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Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Mechanical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 25061

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Prof. Dr. Xiaodong Sun

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Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Interests: electric vehicles; drives and control for electric vehicles; motor drives and control; bearingless motors; magnetic bearings and intelligent control
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Special Issue on Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors, Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings.

Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) provide a potential candidate and a feasible solution with increased interest for industrial applications due to their simple and rigid structure without permanent magnets, low manufacturing cost, excellent power-speed characteristics, and high reliability. The high-efficiency SRMs are expected to be a competitive alternative to the other types of machines. Techniques for design optimization methods, multi-physical analysis, and advanced control are attracting more and more attention from the research community.

Bearingless devices, such as bearingless motors (BMs) and magnetic bearings (MBs), provide a stable support instead of mechanical bearings, thanks to the advantages of no contact, no pollution, no lubrication and simple structure. The BMs and MBs can be widely used in high vacuum and low temperature atmospheres, turbomolecular pumps, food and pharmacy processes and other applications without friction loss and pollution. Techniques to the multi-physical analysis, suspension control strategies, topological structure design and disturbances rejection are becoming the key research area.

In this Special Issue, we invite submissions exploring recent advanced research in the field of switched reluctance motors, as well as some bearingless devices, i.e., bearingless motors or magnetic bearings. Both theoretical and experimental studies are welcome, including the comprehensive review and survey papers.

Prof. Dr. Xiaodong Sun
Guest Editor

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Keywords

switched reluctance motors
bearingless motors
magnetic bearings
design optimization techniques
control methods

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Related Special Issue

Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings II in Applied Sciences (2 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

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12 pages, 4299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling, Design and Suspension Force Analysis of a Novel AC Six-Pole Heteropolar Hybrid Magnetic Bearing

by Chao Wu and Shanshou Li

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1643; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031643 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

To improve the radial suspension force of heteropolar hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB), a novel AC six-pole heteropolar HMB is proposed. Firstly, the structure, magnetic circuit, and suspension force generation principle are introduced and analyzed. Secondly, the equivalent magnetic circuits are established. The mathematical models of magnetic resistances, air gap magnetic fluxes, and levitation force are derived by node magnetomotive force (MMF) method. The main parameters of prototype heteropolar HMB, such as outer and inner air-gap length, winding turns, and permanent magnets, are designed. Then, the analysis model is established by MagNet 3D. The magnetic circuit, air-gap flux density, suspension mechanism, force-current relationships, force-displacement relationships, and force coupling characteristics are analyzed and calculated. Finally, the experimental system was built to test the levitation force and levitation displacement waveforms. The research results have shown that the proposed novel six-pole heteropolar HMB has a reasonable structure and magnetic circuit. The design method is also proven to be correct. Furthermore, it is compared with the traditional heteropolar six-pole HMB, the maximum suspension forces in the X and Y directions are increased by 1.96 and 2.02 times, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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14 pages, 4144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Hybrid Control Scheme of a Switched Reluctance Motor for Torque Ripple Reduction

by Xiaofeng He and Yao Yao

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12283; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312283 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1597

Abstract

In this paper, we presents an improved hybrid control scheme based on model predictive torque control using linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) for the torque drive system of a 12/14 bearingless switched reluctance motor. The proposed approach can considerably reduce the torque ripple and enhance the anti-disturbance ability. First, a modified piecewise torque sharing function (TSF) is applied to reduce the torque ripple in the commutation interval. Second, model predictive control is introduced to further reduce the torque ripple caused by the hysteresis control. The selection of the optimal weighting factor is avoided, as the current value corresponding to different positions of each phase is determined by the TSF; thus, the cost function can be simplified. Then, a speed controller is designed by an enhanced LADRC for improved tracking performance and anti-disturbance ability, whereby a proportional gain of observation error and a time-varying function are investigated in extended-state observer. Finally, experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the hybrid control scheme by comparison with cosine TSF function and conventional LADRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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15 pages, 3071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Direct Instantaneous Torque Control for SRMs Using Advanced Sliding Mode Controller

by Yonghua Yin

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12177; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312177 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1390

Abstract

In this paper, an optimal direct instantaneous torque control scheme using terminal sliding mode control is proposed to achieve better control performance for switched reluctance motors. To obtain faster convergence speed and better chattering suppression, the terminal sliding mode speed controller based on an advanced reaching law is proposed. Moreover, the hybrid wolf optimization algorithm is employed to tune the adjustable parameters for optimum performance. The experimental results show that the torque ripple range of the proposed scheme can be reduced by 25% and 17% under 0.3 Nm compared with PI and conventional sliding mode controllers. Meanwhile, the transient response can be improved by 50% and 31% in the initial stage, respectively. The proposed controller can perform well in aspects of speed tracking, torque ripple suppression, dynamic performance, and anti-interference capability of the system, which was validated by experimental results under different conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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12 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rotor Position Estimation Strategy Based on Rotating High-Frequency Voltage Injection Using Synchronous Frequency Filter

by Qing Lu, Shuai Gao, Tao Zhang, Shijiao Zheng and Lihong Mo

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 11945; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122311945 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1706

Abstract

In order to improve the performance of motor drive systems, this paper introduces a sensorless control method for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM) based on the rotating high-frequency voltage injection method. The demodulation method using a synchronous frequency filter (SFF) instead of a bandpass filter (BPF) and a high pass filter (HPF) is proposed. The structure and transfer function of SFFs are introduced, and their characteristics are simulated and analyzed. Therefore, the center frequency of SFFs can be adaptively adjusted according to the estimated rotational speed, which is convenient for frequency setting. Finally, according to the proposed rotating high-frequency voltage injection method, the simulation model is built. The experimental results verify that the control strategy can maintain good position estimation accuracy, better speed tracking performance and anti-load disturbance performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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14 pages, 3487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of an Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor with Arc-Shaped Magnets

by Shasha Wu, Hao Xu, Tao Zhang, Quanhao Gu and Baojian Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11641; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211641 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1919

Abstract

To get a better electromagnetic performance of an axial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor (AFPMBLDC), an AFPMBLDC with arc-shaped magnets and its multi-objective optimization design are researched. Firstly, the main design parameters of the AFPMBLDC are proposed, and the initial designs are carried out according to the given requirements. Furthermore, the pole arc coefficient, permanent magnet thickness, permanent magnet arc radius, and air-gap length are selected as optimization factors. Then, an orthogonal experiment table is established, in which the flux density, no-load back EMF, harmonic distortion rate, and output torque ripple are selected as optimization targets. The Taguchi optimization method is adopted to optimize the performance indexes and the optimal parameters are obtained. Finally, the optimized model is constructed, and some simulations are carried out to verify the optimal design. The research results have shown that the air-gap flux density of the optimized AFPMBLDC is reduced to 31.8%, the total harmonic distortion rate of no-load back EMF is less than 7.5%, and the torque ripple is reduced to 4.3%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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13 pages, 4532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Design of a Novel 5-DOF AC–DC Hybrid Magnetic Bearing

by Xiaoting Ye, Yiming Yan, Chunlai Jia and Tao Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 8931; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12188931 - 6 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

This paper investigates a novel integrated AC–DC hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB) to reduce the volume, weight, manufacturing, and operation cost of magnetic suspension motors. Two radial MBs and an axial MB are integrated with the proposed HMB. The five-degree-of-freedom (5-DOF) suspension is realized in one unit. Two axially polarized permanent magnets provide the radial and axial bias fluxes. First, the HMB structure and the suspension mechanism are introduced. Second, based on the method of equivalent magnetic circuits, magnetic circuits are calculated. The mathematical models of suspension force are discussed. Third, the main parameters of the 5-DOF AC–DC HMB are given. The 3D finite element method (FEM) is adopted to analyze the proposed system’s electromagnetic characteristics, and the suspension mechanism of the 5-DOF is verified. The radial suspension forces versus the radial control current, the axial suspension forces versus the axial control current, the relationship between the axial suspension force and the axial control current with the X direction offset, and the relationship between the radial suspension force in the X direction and the axial control current with the Z direction offset are calculated. Based on the research results, it is shown that the HMB structure is compact and reasonable, and the mathematical models and suspension mechanism are correct. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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16 pages, 4139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Design and Control of Six-Phase Switched Reluctance Motor with Decoupling Winding Connections

by Wei Qiao, Shouyi Han, Kaikai Diao and Xiaodong Sun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8801; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178801 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1900

Abstract

In this paper, a design optimization method is proposed to reduce the current asymmetric and consequent torque ripple for a six-phase Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). First, the inconsistent current phenomenon of the investigated SRM is introduced, and the relationship between the magnetic distribution and the phase currents is investigated by magnetic circuit analysis. Then, for the reduction in computational cost, a surrogate model is utilized to establish the response surface model between the optimization objectives and variables. Furthermore, multiobjective optimization is performed based on structural design optimization and asymmetric control, and the best design solution is selected for the drive system. Compared with the traditional symmetric control, it can be found that the proposed asymmetric control can mitigate the inconsistent phase currents and reduce the torque ripple. Finally, a prototype motor is manufactured and tested. Both the simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness and the reasonability of the analysis and the optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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19 pages, 4192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Coordinated Control Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles during Clutch Slipping Process

by Shanzhen Xu, Xiang Tian, Cheng Wang, Youning Qin, Xiaohu Lin, Jingxuan Zhu, Xiaodong Sun and Tiandong Huang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8317; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168317 - 19 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

For parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the clutch serves as a vital enabling actuator element during mode transitions. The expected drivability and smoothness of parallel HEVs are difficult to be achieve owing to the neglect of clutch-torque-induced disturbance and different response characteristics of power sources during clutch slipping. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel control strategy to coordinate the engine and motor during the clutch slipping process. A sliding mode control strategy based on a group-preserving scheme was applied to control the motor. The vehicle dynamic equation was constructed by the sliding surface with the Lagrange function. The equation solutions obtained by introducing the Runge–Kutta method were used as motor control inputs. Meanwhile, an adaptive PI controller was designed to regulate engine speed for the reduction in the speed difference of the clutch. The hardware-in-the-loop simulations were conducted to validate the outstanding performance of the proposal strategy. The verification results indicate that the proposed strategy not only reduces the vehicle jerk and frictional losses effectively, but also improves vehicle driving comfort and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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13 pages, 4939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Optimization and Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of an Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor with Unequal-Thickness Magnets

by Shasha Wu, Baojian Wang, Tao Zhang and Quanhao Gu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7863; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157863 - 5 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2789

Abstract

To improve electromagnetic performance, an axial-flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor (AFPMBLDCM) with unequal-thickness arc permanent magnets is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the structure and magnetic circuit of the AFPMBLDCM with unequal-thickness arc permanent magnets were designed. Then, the mathematical models and design method of the main parameters were derived. According to the rated power and rated speed, the main parameters were further designed, and the analytical model was established by using Maxwell 3D. The air-gap flux density, back electromotive force (EMF) and torque under no-load and load conditions were calculated and analyzed to verify the validity of the model and design. Finally, based on a parameter scanning optimization method, the effects of the permanent magnet thickness, pole arc coefficient and permanent magnet radius on cogging torque were analyzed. The optimized parameters of the AFPMBLDCM with unequal-thickness arc permanent magnets were obtained. The results show that the sinusoidal degree of the air-gap magnetic field is improved, and the maximum torque ripple of the AFPMBLDCM is reduced to 2.92%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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15 pages, 3059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Output Voltage Stability of Non-Contact Excitation Motor

by Ke Li, Xuan Meng and Xiaodong Sun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3666; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073666 - 6 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1778

Abstract

In recent years, electric vehicles have developed rapidly. However, many electric cars are equipped with permanent magnet synchronous motors. Permanent magnet synchronous motors have several disadvantages: For example, permanent magnets tend to demagnetize at high temperatures. Electrically excited synchronous motors have several excellent properties. First, they are cheaper because the stator and rotor of the motor only need to be wound, which is more affordable than permanent magnets for speed regulation. When the armature current reaches the maximum value, the excitation current can also be adjusted for speed regulation, which makes the speed regulation more flexible. In the case of a short circuit, the corresponding direct-axis current is smaller than the quadrature-axis current, so the fault tolerance is better. Since the traditional electric excitation motor has brushes and slips rings, sparks will be generated during commutation. Therefore, a new excitation method is adopted to make non-contact motor excitation, and the motor operation is safer and more environmentally friendly. At the same time, to ensure that the output power of the non-contact electric excitation motor remains stable, a step-down circuit and power-type fast discrete terminal sliding mode control are added after the full-bridge rectifier circuit to make the excitation current and voltage output of the motor more stable. That is, the output power reaches a steady production. In this paper, an improved sliding mode control algorithm is used to stabilize the output voltage of the non-contact excitation motor, which can still ensure the stable output of the voltage when the equivalent load changes. It is confirmed that the non-contact excitation motor can be applied to various complex situations, and the proposed algorithm is simulated and experimentally verified to verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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10 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design and Implementation of Spring Cable Shaping Method Based on Fuzzy Control

by Runxian Yang, Jie Zhou, Tao Tao, Lianghao Hua and Jianfeng Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010245 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2110

Abstract

In order to improve the production efficiency and elastic quality of spring cable, and meet the market demand of automatic mass production, based on the market research and experimental analysis of common spring cable shaping methods, a rapid shaping method of coil bar current heating spring cable is innovatively proposed. After the spring cable is wound on the coil bar once, the coil bar is directly heated to realize the spring wire temperature rising and setting. The process temperature is input from the man-machine interface, and the temperature control is based on a fuzzy algorithm, which is automatically adjusted by PLC. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional sizing method, the current heating method proposed in this paper can greatly shorten the product sizing time and has good sizing effect, which can well meet the market requirement of high-quality mass production of spring cable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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Review

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23 pages, 3442 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Position Sensorless Techniques for Switched Reluctance Machine Systems

by Xingtao Tang, Xiaodong Sun and Ming Yao

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3616; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073616 - 2 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

Accurate real-time rotor position is indispensable for switched reluctance motors (SRM) speed and torque control. Traditional position sensors add complexity and potential failure risk to the system. Owing to the added advantages of high stability and low cost, the position sensorless method of SRMs has been extensively studied to advance its use in vehicles and construction machinery. This paper presents an overview of position sensorless control techniques from the perspective of whether the method requires the establishment of complex mathematical models. Various types of methods are compared for performance, such as speed regulation range, algorithm complexity, and requirement of the pre-stored parameter. A discussion is presented concerning current trends in technological development, which will facilitate the research addressing potentially effective methods for position estimation in SRM drive systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM), Bearingless Motors and Magnetic Bearings)

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