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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2022) | Viewed by 32771

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Dr. Ángel Isidro Cámpa-Córdova

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Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, Mexico
Interests: microalga; aquaculture
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Dear Colleagues,

Stress conditions in culture ponds are the main obstacle to successful aquaculture. Reared organisms are associated with a wide range of stresses, related to nutrition, environment, biology, handling and density. These factors may disrupt homeostasis, cause stress in farmed organisms, and significantly affect zootechnical parameters such as growth and survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess can lead to the oxidation of cell membranes, as well as lesions in mitochondria, proteins, DNA and other cell components. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems play a role in preventing and repairing oxidative damage. Metabolic pathways in cells are influenced by antioxidant enzymes, which may be valuable biomarkers of general health status. Some immunostimulants and antioxidants prevent infections and protect cells from damage during excessive ROS production.
This Special Issue will publish original research papers and reviews on the benefits of antioxidants in aquaculture, in relation to the following topics:

Dietary antioxidants and food supplements;
Screening of antioxidant products for biological activities;
Antioxidant potential of probiotic bacteria;
Antioxidant products in intestinal health;
Understanding the pathways of redox homeostasis;
The relationship between antioxidants and health.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Ángel Isidro Cámpa-Córdova
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

crustaceans
mollusks
fishes
oxidative stress
juvenile
larvae
superoxide dismutase
catalase
glutathione peroxidase
gene expression
enzymes
tissues
adults
antioxidant response
antioxidant enzymes
antioxidant gene expression

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Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture 2.0 in Antioxidants (11 articles)

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Jump to: Review

14 pages, 1753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

More Than an Antioxidant: Role of Dietary Astaxanthin on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in the Liver of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

by Carmen Tatiana Kalinowski, Monica B. Betancor, Silvia Torrecillas, Matthew Sprague, Laurence Larroquet, Vincent Véron, Stéphane Panserat, María Soledad Izquierdo, Sadasivam J. Kaushik and Stéphanie Fontagné-Dicharry

Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010136 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3022

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of dietary astaxanthin (AX) on glucose and lipid metabolism in rainbow trout liver. Two iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets were tested for 12 weeks in rainbow trout with an initial mean weight of 309 g. The S-ASTA diet was supplemented with 100 mg of synthetic AX per kg of feed, whereas the control diet (CTRL) had no AX. Fish fed the S-ASTA diet displayed lower neutral and higher polar lipids in the liver, associated with smaller hepatocytes and lower cytoplasm vacuolization. Dietary AX upregulated adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl), hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl2) and 1,2-diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase (chpt), and downregulated diacylglycerol acyltransferase (dgat2), suggesting the AX’s role in triacylglycerol (TAG) turnover and phospholipid (PL) synthesis. Dietary AX may also affect beta-oxidation with the upregulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (cpt1α2). Although hepatic cholesterol levels were not affected, dietary AX increased gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (srebp2). Dietary AX upregulated the expression of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgdh) and downregulated pyruvate kinase (pkl). Overall, results suggest that dietary AX modulates the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway and the last step of glycolysis, affecting TAG turnover, β-oxidation, PL and cholesterol synthesis in rainbow trout liver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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21 pages, 23588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intermediate-Term Storage of Spotted Halibut (Verasper variegatus) Sperm: Effects of Storage Methods, Extenders Supplemented with Antibiotics and Antioxidants on Sperm Quality

by Irfan Zidni, Hyo-Bin Lee, Ji-Hye Yoon, Jung-Yeol Park, Hyun-Seok Jang, Youn-Su Co, Dian Yuni Pratiwi and Han-Kyu Lim

Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010122 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

Intermediate-term preservation of sperm assists the reproductive management of fish spermatozoa; however, no information is available on sperm of the spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus. We aimed to identify the optimum diluents, temperatures, dilution ratios, antibiotics, and antioxidants for sperm motility and cell viability. The diluents evaluated were marine fish Ringer’s solution (MFRS), Stein’s solution, 300 mM sucrose, and 300 mM glucose (diluted 1:1 [sperm: diluent], 1:2, 1:4, and 1:10 and stored at 0, 2, 4, and 6 °C). Neomycin and gentamycin (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/L) and antioxidants (Mito-TEMPO [0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 µM], reduced glutathione [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mM], and trehalose [0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM]) were assessed in terms of sperm preservation. The most effective condition for cold storage of spotted halibut sperm was Stein’s solution at a dilution ratio of 1:4 at 2 °C, with a combination of neomycin 800 mg/L and 250 mM trehalose that showed spermatozoa motility of > 43% after 60 days. These storage conditions will be valuable for spotted halibut hatcheries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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19 pages, 5353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resveratrol Modulates the Redox Response and Bile Acid Metabolism to Maintain the Cholesterol Homeostasis in Fish Megalobrama amblycephala Offered a High-Carbohydrate Diet

by Yaping Ge, Ling Zhang, Weiliang Chen, Miao Sun, Wenbin Liu and Xiangfei Li

Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010121 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2037

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize the effects of resveratrol on the redox balance, cholesterol homeostasis and bile acid metabolism of Megalobrama amblycephala offered a high-carbohydrate diet. Fish (35.0 ± 0.15 g) were fed four diets including one control diet (32% nitrogen-free extract), one high-carbohydrate diet (45% nitrogen-free extract, HC), and the HC diet supplemented with different levels (0.04%, HCR1; 0.08%, HCR2) of resveratrol for 12 weeks. The HC diet-induced redox imbalance is characterized by increased MDA content and decreased T-SOD and CAT activities in the liver. Resveratrol attenuated this by up-regulating the transcription of Cu/Zn-sod, and increasing the activities of T-SOD, CAT, and GPX. The HC diet enhanced the cholesterol synthesis, but decreased the bile acid synthesis via up-regulating both hmgcr and acat2, and down-regulating cyp7a1, thus resulting in excessive cholesterol accumulation. Resveratrol supplement decreased cholesterol synthesis, and increased cholesterol uptake in the liver by down-regulating both hmgcr and acat2, and up-regulating ldlr. It also increased bile acid synthesis and biliary excretion by up-regulating cyp7a1, and down-regulating mrp2, oatp1, and oatp4 in the hindgut, thereby decreasing cholesterol accumulation. In conclusion, resveratrol improves the cholesterol homeostasis of Megalobrama amblycephala fed a high-carbohydrate diet by modulating the redox response and bile acid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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12 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Antioxidant Functions are Enhanced in Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus Thynnus, L.) Larvae Fed Selenium-Enriched Rotifers Brachionus Rotundiformis

by Pauline Wischhusen, Mónica B. Betancor, Matthew Sprague, Aurelio Ortega, Fernando de la Gándara, Douglas R. Tocher and Gabriel Mourente

Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010026 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2199

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for fish with more than 40 selenoproteins identified, many exhibiting antioxidant functions. This study investigated the effect of dietary Se supplementation on physiological parameters, selenoprotein and antioxidant enzyme gene expression in Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT, Thunnus thynnus) larvae. First-feeding ABT larvae were divided into triplicate groups and fed rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis enriched with five different levels of Se (0, 3, 10, 30, and 100 µg Se·L⁻¹) until 14 days after hatching. Both rotifers and ABT larvae effectively accumulated Se achieving maximum levels in the Se100 treatment (30.05 μg Se·g⁻¹ and 194 ± 38 μg Se·g⁻¹ dry mass, respectively). Larvae showed highest total length when fed Se3 rotifers, whereas flexion index was highest in larvae fed Se10. Selenium supplementation increased the gene expression of selenoproteins gpx1, msrb1, trxr2, selenom, selenop, and selenoe compared to the non-supplemented control (Se0), but only marginal differences were detected between supplementation levels. In contrast, expression of the antioxidant enzymes cat and sod1 were lowest in larvae fed Se100. To conclude, non-Se-enriched rotifers may be suboptimal for first feeding ABT larvae, which showed improved selenoprotein and antioxidant gene expression when fed a diet containing 4.42 μg Se·g⁻¹ dry mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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24 pages, 1508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Fortifying Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Diet with Different Strains of Microalgae on Its Performance, Fillet Quality and Disease Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila Considering the Interplay between Antioxidant and Inflammatory Response

by Doaa Ibrahim, Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid, Mayasar I. Al-Zaban, Mohamed ElHady, Mona M. El-Azzouny, Tamer Mohamed ElFeky, Gehan M. Al Sadik, Omima M. Samy, Thoria A. Hamed, Fauzeya Mateq Albalwe, Muneefah Abdullah Alenezi and Anaam E. Omar

Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112181 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3446

Abstract

The oxidative stress facing fish during intensive production brings about diseases and mortalities that negatively influence their performance. Along with that, the increased awareness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3-PUFAs) health benefits has been triggered the introduction of alternative additives in aqua feed that cause not only modulation in fish immune response but also fortification of their fillet. In this context, the role of microalgae mix (NSS) containing Nannochloropsis oculate and Schizochytrium and Spirulina species, which were enriched with bioactive molecules, especially EPA and DHA, was assessed on Nile tilapia’s performance, fillet antioxidant stability, immune response, and disease resistance. Varying levels of NSS (0.75%, 1.5%, and 3%) were added to Nile tilapia’s diet for 12 weeks and then a challenge of fish with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) was carried out. Results showed that groups fed NSS, especially at higher levels, showed an improved WG and FCR, which corresponded with enhanced digestive enzymes’ activities. Higher T-AOC was detected in muscle tissues of NSS_3.0% fed fish with remarkable reduction in ROS, H₂O₂, and MDA contents, which came in parallel with upregulation of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD genes. Notably, the contents of EPA and DHA in fillet were significantly increased with increasing the NSS levels. The mean log₁₀ counts of pathogenic Vibrio and Staphylococcus species were reduced, and conversely, the populations of beneficial Lactobacillus and Bacillus species were increased more eminent after supplementation of NSS_3.0% and NSS_1.5%. Moreover, regulation of the immune response (lysozyme, IgM, ACH50, NO, and MPO), upregulation of IL-10, TGF-β, and IgM, and downregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, HSP70, and COX-2 were observed following dietary higher NSS levels. After challenge, reduction in A. hydrophila counts was more prominent, especially in NSS_3.0% supplemented group. Taken together, the current study encourages the incorporation of such microalgae mix in Nile tilapia’s diet for targeting maximum performance, superior fillet quality, and protection against A. hydrophila. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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18 pages, 2791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Antimicrobial Peptides Improve Intestinal Function, Microbial Composition and Oxidative Stress Induced by Aeromonas hydrophila in Pengze Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze)

by Shaodan Wang, Shulin Liu, Chong Wang, Bin Ye, Liqun Lv, Qiao Ye, Shaolin Xie, Guocheng Hu and Jixing Zou

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1756; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091756 - 6 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

There is increasing evidence for the potential use of antimicrobial peptides as dietary supplements and antibiotic substitutes. In this study, we analyzed the differential effects of varying levels of antimicrobial peptides on the intestinal function and intestinal microbial and disease resistance of Pengze crucian carp. Approximately 630 experimental fishes were randomized in the control group (G0: 0 mg/kg) and in five groups supplemented with different doses of AMPs (G1: 100 mg/kg, G2: 200 mg/kg, G3: 400 mg/kg, G4: 800 mg/kg, and G5: 1600 mg/kg) and were fed for ten weeks. Three replicates per group of 35 fish were performed. The results showed that AMPs promoted intestinal villus development and increased intestinal muscular thickness (p < 0.05) and goblet cell abundance. The enzymatic activities of all groups supplemented with AMPs were effectively improved. AMP supplementation significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and digestive enzymes in the intestines of G3 animals (p < 0.05). Compared with G0 animals, AMP-supplemented animals regulated the expression of intestinal immune-related genes and exhibited significant differences in the G3 animal group (p < 0.05). The abundance of intestinal Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased in the AMP-supplemented groups, but the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was lower than that in the G0 group. AMP supplementation also decreased the abundance of Fusobacterium while increasing the proportion of Actinobacteria (p < 0.05). After Aeromonas hydrophila infection, the expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors in the intestinal tract of G3 animals were significantly upregulated, and the level of the proinflammatory factor was decreased (p < 0.05). The intestinal Cetobacterium levels of G3 animals were significantly increased (p < 0.01), while the Proteobacteria levels were decreased, and the intestinal goblet cell proliferation was significantly lower than that of G0 animals (p < 0.05). This indicates that groups supplemented with AMPs have better disease resistance than the G0 group and can rapidly reduce the adverse effects caused by inflammatory response. Taken together, the present results suggest that AMP supplementation can improve intestinal function and intestinal microbial and pathogen resistance in Pengze crucian carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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19 pages, 3132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal DL-Methionyl-DL-Methionine Supplementation Improved Intestinal Physical Barrier Function by Changing Antioxidant Capacity, Apoptosis and Tight Junction Proteins in the Intestine of Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

by Pei Wu, Yuening Su, Lin Feng, Weidan Jiang, Shengyao Kuang, Ling Tang, Jun Jiang, Yang Liu and Xiaoqiu Zhou

Antioxidants 2022, 11(9), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11091652 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

The present study was a part of a larger research project that aimed to investigate the effects of Met-Met supplementation on fish growth and intestinal health. This study mainly focused on the relationship between dietary Met-Met and intestinal physical barrier function in fish. Seven iso-nitrogenous diets supplemented with 2.50 g/kg DL-methionine (DL-Met) and six graded levels of Met-Met (0.00, 0.79, 1.44, 1.84, 2.22, and 2.85 g/kg) were used to feed juvenile grass carp for 10 weeks, after which a 14-day Aeromonas hydrophila challenge test was performed. The results indicated that optimum levels of Met-Met decreased intestinal oxidative damage, probably by increasing total antioxidant capacity, and the activity and gene expression levels of several antioxidant enzymes, which were closely related to the changed Nrf2/Keap1 signaling. Meanwhile, optimum levels of Met-Met decreased intestinal apoptosis and improved the intestinal tight junction, as evident by the downregulated mRNA levels of initiator and executioner caspases; the pro-apoptotic-related proteins FasL, Apaf-1, and Bax; and upregulated mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Mcl-1b, and IAP and the TJ proteins claudins, occludin, and ZOs. Furthermore, the positive effects of Met-Met on improving intestinal physical barrier function were superior to those of DL-Met in fish. These findings showed that optimal Met-Met supplementation improved intestinal physical barrier function, probably by changing antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, and tight junction proteins in fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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21 pages, 2866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Natural Gas Fermentation Bacterial Meal (FeedKind^®) as a Functional Alternative Ingredient for Fishmeal in Diet of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

by Boyuan Guo, Xia He, Chunyu Ge, Min Xue, Jia Wang, Matt Longshaw, Jie Wang and Xiaofang Liang

Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081479 - 28 Jul 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3440

Abstract

A 10-week growth study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a natural gas fermentation bacterial meal (FeedKind^®, FK) as a fishmeal (FM) alternative in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (48.0 ± 0.03 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated including one commercial control (C, 42% FM) and three experimental diets with gradient FK of 3% (FK3, 29%FM), 6% (FK6, 26%FM) and 9% (FK9, 23%FM), respectively. FK-fed groups showed significantly higher SR than that of C group. The WGR and SGR of fish fed FK3 and FK6 were significantly higher than those of FK9, but not statistical different from the C group. FK-fed groups showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and nutrients. Further, FK-fed groups increased the ratio of SOD/MDA in the plasma and liver, and the upregulation of intestinal Keap1 and downregulation of HIF1α was found in FK3. Furthermore, FK-fed groups showed higher microbial richness and diversity. Pearson correlation analysis found that antioxidant relevant biomarkers were negatively correlated with the relative abundance of certain potential beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplemented up to 3–6% FK replacing FM in a low FM diet of largemouth bass could increase growth, survival rate, antioxidant capacity, and improve gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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19 pages, 16974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Antioxidant Supplement Function Exploration: Rescue of Intestinal Structure Injury by Mannan Oligosaccharides after Aeromonas hydrophila Infection in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

by Zhi-Yuan Lu, Lin Feng, Wei-Dan Jiang, Pei Wu, Yang Liu, Xiao-Wan Jin, Hong-Mei Ren, Sheng-Yao Kuang, Shu-Wei Li, Ling Tang, Lu Zhang, Hai-Feng Mi and Xiao-Qiu Zhou

Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050806 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2915

Abstract

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are a type of functional oligosaccharide which have received increased attention because of their beneficial effects on fish intestinal health. However, intestinal structural integrity is a necessary prerequisite for intestinal health. This study focused on exploring the protective effects of dietary MOS supplementation on the grass carp’s (Ctenopharyngodon idella) intestinal structural integrity (including tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction (AJ)) and its related signalling molecule mechanism. A total of 540 grass carp (215.85 ± 0.30 g) were fed six diets containing graded levels of dietary MOS supplementation (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg) for 60 days. Subsequently, a challenge test was conducted by injection of Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days. We used ELISA, spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscope, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blotting to determine the effect of dietary MOS supplementation on intestinal structural integrity and antioxidant capacity. The results revealed that dietary MOS supplementation protected the microvillus of the intestine; reduced serum diamine oxidase and d-lactate levels (p < 0.05); enhanced intestinal total antioxidant capacity (p < 0.01); up-regulated most intestinal TJ and AJ mRNA levels; and decreased GTP-RhoA protein levels (p < 0.01). In addition, we also found several interesting results suggesting that MOS supplementation has no effects on ZO-2 and Claudin-15b. Overall, these findings suggested that dietary MOS supplementation could protect intestinal ultrastructure, reduce intestinal mucosal permeability and maintain intestinal structural integrity via inhibiting MLCK and RhoA/ROCK signalling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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Review

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35 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biofloc Technology in Fish Aquaculture: A Review

by Young-Bin Yu, Jae-Ho Choi, Ju-Hyeong Lee, A-Hyun Jo, Kyung Mi Lee and Jun-Hwan Kim

Antioxidants 2023, 12(2), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12020398 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8231

Abstract

The application of biofloc to fish species has several advantages, including the enhancement of production by increasing growth performance and survival rate and the improvement of fish aquaculture physiological activity. There has been a recent increase in biofloc addition to fish culture, and this review examines changes this causes to the survival and growth rate of fish and its economic feasibility. Physiological activity and disease resistance of biofloc-fed fish is being extensively studied. The hematological parameters and antioxidant and immune responses of fish fed biofloc were reviewed in this study, as well as their disease resistance by testing them for major specific diseases. Standards for effectively applying biofloc to fish aquaculture are also suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants Benefits in Aquaculture)

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