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Inorganics
Volume 9
Issue 5
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Inorganics, Volume 9, Issue 5 (May 2021) – 11 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In a contribution from Joseph Ostrowski, Ashley Wooles, and Steve Liddle, the synthesis and structural, spectroscopic, and quantum chemical characterisation of the first and second examples of molecular thorium–rhenium and –ruthenium bonds, respectively, are reported. In line with current understanding, these thorium–metal bonds are found to be more ionic than the uranium congeners using calibrated comparisons, and by being able to experimentally validate calculations with spectroscopic vibrational data, the nature of these polarised covalent metal–metal bonds has been confirmed with a high degree of certainty. View this paper.
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18 pages, 2362 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Co-Precipitation Technique on the Structure, Morphology and Dual-Modal Proton Relaxivity of GdFeO3 Nanoparticles
by Yamen Albadi, Maria S. Ivanova, Leonid Y. Grunin, Kirill D. Martinson, Maria I. Chebanenko, Svetlana G. Izotova, Vladimir N. Nevedomskiy, Rufat S. Abiev and Vadim I. Popkov
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050039 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3841
Abstract
Nanocrystals of gadolinium orthoferrite (GdFeO3) with morphology close to isometric and superparamagnetic behavior were successfully synthesized using direct, reverse and microreactor co-precipitation of gadolinium and iron(III) hydroxides with their subsequent heat treatment in the air. The obtained samples were investigated by [...] Read more.
Nanocrystals of gadolinium orthoferrite (GdFeO3) with morphology close to isometric and superparamagnetic behavior were successfully synthesized using direct, reverse and microreactor co-precipitation of gadolinium and iron(III) hydroxides with their subsequent heat treatment in the air. The obtained samples were investigated by PXRD, FTIR, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, HRTEM, SAED, DRS and vibration magnetometry. According to the X-ray diffraction patterns, the GdFeO3 nanocrystals obtained using direct co-precipitation have the smallest average size, while the GdFeO3 nanocrystals obtained using reverse and microreactor co-precipitation have approximately the same average size. It was shown that the characteristic particle size values are much larger than the corresponding values of the average crystallite size, which indicates the aggregation of the obtained GdFeO3 nanocrystals. The GdFeO3 nanocrystals obtained using direct co-precipitation aggregate more than the GdFeO3 nanocrystals obtained using reverse co-precipitation, which, in turn, tend to aggregate more strongly than the GdFeO3 nanocrystals obtained using microreactor co-precipitation. The bandgap of the obtained GdFeO3 nanocrystals decreases with decreasing crystallite size, which is apparently due to their aggregation. The colloidal solutions of the obtained GdFeO3 nanocrystals with different concentrations were investigated by 1H NMR to measure the T1 and T2 relaxation times. Based on the obtained r2/r1 ratios, the GdFeO3 nanocrystals obtained using microreactor, direct and reverse co-precipitation may be classified as T1, T2 and T1–T2 dual-modal MRI contrast agents, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry)
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19 pages, 6641 KiB  
Article
A Quasi-Intramolecular Solid-Phase Redox Reaction of Ammonia Ligands and Perchlorate Anion in Diamminesilver(I) Perchlorate
by Lara Alexandre Fogaça, Laura Bereczki, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Berta Barta-Holló, Fernanda Paiva Franguelli, Miklós Mohai, Kende Attila Béres, Istvan E Sajó, Imre Miklós Szilágyi and Laszlo Kotai
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050038 - 9 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3753
Abstract
The reaction of ammoniacal AgNO3 solution (or aq. solution of [Ag(NH3)2]NO3) with aq. NaClO4 resulted in [Ag(NH3)2]ClO4 (compound 1). Detailed spectroscopic (correlation analysis, IR, Raman, and UV) analyses were [...] Read more.
The reaction of ammoniacal AgNO3 solution (or aq. solution of [Ag(NH3)2]NO3) with aq. NaClO4 resulted in [Ag(NH3)2]ClO4 (compound 1). Detailed spectroscopic (correlation analysis, IR, Raman, and UV) analyses were performed on [Ag(NH3)2]ClO4. The temperature and enthalpy of phase change for compound 1 were determined to be 225.7 K and 103.04 kJ/mol, respectively. We found the thermal decomposition of [Ag(NH3)2]ClO4 involves a solid-phase quasi-intramolecular redox reaction between the perchlorate anion and ammonia ligand, resulting in lower valence chlorine oxyacid (chlorite, chlorate) components. We did not detect thermal ammonia loss during the formation of AgClO4. However, a redox reaction between the ammonia and perchlorate ion resulted in intermediates containing chlorate/chlorite, which disproportionated (either in the solid phase or in aqueous solutions after the dissolution of these decomposition intermediates in water) into AgCl and silver perchlorate. We propose that the solid phase AgCl-AgClO4 mixture eutectically melts, and the resulting AgClO4 decomposes in this melt into AgCl and O2. Thus, the final product of decomposition is AgCl, N2, and H2O. The intermediate (chlorite, chlorate) phases were identified by IR, XPS, and titrimetric methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox-Active Ligand Complexes)
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20 pages, 18943 KiB  
Review
Scaling up Metal Hydrides for Real-Scale Applications: Achievements, Challenges and Outlook
by Emil H. Jensen, Martin Dornheim and Sabrina Sartori
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050037 - 7 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4429
Abstract
As the world evolves, so does the energy demand. The storage of hydrogen using metal hydrides shows great promise due to the ability to store and deliver energy on demand while achieving higher volumetric density and safer storage conditions compared with traditional storage [...] Read more.
As the world evolves, so does the energy demand. The storage of hydrogen using metal hydrides shows great promise due to the ability to store and deliver energy on demand while achieving higher volumetric density and safer storage conditions compared with traditional storage options such as compressed gas or liquid hydrogen. Research is typically performed on lab-sized samples and tanks and shows great potential for large scale applications. However, the effects of scale-up on the metal hydride’s performance are relatively less investigated. Studies performed so far on both materials, and hydride-based storage tanks show that the scale-up can significantly impact the system’s capacity, kinetics, and sorption properties. The findings presented in this review suggest areas of further investigation in order to implement metal hydrides in real scale applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Hydrogen Systems: Fundamental Properties and Current Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion)
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27 pages, 4930 KiB  
Review
Roles of Ti-Based Catalysts on Magnesium Hydride and Its Hydrogen Storage Properties
by Chengshang Zhou, Jingxi Zhang, Robert C. Bowman, Jr. and Zhigang Zak Fang
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050036 - 6 May 2021
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5819
Abstract
Magnesium-based hydrides are considered as promising candidates for solid-state hydrogen storage and thermal energy storage, due to their high hydrogen capacity, reversibility, and elemental abundance of Mg. To improve the sluggish kinetics of MgH2, catalytic doping using Ti-based catalysts is regarded [...] Read more.
Magnesium-based hydrides are considered as promising candidates for solid-state hydrogen storage and thermal energy storage, due to their high hydrogen capacity, reversibility, and elemental abundance of Mg. To improve the sluggish kinetics of MgH2, catalytic doping using Ti-based catalysts is regarded as an effective approach to enhance Mg-based materials. In the past decades, Ti-based additives, as one of the important groups of catalysts, have received intensive endeavors towards the understanding of the fundamental principle of catalysis for the Mg-H2 reaction. In this review, we start with the introduction of fundamental features of magnesium hydride and then summarize the recent advances of Ti-based additive doped MgH2 materials. The roles of Ti-based catalysts in various categories of elemental metals, hydrides, oxides, halides, and intermetallic compounds were overviewed. Particularly, the kinetic mechanisms are discussed in detail. Moreover, the remaining challenges and future perspectives of Mg-based hydrides are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Hydrogen Systems: Fundamental Properties and Current Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion)
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11 pages, 27148 KiB  
Article
A New Complex Borohydride LiAl(BH4)2Cl2
by Oleksandr Dolotko, Takeshi Kobayashi, Ihor Z. Hlova, Shalabh Gupta and Vitalij K. Pecharsky
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050035 - 4 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2653
Abstract
A new mixed alkali metal–aluminum borohydride LiAl(BH4)2Cl2 has been prepared via mechanochemical synthesis from the 2LiBH4–AlCl3 mixture. Structural characterization, performed using a combination of X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state NMR methods, indicates that the LiAl(BH [...] Read more.
A new mixed alkali metal–aluminum borohydride LiAl(BH4)2Cl2 has been prepared via mechanochemical synthesis from the 2LiBH4–AlCl3 mixture. Structural characterization, performed using a combination of X-ray powder diffraction and solid-state NMR methods, indicates that the LiAl(BH4)2Cl2 phase adopts a unique 3D framework and crystallizes in an orthorhombic structure with the space group C2221, a = 11.6709(6) Å, b = 8.4718(4) Å, c = 7.5114(3) Å. The material shows excellent dehydrogenation characteristics, where hydrogen evolution starts at Tons = 70 °C, releasing approximately 2 wt.% of nearly pure (99.8 vol.%) hydrogen and a very small amount (~0.2 vol.%) of diborane. When compared to halide-free mixed alkali metal–aluminum borohydrides, the presence of Al‒Cl bonding in the LiAl(BH4)2Cl2 structure likely prevents the formation of Al(BH4)3 upon decomposition, thus suppressing the formation of diborane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Hydrogen Systems: Fundamental Properties and Current Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion)
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12 pages, 2656 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Half-Sandwich Arene–Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Bis(imidazol-1-yl)methane, Imidazole and Benzimidazole
by Vladislava V. Matveevskaya, Dmitry I. Pavlov, Denis G. Samsonenko, Ekaterina A. Ermakova, Lyubov S. Klyushova, Sergey V. Baykov, Vadim P. Boyarskiy and Andrei S. Potapov
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050034 - 4 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2899
Abstract
Mono- and binuclear arene–ruthenium(II) complexes with imidazole-containing ligands were prepared by the reaction of the ligands (L1 = bis(imidazole-1-yl)methane; ImH = 1H-Imidazole; BImH = 1H-Benzimidazole) with [(p-cym)Ru(µ-Cl)2]2 dimers. When bis(imidazole-1-yl)methane reacted with [( [...] Read more.
Mono- and binuclear arene–ruthenium(II) complexes with imidazole-containing ligands were prepared by the reaction of the ligands (L1 = bis(imidazole-1-yl)methane; ImH = 1H-Imidazole; BImH = 1H-Benzimidazole) with [(p-cym)Ru(µ-Cl)2]2 dimers. When bis(imidazole-1-yl)methane reacted with [(p-cym)Ru(µ-Cl)2]2 in methanol, a binuclear complex of the type [Ru2(L1)2(p-cym)2Cl2]Cl2 (2) with cyclic structure was synthesized, whereas by using acetonitrile as a solvent under the same reaction conditions, an unexpected C–N bond cleavage was observed, and a complex of formula [Ru(ImH)2(p-cym)Cl]Cl (1) with coordinated imidazole molecules was obtained. Another type of arene–ruthenium complex [Ru(BImH)(p-cym)Cl2] (3) was obtained by the reaction of benzimidazole and [(p-cym)Ru(µ-Cl)2]2. All compounds were characterized by spectral (FT-IR, NMR 1H, 13C) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods; their catalytic activity in transfer hydrogenation and the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells were evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Arene Complexes)
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4 pages, 437 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for Special Issue “Functional Coordination Polymers and Metal–Organic Frameworks”
by Andrea Rossin
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050033 - 3 May 2021
Viewed by 2273
Abstract
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Coordination Polymers (CPs) are at the forefront of contemporary coordination chemistry research, as witnessed by the impressive (and ever-growing) number of publications appearing in the literature on this topic in the last 20 years (Figure 1), reaching almost 4000 [...] Read more.
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Coordination Polymers (CPs) are at the forefront of contemporary coordination chemistry research, as witnessed by the impressive (and ever-growing) number of publications appearing in the literature on this topic in the last 20 years (Figure 1), reaching almost 4000 papers in 2020 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Coordination Polymers and Metal–Organic Frameworks)
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36 pages, 43130 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress on Supramolecular Luminescent Assemblies Based on Aurophilic Interactions in Solution
by Guillermo Romo-Islas and Raquel Gavara
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050032 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3447
Abstract
The development of supramolecular systems showing aurophilic interactions in solution is gaining much attention in the last years. This is due to the intriguing photophysical properties of gold(I) complexes, which usually confer to these supramolecular assemblies interesting luminescent properties, as well as the [...] Read more.
The development of supramolecular systems showing aurophilic interactions in solution is gaining much attention in the last years. This is due to the intriguing photophysical properties of gold(I) complexes, which usually confer to these supramolecular assemblies interesting luminescent properties, as well as the possibility of morphological modulation, through fine tuning of inter- and intramolecular aurophilic interactions, in synergy with the formation of other supramolecular contacts. In this work, an overview of the advances made in this area since 2015 is presented. A large variety of systems showing different spectroscopical and structural topologies has been reported. Moreover, these supramolecular assemblies have proven to be useful in a wide range of applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gold Complexes)
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18 pages, 1599 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Intrinsic Strengths of Ion–Solvent and Solvent–Solvent Interactions for Hydrated Mg2+ Clusters
by Alexis Antoinette Ann Delgado, Daniel Sethio and Elfi Kraka
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050031 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3198
Abstract
Information resulting from a comprehensive investigation into the intrinsic strengths of hydrated divalent magnesium clusters is useful for elucidating the role of aqueous solvents on the Mg2+ ion, which can be related to those in bulk aqueous solution. However, the intrinsic Mg–O [...] Read more.
Information resulting from a comprehensive investigation into the intrinsic strengths of hydrated divalent magnesium clusters is useful for elucidating the role of aqueous solvents on the Mg2+ ion, which can be related to those in bulk aqueous solution. However, the intrinsic Mg–O and intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions of hydrated magnesium ion clusters have yet to be quantitatively measured. In this work, we investigated a set of 17 hydrated divalent magnesium clusters by means of local vibrational mode force constants calculated at the ωB97X-D/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory, where the nature of the ion–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions were interpreted from topological electron density analysis and natural population analysis. We found the intrinsic strength of inner shell Mg–O interactions for [Mg(H2O)n]2+ (n = 1–6) clusters to relate to the electron density at the bond critical point in Mg–O bonds. From the application of a secondary hydration shell to [Mg(H2O)n]2+ (n = 5–6) clusters, stronger Mg–O interactions were observed to correspond to larger instances of charge transfer between the lp(O) orbitals of the inner hydration shell and the unfilled valence shell of Mg. As the charge transfer between water molecules of the first and second solvent shell increased, so did the strength of their intermolecular hydrogen bonds (HBs). Cumulative local vibrational mode force constants of explicitly solvated Mg2+, having an outer hydration shell, reveal a CN of 5, rather than a CN of 6, to yield slightly more stable configurations in some instances. However, the cumulative local mode stretching force constants of implicitly solvated Mg2+ show the six-coordinated cluster to be the most stable. These results show that such intrinsic bond strength measures for Mg–O and HBs offer an effective way for determining the coordination number of hydrated magnesium ion clusters. Full article
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9 pages, 2067 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterisation of Molecular Polarised-Covalent Thorium-Rhenium and -Ruthenium Bonds
by Joseph P. A. Ostrowski, Ashley J. Wooles and Stephen T. Liddle
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050030 - 21 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2951
Abstract
Separate reactions of [Th{N(CH2CH2NSiMe2But)2(CH2CH2NSi(Me)(But)(μ-CH2)]2 (1) with [Re(η5-C5H5)2(H)] (2) or [Ru(η5-C [...] Read more.
Separate reactions of [Th{N(CH2CH2NSiMe2But)2(CH2CH2NSi(Me)(But)(μ-CH2)]2 (1) with [Re(η5-C5H5)2(H)] (2) or [Ru(η5-C5H5)(H)(CO)2] (3) produced, by alkane elimination, [Th(TrenDMBS)Re(η5-C5H5)2] (ThRe, TrenDMBS = {N(CH2CH2NSiMe2But)3}3-), and [Th(TrenDMBS)Ru(η5-C5H5)(CO)2] (ThRu), which were isolated in crystalline yields of 71% and 62%, respectively. Complex ThRe is the first example of a molecular Th-Re bond to be structurally characterised, and ThRu is only the second example of a structurally authenticated Th-Ru bond. By comparison to isostructural U-analogues, quantum chemical calculations, which are validated by IR and Raman spectroscopic data, suggest that the Th-Re and Th-Ru bonds reported here are more ionic than the corresponding U-Re and U-Ru bonds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cornerstones in Contemporary Inorganic Chemistry)
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14 pages, 2649 KiB  
Article
Study of Anharmonicity in Zirconium Hydrides Using Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Ab-Initio Computer Modeling
by Jiayong Zhang, Yongqiang Cheng, Alexander I. Kolesnikov, Jerry Bernholc, Wenchang Lu and Anibal J. Ramirez-Cuesta
Inorganics 2021, 9(5), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050029 - 21 Apr 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3196
Abstract
The anharmonic phonon behavior in zirconium hydrides and deuterides, including ϵ-ZrH2, γ-ZrH, and γ-ZrD, has been investigated from aspects of inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and lattice dynamics calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The harmonic model failed to [...] Read more.
The anharmonic phonon behavior in zirconium hydrides and deuterides, including ϵ-ZrH2, γ-ZrH, and γ-ZrD, has been investigated from aspects of inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and lattice dynamics calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The harmonic model failed to reproduce the spectral features observed in the experimental data, indicating the existence of anharmonicity in those materials and the necessity of further explanations. Here, we present a detailed study on the anharmonicity in zirconium hydrides/deuterides by exploring the 2D potential energy surface of hydrogen/deuterium atoms and solving the corresponding 2D single-particle Schrödinger equation to obtain the eigenfrequencies, which are then convoluted with the instrument resolution. The convoluted INS spectra qualitatively describe the anharmonic peaks in the experimental INS spectra and demonstrate that the anharmonicity originates from the deviations of hydrogen potentials from quadratic behavior in certain directions; the effects are apparent for the higher-order excited vibrational states, but small for the ground and first excited states. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Hydrogen Systems: Fundamental Properties and Current Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion)
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