consistent with Mendelian inheritance. Further grain quality analysis on the BC₄F₂ population revealed that rice grains carrying the Indica-type qWRG9 allele not only exhibited lower WRG but also had significantly higher protein content. These findings support the fine mapping of the candidate gene and provide an important QTL for improving rice grain quality through genetic improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Genetic Mechanisms and Breeding Improvement)

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19 pages, 4029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strawberry Plant as a Biomonitor of Trace Metal Air Pollution—A Citizen Science Approach in an Urban-Industrial Area near Lisbon, Portugal

by Carla A. Gamelas, Nuno Canha, Ana R. Justino, Alexandra Nunes, Sandra Nunes, Isabel Dionísio, Zsofia Kertesz and Susana Marta Almeida

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3587; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243587 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 812

Abstract

A biomonitoring study of air pollution was developed in an urban-industrial area (Seixal, Portugal) using leaves of strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) as biomonitors to identify the main sources and hotspots of air pollution in the study area. The [...] Read more.

A biomonitoring study of air pollution was developed in an urban-industrial area (Seixal, Portugal) using leaves of strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) as biomonitors to identify the main sources and hotspots of air pollution in the study area. The distribution of exposed strawberry plants in the area was based on a citizen science approach, where residents were invited to have the plants exposed outside their homes. Samples were collected from a total of 49 different locations, and their chemical composition was analyzed for 22 chemical elements using X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry. Source apportionment tools, such as enrichment factors and principal component analysis (PCA), were used to identify three different sources, one geogenic and two anthropogenic (steel industry and traffic), besides plant major nutrients. The spatial distribution of elemental concentrations allowed the identification of the main pollution hotspots in the study area. The reliability of using strawberry leaves as biomonitors of air pollution was evaluated by comparing them with the performance of transplanted lichens by regression analysis, and a significant relation was found for Fe, Pb, Ti, and Zn, although with a different accumulation degree for the two biomonitors. Furthermore, by applying PCA to the lichen results, the same pollution sources were identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity of Plants and Their Use in Biomonitoring and Environmental Protection)

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14 pages, 3213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Aeroponically Grown Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) with LED Lights and In Vitro Habituated Roots

by Daniel Eduardo Avila-Avila, Martha Alicia Rodríguez-Mendiola, Carlos Arias-Castro, Laura Isabel Arias-Rodríguez, Martin Eduardo Avila-Miranda and Norma Alejandra Mancilla-Margalli

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3586; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243586 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 709

Abstract

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum is a major post-harvest disease in citrus fruits. Therefore, the search for sustainable and low-environmental-impact alternatives for the management of these fungi is of utmost importance. Physalis peruviana L. is a native fruit of the Peruvian Andes [...] Read more.

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum is a major post-harvest disease in citrus fruits. Therefore, the search for sustainable and low-environmental-impact alternatives for the management of these fungi is of utmost importance. Physalis peruviana L. is a native fruit of the Peruvian Andes with rich bioactive components present throughout the plant. Its antifungal activity stands out, attributed to its high content of phenols, coupled with its antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Plants were cultivated aeroponically under a combination of red, mixed (50% red, 50% blue), and green LED lights. Additionally, in vitro-habituated roots free of plant growth regulators were also cultivated. An ethanol extraction assisted by ultrasound for 30 min followed by maceration for 72 h was performed, and the extract was filtrated and evaporated in an extraction hood. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method, total polyphenols were measured using the Folin–Ciocâlteu method, and an antifungal test in vitro by the poisoned food method was conducted against P. digitatum. In vitro assays revealed that extracts from leaves, roots, and fruits exerted a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of P. digitatum, as evidenced by a reduction in colony radius when cultured employing the poisoned food method, with IC₅₀ values of 62.17, 53.15, and 286.34 µg·mL⁻¹, respectively, compared to 2297 µg·mL⁻¹ for the commercial fungicide Captan 50WP. Although leaves had higher total polyphenol content, no direct correlation with antifungal activity was found. Colored LEDs enhanced phenol accumulation, antioxidant capacity, and antifungal properties in plant parts compared to white LEDs and in vitro roots. These findings suggest P. peruviana as a new alternative biological production system to provide natural compounds for post-harvest disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Progress in Plant Nutrition Research and Plant Physiology)

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13 pages, 1583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Iron Deficiency in Tomatoes Reversed by Pseudomonas Strains: A Synergistic Role of Siderophores and Plant Gene Activation

by Belén Montero-Palmero, Jose A. Lucas, Blanca Montalbán, Ana García-Villaraco, Javier Gutierrez-Mañero and Beatriz Ramos-Solano

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3585; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243585 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 657

Abstract

An alkaline pH in soils reduces Fe availability, limiting Fe uptake, compromising plant growth, and showing chlorosis due to a decrease in chlorophyll content. To achieve proper Fe homeostasis, dicotyledonous plants activate a battery of strategies involving not only Fe absorption mechanisms, but [...] Read more.

An alkaline pH in soils reduces Fe availability, limiting Fe uptake, compromising plant growth, and showing chlorosis due to a decrease in chlorophyll content. To achieve proper Fe homeostasis, dicotyledonous plants activate a battery of strategies involving not only Fe absorption mechanisms, but also releasing phyto-siderophores and recruiting siderophore-producing bacterial strains. A screening for siderophore-producing bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of Pinus pinea was carried out, resulting in two Pseudomonas strains, Z8.8 and Z10.4, with an outstanding in vitro potential to solubilize Fe, Mn, and Co. The delivery of each strain to 4-week-old iron-starved tomatoes reverted chlorosis, consistent with enhanced Fe contents up to 40%. Photosynthesis performance was improved, revealing different strategies. While Z8.8 increased energy absorption together with enhanced chlorophyll “a” content, followed by enhanced energy dissipation, Z10.4 lowered pigment contents, indicating a better use of absorbed energy, leading to a better survival rate. The systemic reprogramming induced by both strains reveals a lower expression of Fe uptake-related genes, suggesting that both strains have activated plant metabolism to accelerate Fe absorption faster than controls, consistent with increased Fe content in leaves (47% by Z8.8 and 42% by Z10.4), with the difference probably due to the ability of Z8.8 to produce auxins affecting root structure. In view of these results, both strains are effective candidates to develop biofertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The XIX SEFIN Congress and 2nd Spanish-Portuguese Congress on Beneficial Plant-Microorganism Interactions (BeMiPlant))

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25 pages, 17721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Ameliorative Effect of Coumarin on Copper Toxicity in Citrus sinensis: Insights from Growth, Nutrient Uptake, Oxidative Damage, and Photosynthetic Performance

by Wei-Lin Huang, Hui Yang, Xu-Feng Chen, Fei Lu, Rong-Rong Xie, Lin-Tong Yang, Xin Ye, Zeng-Rong Huang and Li-Song Chen

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3584; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243584 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Excessive copper (Cu) has become a common physiological disorder restricting the sustainable production of citrus. Coumarin (COU) is a hydroxycinnamic acid that can protect plants from heavy metal toxicity. No data to date are available on the ameliorative effect of COU on plant [...] Read more.

Excessive copper (Cu) has become a common physiological disorder restricting the sustainable production of citrus. Coumarin (COU) is a hydroxycinnamic acid that can protect plants from heavy metal toxicity. No data to date are available on the ameliorative effect of COU on plant Cu toxicity. ‘Xuegan’ (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) seedlings were treated for 24 weeks with nutrient solution containing two Cu levels (0.5 (Cu0.5) and 400 (Cu400) μM CuCl₂) × four COU levels (0 (COU0), 10 (COU10), 50 (COU50), and 100 (COU100) μM COU). There were eight treatments in total. COU supply alleviated Cu400-induced increase in Cu absorption and oxidative injury in roots and leaves, decrease in growth, nutrient uptake, and leaf pigment concentrations and CO₂ assimilation (A_CO2), and photo-inhibitory impairment to the whole photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC) in leaves, as revealed by chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transient. Further analysis suggested that the COU-mediated improvement of nutrient status (decreased competition of Cu²⁺ with Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺, increased uptake of nutrients, and elevated ability to maintain nutrient balance) and mitigation of oxidative damage (decreased formation of reactive oxygen species and efficient detoxification system in leaves and roots) might lower the damage of Cu400 to roots and leaves (chloroplast ultrastructure and PETC), thereby improving the leaf pigment levels, A_CO2, and growth of Cu400-treated seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Regulation of Plant Stress Responses)

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21 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endemic Yucatan Peninsula Plants with Pesticidal Potential: Herbarium-Based Literature Review

by Nancy Alonso-Hernández, Carlos Granados-Echegoyen, Baldomero H. Zárate-Nicolás, Demian Hinojosa-Garro, Esperanza Loera-Alvarado, Nadia Landero-Valenzuela, Beatriz Quiroz-González, Fidel Diego-Nava, Salvador Ordaz-Silva, Imelda Virginia López-Sánchez and Laura Dennisse Carrazco-Peña

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3583; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243583 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 777

Abstract

Agricultural pests present a significant challenge to humanity, often managed through synthetic chemicals that, when misused, can cause irreversible harm to both the environment and human health. This study focuses on endemic plants from the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, particularly from the state [...] Read more.

Agricultural pests present a significant challenge to humanity, often managed through synthetic chemicals that, when misused, can cause irreversible harm to both the environment and human health. This study focuses on endemic plants from the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, particularly from the state of Campeche, to identify their historical uses and propose an updated list of species with pesticide potential in the region. We systematically reviewed specimens from the Center for Sustainable Development and Wildlife Management (CEDESU) herbarium and local databases. Of the 3084 specimens collected, 2524 (81.84%) were from Campeche. The collection encompasses 106 botanical families, 459 genera, and 747 species. The study identified 201 plant species from 48 taxonomic families that are endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula Biotic Province (YPBP), of which 123 species are exclusive to the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula (MYP), representing 61.19% of the endemic species. Campeche contains 134 species (66.66%), distributed across 96 genera and 43 families. Notably, 46.26% of the species (62 species) belong to the Mexican region, with 8 species (12.90%) exclusive to Campeche. The research revealed that 27.90% of the families and 19.79% of the genera present in the state have been the subject of previous scientific studies regarding their use as pesticides. The most extensively studied families were Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae. However, there is a notable lack of research on endemic plants from the Yucatán Peninsula, underscoring the need for increased attention to these species. The identified genera and families contain chemical compounds with activity against significant pests, demonstrating substantial potential for the development of natural pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)

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17 pages, 20035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Ca²⁺/Cation Antiporter Gene Family in Rosa roxburghii and Enhanced Calcium Stress Tolerance via Heterologous Expression of RrCAX1a in Tobacco

by Tuo Zeng, Liyong Zhu, Wenwen Su, Lei Gu, Hongcheng Wang, Xuye Du, Bin Zhu, Caiyun Wang and Di Wu

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3582; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243582 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

Rosa roxburghii, a calciphilic species native to the mountainous regions of Southwest China, is renowned for its high vitamin C and bioactive components, making it valuable for culinary and medicinal uses. This species exhibits remarkable tolerance to the high-calcium conditions typical of [...] Read more.

Rosa roxburghii, a calciphilic species native to the mountainous regions of Southwest China, is renowned for its high vitamin C and bioactive components, making it valuable for culinary and medicinal uses. This species exhibits remarkable tolerance to the high-calcium conditions typical of karst terrains. However, the underlying mechanisms of this calcium resilience remain unclear. The Ca²⁺/cation antiporter (CaCA) superfamily plays a vital role in the transport of Ca²⁺ and other cations and is crucial for plant tolerance to metal stress. However, the roles and evolutionary significance of the CaCA superfamily members in R. roxburghii remain poorly understood. This study identified 22 CaCA superfamily genes in R. roxburghii, categorized into four subfamilies. The gene structures of these RrCaCAs show considerable conservation across related species. Selection pressure analysis revealed that all RrCaCAs are subject to purifying selection. The promoter regions of these genes contain numerous hormone-responsive and stress-related elements. qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that H⁺/cation exchanger (CAX) RrCAX1a and RrCAX3a were highly responsive to Ca²⁺ stress, cation/Ca²⁺ exchanger (CCX) RrCCX4 to Mg²⁺ stress, and RrCCX11a to Na⁺ stress. Subcellular localization indicated that RrCAX1a is localized to the plant cell membrane, and its stable transformation in tobacco confirmed its ability to confer enhanced resistance to heavy Ca²⁺ stresses, highlighting its crucial role in the high-calcium tolerance mechanisms of R. roxburghii. This research establishes a foundation for further molecular-level functional analyses of the adaptation mechanisms of R. roxburghii to high-calcium environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Responses in Phototropic Organisms)

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14 pages, 1904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Seed Colour and Regulated Temperature on the Germination of Boswellia pirottae Chiov.: An Endemic Gum- and Resin-Bearing Species

by Shiferaw Alem, Lukáš Karas and Hana Habrová

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3581; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243581 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 562

Abstract

(1) Background: According to the IUCN, Boswellia pirottae is classified as a vulnerable species. However, knowledge of its seed characteristics and germination behaviour is lacking. (2) Methods: The aim of this research was to characterise the seeds and evaluate the effects of seed [...] Read more.

(1) Background: According to the IUCN, Boswellia pirottae is classified as a vulnerable species. However, knowledge of its seed characteristics and germination behaviour is lacking. (2) Methods: The aim of this research was to characterise the seeds and evaluate the effects of seed colour and controlled temperatures on seed germination. The seeds were segregated into the following colour categories: light brown (LB), brown (B), and dark brown (DB). The seeds were evaluated under controlled constant temperatures (23 °C) and at room (fluctuating) temperature independently. One-way ANOVA, t-test, and germination indexes were used for analyses. (3) Results: The results showed significant differences in the mean seed masses of LB, B, and DB seeds. Similarly, the differently coloured seeds varied in their water imbibition rates. The result showed significant differences in the mean germination of the seeds in both the controlled temperature (23 °C) and room-temperature chambers among the LB, B, and DB seeds. However, the t-test revealed no significant differences in the mean germination of the seeds of similar colours between controlled temperature and room temperature conditions. (4) Conclusions: The seed’s colour significantly influenced the seed mass, water imbibition capacity, and germination rate relative to the temperature treatment. Dark brown seeds are recommended for seed collection aimed at seedling propagation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetic Resources)

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12 pages, 5357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

C2H2 Zinc Finger Protein Family Analysis of Rosa rugosa Identified a Salt-Tolerance Regulator, RrC2H2-8

by Yong Xu, Yuqing Shi, Weijie Zhang, Kaikai Zhu, Liguo Feng and Jianwen Wang

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243580 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 498

Abstract

Rosa rugosa is a representative aromatic species. Wild roses are known for their strong tolerance to highly salty environments, whereas cultivated varieties of roses exhibit lower salt stress tolerance, limiting their development and industrial expansion. Previous studies have shown that C2H2-type zinc finger [...] Read more.

Rosa rugosa is a representative aromatic species. Wild roses are known for their strong tolerance to highly salty environments, whereas cultivated varieties of roses exhibit lower salt stress tolerance, limiting their development and industrial expansion. Previous studies have shown that C2H2-type zinc finger proteins play a crucial role in plants’ resistance to abiotic stresses. In this study, 102 C2H2-type zinc finger genes (RrC2H2s) were identified in R. rugosa via a comprehensive approach. These genes were categorized into three lineages, and their motif constitutions were grouped into four classes. RrC2H2s were distributed across all seven rose chromosomes, with 15 paralogous gene pairs identified within synteny regions. Additionally, 43 RrC2H2s showed differential expression across various tissues under salt stress, with RrC2H2-8 being the only gene consistently repressed in all tissues. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the RrC2H2-8 protein was localized in the nucleus. The heterologous expression of RrC2H2-8 in Arabidopsis significantly improved its growth under salt stress compared to the wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, the malondialdehyde content in the roots of transgenic Arabidopsis was significantly lower than that in the WT, suggesting that RrC2H2-8 enhanced salt tolerance by reducing cellular damage. This study provides a systematic understanding of the RrC2H2 family and identifies RrC2H2-8 as a regulator of salt tolerance, laying a foundation for future research on the mechanisms of salt stress regulation by RrC2H2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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11 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Centaurea benedicta—A Potential Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Components

by Olga Teneva, Zhana Petkova, Ana Dobreva, Anatoli Dzhurmanski, Liliya Stoyanova and Maria Angelova-Romova

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3579; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243579 - 22 Dec 2024

Viewed by 586

Abstract

The Asteraceae family is a large plant family, with over 1600 genera and 25,000 species, most of which are generally herbaceous plants. This family’s members are widely used in the human diet and medicine. One of the most popular representatives is Centaurea benedicta [...] Read more.

The Asteraceae family is a large plant family, with over 1600 genera and 25,000 species, most of which are generally herbaceous plants. This family’s members are widely used in the human diet and medicine. One of the most popular representatives is Centaurea benedicta L., known as ‘Blessed Thistle’. It is a famous plant in the herbal world with some medical benefits, such as strong antioxidant and antidepressant effects, with antibacterial and antiseptic properties, a stimulant of appetite, with a good effect on the liver and the secretion of bile juices, etc. Therefore, this work aimed to fully characterize the chemical composition of the seeds of C. benedicta introduced in Bulgaria, some of the physicochemical characteristics, as well as the biologically active compounds. The main nutrient in the chemical composition was carbohydrates (68.5%), and half of their quantity was occupied by fibers (32.2%). Total proteins accounted for 16.4%, and the glyceride oil content was rather low—about 11.0%. The main fatty acids identified in the seed oil were linoleic (72.1%) and oleic acids (18.1%), and the amount of the polyunsaturated ones predominated (73.0%). The main lipid-soluble bioactive components were sterols (0.9%), phospholipids (1.9%), and tocopherols (492 mg/kg). β-Sitosterol (59.5%) and stigmasterol (19.4%) were the main sterols, and α-tocopherol (472 mg/kg) predominated in the tocopherol fraction. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (45.4%), followed by phosphatidylinositol (37.1%) and phosphatidylcholine (6.1%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products from Plants, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 13868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GA3-Induced SlXTH19 Expression Enhances Cell Wall Remodeling and Plant Height in Tomatoes

by Junfeng Luo, Xi Wang, Wenxing Pang and Jing Jiang

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3578; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243578 - 21 Dec 2024

Viewed by 542

Abstract

Plant height represents a pivotal agronomic trait for the genetic enhancement of crops. The plant cell wall, being a dynamic entity, is crucial in determining plant stature; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall remodeling remain inadequately elucidated. This study demonstrates that the [...] Read more.

Plant height represents a pivotal agronomic trait for the genetic enhancement of crops. The plant cell wall, being a dynamic entity, is crucial in determining plant stature; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying cell wall remodeling remain inadequately elucidated. This study demonstrates that the application of gibberellin 3 (GA3) enhances both plant height and cell wall remodeling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) results of GA3 treatment showed that the DEGs were mostly enriched for cell wall-related pathways; specifically, GA3 treatment elicited the expression of the cell wall-associated gene XYLOGLUCAN ENDOTRANSGLUCOSYLASE/HYDROLASE 19 (SlXTH19), whose overexpression resulted in increased plant height. Comparative analyses revealed that SlXTH19-overexpressing lines exhibited larger cell dimensions and increased XTH activity, along with higher contents of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, thereby underscoring the gene’s role in maintaining cell wall integrity. Conversely, treatments with ethephon (ETH) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) led to suppressed plant height and reduced SlXTH19 expression. Collectively, these findings illuminate a competitive interplay between GA and ethylene/auxin signaling pathways in regulating cell wall remodeling via SlXTH19 activation, ultimately influencing tomato plant height. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive and Developmental Mechanisms of Vegetable Crops)

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24 pages, 3436 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemical and Cytotoxic Aspects of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Galanthus Species: A Review

by Borislav Georgiev, Boriana Sidjimova and Strahil Berkov

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3577; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243577 - 21 Dec 2024

Viewed by 670

Abstract

The genus Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae) currently contains 25 plant species naturally occurring in Europe and the Middle East region. These perennial bulbous plants possess well-known medicinal and ornamental qualities. Alkaloid diversity is their most distinctive phytochemical feature. A total of 127 compounds (≈20% of [...] Read more.

The genus Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae) currently contains 25 plant species naturally occurring in Europe and the Middle East region. These perennial bulbous plants possess well-known medicinal and ornamental qualities. Alkaloid diversity is their most distinctive phytochemical feature. A total of 127 compounds (≈20% of all known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids) grouped in 16 structural types have been previously found in Galanthus extracts. Some structural types like galanthindole, graciline and plicamine were first discovered in Galanthus plants. Nine Galanthus species, however, remain unstudied regarding their alkaloid patterns. Intraspecific variability has only been studied in G. nivalis and G. elwesii. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are molecules with anticholinesterase, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer properties. Galanthamine, isolated for the first time from Galanthus woronowii Losinsk., stands out as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor approved for medical use by the FDA for the treatment of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Lycorine, narciclasine and pancratistatin are noteworthy cytotoxic and antitumor alkaloids. Structural types like galanthamine, homolycorine and haemanthamine are fairly well studied in anticancer research, but little to no information is available on galanthindole, graciline and other types. This review aims to present an update on the alkaloid diversity of Galanthus spp. and highlight the need for further research on the antitumor potential of these molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloids: Chemical Structures with Pharmaceutical Potential)

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23 pages, 683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Green Propolis from the Brazilian Caatinga Biome

by Jennyfer A. Aldana-Mejía, Victor Pena Ribeiro, Kumar Katragunta, Bharathi Avula, Kiran Kumar Tatapudi, Jairo Kenupp Bastos, Ikhlas A. Khan, Kumudini Meepagala and Samir A. Ross

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3576; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243576 - 21 Dec 2024

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Green propolis, particularly from the unique flora of the Brazilian Caatinga biome, has gained significant interest due to its diverse chemical composition and biological activities. This study focuses on the chemical characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of Caatinga green propolis. Twelve compounds were isolated [...] Read more.

Green propolis, particularly from the unique flora of the Brazilian Caatinga biome, has gained significant interest due to its diverse chemical composition and biological activities. This study focuses on the chemical characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of Caatinga green propolis. Twelve compounds were isolated through different chromatographic techniques, including flavanones (naringenin, 7-O-methyleriodictyol, sakuranetin), flavones (hispidulin, cirsimaritin), flavonols (quercetin, quercetin-3-methyl ether, kaempferol, 6-methoxykaempferol, viscosine, penduletin), and one chalcone (kukulkanin B). Using liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS), a total of 55 compounds excluding reference standards were tentatively identified, which include flavonoids, phenolic acids derivatives, and alkaloids, with flavonols, flavanones, and flavones being predominant. Antimicrobial testing against pathogens revealed that the crude extract exhibited low inhibitory activity, against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) (IC₅₀: 148.4 and 120.98 µg/mL, respectively). Although the isolated compounds showed limited individual activity, a fraction containing sakuranetin and penduletin (Fraction 8) exhibited moderated activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (IC₅₀: 47.86 µg/mL), while a fraction containing quercetin and hispidulin showed moderated activity against VRE (IC₅₀: 16.99 µg/mL). These findings highlight the potential application of Caatinga green propolis as an antimicrobial agent, particularly against resistant bacterial strains, and underscore the importance of synergistic interactions between compounds in enhancing biological effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Antimicrobial Resistance Potential of Plant-Derived Compounds)

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20 pages, 4633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Xylem Hydraulics of Two Temperate Tree Species with Contrasting Growth Rates

by Ai-Ying Wang, Yi-Jun Lu, Han-Xiao Cui, Shen-Si Liu, Si-Qi Li and Guang-You Hao

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3575; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243575 - 21 Dec 2024

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Hydraulic functionality is crucial for tree productivity and stress tolerance. According to the theory of the fast–slow economics spectrum, the adaptive strategies of different tree species diverge along a spectrum defined by coordination and trade-offs of a suite of functional traits. The fast- [...] Read more.

Hydraulic functionality is crucial for tree productivity and stress tolerance. According to the theory of the fast–slow economics spectrum, the adaptive strategies of different tree species diverge along a spectrum defined by coordination and trade-offs of a suite of functional traits. The fast- and slow-growing species are expected to differ in hydraulic efficiency and safety; however, there is still a lack of investigation on the mechanistic association between tree growth rate and tree hydraulic functionality. Here, in a common garden condition, we measured radial growth rate and hydraulic traits in a fast-growing (Populus alba L. × P. berolinensis Dippel) and a slow-growing tree species (Acer truncatum Bunge), which are both important tree species for afforestation in northern China. In line with the contrasts in radial growth rate and wood anatomical traits at both the tissue and pit levels between the two species, stem hydraulic conductivity of the Populus species was significantly higher than that of the Acer species, but the resistance to drought-induced xylem cavitation was the opposite. A trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety was observed across the sampled trees of the two species. Higher water-transport efficiency supports the greater leaf net photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity of the Populus species and hence facilitates fast growth, while the conservative hydraulic traits of the Acer species result in a slower growth rate but enhanced drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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24 pages, 3625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution, Structural and Functional Characteristics of the MADS-box Gene Family and Gene Expression Through Methyl Jasmonate Regulation in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

by Katleho Senoko Lephoto, Dinghui Wang, Sizhang Liu, Li Li, Chaofan Wang, Ruicen Liu, Yue Jiang, Aimin Wang, Kangyu Wang, Mingzhu Zhao, Ping Chen, Yi Wang and Meiping Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(24), 3574; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13243574 - 21 Dec 2024

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Abstract

MADS-box genes are essential for plant development and secondary metabolism. The majority of genes within a genome exist in a gene family, each with specific functions. Ginseng is an herb used in medicine for its potential health benefits. The MADS-Box gene family in [...] Read more.

MADS-box genes are essential for plant development and secondary metabolism. The majority of genes within a genome exist in a gene family, each with specific functions. Ginseng is an herb used in medicine for its potential health benefits. The MADS-Box gene family in Jilin ginseng has not been studied. This study investigated the evolution and structural and functional diversification of the PgMADS gene family using bioinformatics and analyzed gene expression through methyl jasmonate (MeJA) regulation. The results revealed that the evolution of the PgMADS gene family is diverged into ten clusters of a constructed phylogenetic tree, of which the SOC1 cluster is the most prevalent with a higher number of PgMADS genes. Despite their distinct evolutionary clusters, a significant number of members contains common conserved motifs. The PgMADS gene family was functionally differentiated into three primary functional categories, biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. Their expression is variable within a tissue, at a developmental stage, and in cultivars. Regardless of the diversity of the functions of PgMADS genes and evolution, their expression correlated and formed a co-expression gene network. Weighted gene co-expression network analyses identified hub genes that could be regulating ginsenoside biosynthesis. Interestingly, the family also is involved in MeJA regulation. These findings provide a valuable reference for future investigations on PgMADS genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics in Modern Plant Science)

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Plants, Volume 13, Issue 24 (December-2 2024) – 148 articles

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