Applied Sciences

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13 pages, 729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elderberry Concentrate Juice Industrial By-Products Characterization and Valorisation

by Maria Inês Veloso, Elisabete Coelho, Oswaldo Trabulo and Manuel A. Coimbra

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9463; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199463 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1881

The elderberry juice industry generates by-products that can be valorised as a source of valuable compounds, namely anthocyanins and carbohydrates recovered from pomace and retentate. This work aims to valorise the anthocyanins and carbohydrates present in pomace and retentate, focused on the analysis [...] Read more.

The elderberry juice industry generates by-products that can be valorised as a source of valuable compounds, namely anthocyanins and carbohydrates recovered from pomace and retentate. This work aims to valorise the anthocyanins and carbohydrates present in pomace and retentate, focused on the analysis and characterization of the polysaccharides present and their use for the stability of pink beverages. The present work shows that pomace contains 50% of carbohydrates, in which glucose and xylose are the major constituents, probably arising from cellulose and xyloglucans of cell walls polysaccharides and from the moiety of main anthocyanins present in berry skin. The concentrated juice is rich mainly in free sugars (55%), glucose and fructose, containing also pectic polysaccharides. However, a large amount of compounds are retained in the ultrafiltration membranes of 100 kDa, constituting the retentate, comprising 52% of water insoluble material. The remaining 48% constitutes the water-soluble fraction, composed of 47% of free sugars, mainly fructose (80%), and 14% of polymeric material constituted by 38% of pectic polysaccharides and 44% of anthocyanins. The use of the colourant in the form of a complex pectic polysaccharides-anthocyanins allowed to achieve a higher colour stability than the isolated anthocyanins, over more than 22 days. This property allowed to use the retentate water soluble fraction as a natural colourant ingredient to develop a stable pink tonic water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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15 pages, 3175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Valorization of Broccoli Leaf By-Products (Brassica oleracea L. Variety: Italica) to Ameliorate Reno-Hepatic Toxicity Induced by Gentamicin in Rats

by Hany Ezzat Khalil, Miada F. Abdelwahab, Promise Madu Emeka, Lorina I. Badger-Emeka, Sara Mohamed Naguib Abdel Hafez, Khalid A. AlYahya, Al-Shaimaa F. Ahmed, Aliaa F. Anter, Nada M. Abdel-Wahab, Katsuyoshi Matsunami and Alyaa Hatem Ibrahim Selim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 6903; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146903 - 7 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is reported to possess antioxidant activity that could potentially prevent oxidative damage to tissues caused by many diseases. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effect of broccoli leaf by-product extract (BL) on gentamicin-induced renal and hepatic [...] Read more.

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is reported to possess antioxidant activity that could potentially prevent oxidative damage to tissues caused by many diseases. In the present study, we investigated the preventive effect of broccoli leaf by-product extract (BL) on gentamicin-induced renal and hepatic injury by measuring tissue antioxidant activities and morphological apoptotic changes. Broccoli leaf was thoroughly extracted with 70% methanol to yield the total methanol extract (TME). The total phenolic content (TPC) was determined. Thirty male rats were divided into five groups (six animals/group). Group I received phosphate-buffered saline orally, while group II was treated with gentamicin (100 mg/kg i.p. intraperitoneal) for ten days. Group III and group IV animals were given BL (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively) plus gentamicin treatment. Group V received L-cysteine (1 mmole/kg) plus gentamicin. Antioxidant and biochemical parameters, such as transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and urea, and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) were determined in various groups, along with the quantification of inflammatory and apoptotic cells in hepatic and renal tissues. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined in liver and renal samples. Histopathological studies of the liver and kidneys were also carried out. The TME was subjected to various and repeated techniques of chromatography to yield caffeic acid, gallic acid, and methyl gallate. The TPC was 6.47 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g of dry extract. Gentamicin increased the levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, and urea. The MDA and GSH contents and theactivity levels of the antioxidant enzyme SOD decreased in liver and kidney samples with gentamicin administration. BL administration dose-dependently prevented the alteration in biochemical parameters and was supported by low levels of tubular and glomerular injuries induced by gentamicin. This study valorizes the potential of BL as a preventive candidate in cases of gentamicin-induced liver and kidney toxicity and recommends further clinical studies using BL to validate its utilization for human consumption and as a source of phenolics for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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14 pages, 3083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biovalorization of Grape Stalks as Animal Feed by Solid State Fermentation Using White-Rot Fungi

by Valéria Costa-Silva, Mariana Anunciação, Ederson Andrade, Lisete Fernandes, Aida Costa, Irene Fraga, Ana Barros, Guilhermina Marques, Luís Ferreira and Miguel Rodrigues

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6800; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136800 - 5 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2663

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the potential of three fungi strains, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus, to degrade lignin and enhance the nutritive value of grape stalks (GS). The GS was inoculated with the fungi and incubated under solid-state [...] Read more.

This work aimed to evaluate the potential of three fungi strains, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus, to degrade lignin and enhance the nutritive value of grape stalks (GS). The GS was inoculated with the fungi and incubated under solid-state fermentation at 28 °C and 85% relative humidity for 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days, in an incubation chamber. The influence of the treatments was evaluated by analyzing the potential modifications in the chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and enzymatic kinetics. An increase (p < 0.001) in the crude protein content was observed in the GS treated with L. edodes and P. citrinopileatus at 42 days of incubation (50 and 75%, respectively). The treatment performed with L. edodes decreased (p < 0.001) lignin content by 52%, and led to higher (p < 0.001) IVOMD values at 42 days of incubation. By contrast, P. eryngii did not affect lignin content and IVOMD. A higher activity of all enzymes was also detected for the treatment with L. edodes. Results indicated that L. edodes has a great potential to enhance the nutritive value of GS as an animal feed, due to its lignin degradation selectivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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12 pages, 551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elderberry Stalks as a Source of High-Value Phytochemical: Essential Minerals and Lipophilic Compounds

by Samuel Patinha, Juliana V. Murteira, Carina Pedrosa Costa, Ângelo C. Salvador, Sónia A. O. Santos, Armando J. D. Silvestre and Sílvia M. Rocha

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010382 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2356

Abstract

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) consumption has been growing in the last years, generating a large number of stalks (~10% of the berries bunch) that are still under-valorized. This study focused on the evaluation of elderberry stalks as a source of high-value phytochemicals. [...] Read more.

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) consumption has been growing in the last years, generating a large number of stalks (~10% of the berries bunch) that are still under-valorized. This study focused on the evaluation of elderberry stalks as a source of high-value phytochemicals. In this vein, the essential mineral content and lipophilic composition were analyzed for the first time. In addition, the polar fraction was evaluated regarding its total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity by both 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) assays. The lipophilic fraction was mainly composed of triterpenic acids (2902.20 mg kg⁻¹ of dry weight (dw)), fatty acids (711.73 mg kg⁻¹ dw) and sterols (288.56 mg kg⁻¹ dw). Minor amounts of long-chain aliphatic alcohols and other components were also detected. Ursolic acid (2265.83 mg kg⁻¹ dw), hexadecanoic acid (219.85 mg kg⁻¹ dw) and β-sitosterol (202.74 mg kg⁻¹ dw) were the major lipophilic components verified. The results of this study also indicated that elderberry stalks might be used as a natural source of essential minerals, particularly calcium, iron and potassium, which are known to play important roles in various body functions. The analysis of the polar fraction also showed that elderberry stalks present TPC as high as elderberry themselves as well as considerable antioxidant activity (1.04 and 0.37 mmol TE g⁻¹ of extract, against respectively ABTS and DPPH radicals). These results highlight the potential of elderberry stalks as a natural source of high-value phytochemicals that may be explored in several fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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15 pages, 2205 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Concentrate Apple Juice Industry: Aroma and Pomace Valuation as Food Ingredients

by Elisabete Coelho, Mariana Pinto, Rita Bastos, Marco Cruz, Cláudia Nunes, Sílvia M. Rocha and Manuel A. Coimbra

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2443; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052443 - 9 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5300

Abstract

Apple concentrate juice industry generates a flavored coproduct (apple aroma) recovered in the evaporation process, which is poorly valuated due to the lack of chemical characterization and standardization. In this study, industry apple aroma was characterized, allowing for the identification of 37 compounds, [...] Read more.

Apple concentrate juice industry generates a flavored coproduct (apple aroma) recovered in the evaporation process, which is poorly valuated due to the lack of chemical characterization and standardization. In this study, industry apple aroma was characterized, allowing for the identification of 37 compounds, the majority esters (20), alcohols (7), and aldehydes (4). The storage temperature did not affect its volatile composition. Five key compounds were selected and monitored for 10 months of storage, and also compared with other three productions of another season allowing for observation of the same Aroma Index. Apple pomace was also used to produce a hydrodistillate. Contrary to the apple aroma, apple pomace hydrodistillate was unpleasant, reflected in a different volatile composition. Although no additional aroma fraction could be obtained from this wet byproduct, when dried, apple pomace presented 15 volatile compounds with toasted, caramel, sweet, and green notes. The infusions prepared with the dried apple pomace exhibited 25 volatile compounds with a very pleasant (fruity, apple-like, citrus, and spicy notes) and intense aroma. The addition of sugar changed the volatile profile, providing a less intense flavor, with almond, caramel, and sweet notes. These results show that apple aroma and pomace are high-quality flavoring agents with high potential of valuation as food ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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10 pages, 403 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory Flavonolignans from Triticum aestivum Linn. Hull

by Ah-Reum Han, Yun-Seo Kil, Min Jeong Hong, Jisu Park, Hyeon Hwa Park, Chang Hyun Jin, Joo-Won Nam and Jin-Baek Kim

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8656; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238656 - 4 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2998

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is a very common and important food grain and ranks second in total cereal crop production. A large amount of wheat hull is produced after threshing that, as the non-food part of wheat, is agro-waste, accounting for [...] Read more.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is a very common and important food grain and ranks second in total cereal crop production. A large amount of wheat hull is produced after threshing that, as the non-food part of wheat, is agro-waste, accounting for 15~20% of the wheat. This study aimed at biologically and phytochemically investigating wheat hull for its valorization as a by-product. In our ongoing search for natural product-derived anti-inflammatory agents, T. aestivum hull was evaluated for its nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells, and the phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction showing inhibitory effect led to the isolation of a flavone (1) and seven flavonolignans (2–8). Compounds 2–8 have not yet been isolated from Triticum species. All compounds were evaluated for their LPS-induced NO production inhibition, and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 exhibited inhibitory effects with IC₅₀ values ranging from 24.14 to 58.95 μM. These results suggest the potential of using T. aestivum hull as a source for producing anti-inflammatory components, enhancing its valorization as a by-product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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22 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total and Sustainable Valorisation of Olive Pomace Using a Fractionation Approach

by Tânia B. Ribeiro, Ana L. Oliveira, Cristina Costa, João Nunes, António A. Vicente and Manuela Pintado

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(19), 6785; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196785 - 28 Sep 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5753

Abstract

Olive pomace management represents a great concern to the olive oil industry. This work focused on the development of a “zero waste” strategy for olive pomace based on a fractionation approach resulting in the obtention of different value-added fractions. The physicochemical composition of [...] Read more.

Olive pomace management represents a great concern to the olive oil industry. This work focused on the development of a “zero waste” strategy for olive pomace based on a fractionation approach resulting in the obtention of different value-added fractions. The physicochemical composition of edible fractions obtained (liquid and pulp) was analysed. The potential use as a solid biofuel of the non-edible fraction (stones) was evaluated. High amounts of hydroxytyrosol (513.61–625.76 mg/100 g dry weight) were present in the liquid fraction. Pulp fraction was demonstrated to be a good source of fibre (53–59% dry weight) with considerable antioxidant activity both from free and bound phenolics. The stones fraction exhibited substantial high heating values (18.65–18.94 megajoule (MJ/kg). All these results support the added value of the olive pomace fractions combining the biofuel potential from the stones fraction and the functional food ingredients’ potential both from liquid and pulp fractions. The present methodology seems to be a feasible whole valorisation approach to achieve the circularity in the olive oil sector, prioritising obtaining high over low added-value products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 801 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Biochar and Clinoptilolite on Composition and Gaseous Emissions during the Storage of Separated Liquid Fraction of Pig Slurry

by José L. S. Pereira, Vitor Figueiredo, António F. M. A. Pinto, Maria E. F. Silva, Isabel Brás, Adelaide Perdigão and Dulcineia F. Wessel

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5652; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165652 - 14 Aug 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

The storage of animal manure is a major source of gaseous emissions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biochar and clinoptilolite on the composition and gaseous emissions during the storage of separated liquid fraction of pig slurry. The [...] Read more.

The storage of animal manure is a major source of gaseous emissions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biochar and clinoptilolite on the composition and gaseous emissions during the storage of separated liquid fraction of pig slurry. The experiment was carried out using containers with 6 L of pig slurry each. The additives biochar and clinoptilolite were added alone and mixed to the pig slurry at a rate of 2.5% each, in a total of four treatments with three replicates including the control. Gaseous emissions were monitored by a photoacoustic multigas monitor, and slurry samples were collected at 0 and 85 days and their composition assessed. Results showed that the addition of biochar could modify the physicochemical properties of the slurry. The addition of biochar did not reduce the E. coli during the experiment while clinoptilolite decreased its prevalence. The addition of biochar or clinoptilolite reduced significantly the NH₃ emission during the storage of slurry, but no advantages were gained with their combination. The addition of biochar significantly reduced the CO₂ and CH₄ emissions relative to clinoptilolite, however N₂O emissions and global warming potential did not differ among the additives. We conclude that the biochar and clinoptilolite are recommended as a mitigation measure to reduce gaseous emissions and preserve the fertiliser value at slurry storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Chemical Characteristics of Biowaste and By-Products from Food Systems)

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