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19 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Generation of Urban Spatial Structures Based on Stable Diffusion and CoAtNet Models

by Dian Yu, Bo Wan and Qiang Sheng

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3720; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123720 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 241

Abstract

The urban road spatial structure is a crucial and complex component of urban design. Generative design models, such as the Stable Diffusion model, can rapidly and massively produce designs. However, the opacity of their internal architecture and the uncertainty of their outcomes mean [...] Read more.

The urban road spatial structure is a crucial and complex component of urban design. Generative design models, such as the Stable Diffusion model, can rapidly and massively produce designs. However, the opacity of their internal architecture and the uncertainty of their outcomes mean that the results generated do not meet specific disciplinary assessment criteria, thus limiting their widespread application in planar design and planning. Additionally, traditional software processes targeting specific indicators are time-consuming and do not allow for rapid evaluation. To address these challenges, we utilized several areas of the road spatial structures in six cities and their corresponding four space-syntax parameters as training samples. We simultaneously trained two models: one is a LoRA Model based on the Stable Diffusion architecture used for generating road networks similar to those of various city road spatial structures; the other is a CoAtNet Model (Convolution + Transformer) used as an evaluation model to predict the space-syntax parameters of road structures and calculate the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) relative to real urban samples. Subsequently, by linking these two models end-to-end, we were able to filter out generated samples with the smallest MAPE, thereby enhancing the structural similarity between the generated results and the actual urban road spatial structures. This process of rapid generation and swift evaluation of network configurations marks a critical advancement towards better performance and more customized design solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

27 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Factors Influencing Willingness to Use Virtual Reality Systems for External Evaluation of Buildings

by Yuanzhao Liu, Sreenidhi Konduri and Changbae Park

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123714 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 289

Abstract

Integrating new visualization methods based on virtual reality (VR) in the design evaluation process remains a challenge despite its expanding use in architectural design in recent years. This article proposes a VR-based evaluation model to improve the efficiency and quality of the overall [...] Read more.

Integrating new visualization methods based on virtual reality (VR) in the design evaluation process remains a challenge despite its expanding use in architectural design in recent years. This article proposes a VR-based evaluation model to improve the efficiency and quality of the overall architectural design process. By adopting a structural equation model in conjunction with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study examines users’ intention and perceived ease of use of VR in the design evaluation process based on a questionnaire survey using the proposed VR model of architectural and non-architectural professionals and students. The findings of the study show that the output quality plays a significant role in increasing behavioral intention to use the system, and perceived ease of use has a positive effect on perceived immersion and perceived usefulness of VR in the evaluation process. The study illustrates the importance of understanding “user perspective” and “willingness to use” in the development of VR-based systems to increase their practical use in architecture and design fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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17 pages, 4732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Components in Korean Apartment Complexes Using Instance Segmentation

by Sung-Bin Yoon, Sung-Eun Hwang and Boo Seong Kang

Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082306 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 621

Abstract

Since the 2000s, the demand for enhancing the quality of life of Korean apartment complexes has led to the development of units with diverse outdoor spaces. Analyzing these complexes requires detailed layout data, which are challenging to obtain from construction drawings. This study [...] Read more.

Since the 2000s, the demand for enhancing the quality of life of Korean apartment complexes has led to the development of units with diverse outdoor spaces. Analyzing these complexes requires detailed layout data, which are challenging to obtain from construction drawings. This study addresses this issue using the Roboflow map API to collect data based on apartment complex addresses. The dataset, categorized into seven classes, trained a YOLOv8s-seg segmentation model, which was evaluated by precision, recall, and mAP values per class. Detection performance was generally high, although vehicle roads and welfare facilities posed challenges. Segmenting complexes, analyzing main building layouts, and classifying based on period, household count, and regional shape are potential applications. This study is significant because it secured a dataset of layout drawings through maps, a challenging feat given the difficulty in obtaining actual completion blueprints of apartment complexes. However, discrepancies existed between the mapped layouts and the actual blueprints, which caused certain errors; this represents a limitation of the study. Nevertheless, the apartment complex layout analysis model derived from this study is expected to be useful for various future research projects. We anticipate that further studies will be able to conduct architectural planning research on apartment complexes based on an improved analysis model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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23 pages, 89691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Land Shape Typologies in South Korean Apartment Complexes Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

by Sung-Bin Yoon and Sung-Eun Hwang

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061876 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 730

Abstract

In South Korea, the configuration of land parcels within apartment complexes plays a pivotal role in optimizing land use and facility placement. Given the significant impact of land shape on architectural and urban planning outcomes, its analysis is essential. However, studies on land [...] Read more.

In South Korea, the configuration of land parcels within apartment complexes plays a pivotal role in optimizing land use and facility placement. Given the significant impact of land shape on architectural and urban planning outcomes, its analysis is essential. However, studies on land shape have been limited due to the lack of definitive survey criteria. To address these challenges, this study utilized a map application programming interface (API) to gather raw data on apartment complex layouts in South Korea and processed these images using a Python-based image library. An initial analysis involved categorizing the data through K-means clustering. Each cluster’s average image was classified into four distinct groups for comparison with the existing literature. Shape indices were employed to analyze land configurations and assess consistency across classes. These classes were annotated on a parcel level using the Roboflow API, and YOLOv8s-cls was developed to classify the parcels effectively. The evaluation of this model involved calculating accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score from a confusion matrix. The results show a strong correlation between the identified and established classes, with the YOLO model achieving an accuracy of 86% and demonstrating robust prediction capabilities across classes. This confirms the effective typification of land shapes in the studied apartment complexes. This study introduces a methodology for analyzing parcel shapes through machine learning and deep learning. It asserts that this approach transcends the confines of South Korean apartment complexes, extending its applicability to architectural and urban design planning on a global scale. Analyzing land shapes earmarked for construction enables the formulation of diverse design strategies for building placement and external space arrangement. This highlights the potential for innovative design approaches in architectural and urban planning worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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14 pages, 2348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of an Automated Code Checking Algorithm Based on Site Analysis

by Seong Jeongmin and Shin Sangyun

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061654 - 4 Jun 2024

Viewed by 2106

Abstract

To date, BIM has been primarily utilized in cost and schedule management, an interference check between architectural and structural models and systems based on geometric data in the process of the construction life cycle. However, there is a lack of research that utilizes [...] Read more.

To date, BIM has been primarily utilized in cost and schedule management, an interference check between architectural and structural models and systems based on geometric data in the process of the construction life cycle. However, there is a lack of research that utilizes the information contained in the BIM model to review whether the proposed architectural model is appropriately designed in accordance with each country’s building regulations or building codes or that proposes a model optimized for laws and standards. ‘Building code checking’ is the step of reviewing whether a building designed based on the building codes is suitable for being constructed as a building. However, this process consumes significant time and money and leads to human errors due to the manual review process. This study included implementation of an algorithm based on the Korean building code. In this study, there was the process of selection of codes when architects interpret building codes in common and implementation based on the codes selected. Next, modeling based on DXF files from NGII (National Geographic Information Institute) was applied to the algorithm developed in this study. Last, it includes case studies that compare the outputs of the algorithm with the real buildings, which had received real code checking, to make sure the algorithm in this paper is working properly. The implementation of such an automated system has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the building design and construction process. It can help architects to quickly and accurately identify potential legal issues and provide alternative solutions that meet regulatory requirements. This, in turn, can lead to reduced project costs, improved quality of designs, and faster project delivery times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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25 pages, 88364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Measuring the Visual Coherence of Buildings in Residential Historic Areas: A Case Study of the Xiaoxihu Historic Area in Nanjing, China

by Yipin Xu and Zejia Pan

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061595 - 31 May 2024

Viewed by 785

Abstract

Residential historic areas are currently the main focus of urban renewal efforts in China, primarily consisting of traditional residential buildings with similar characteristics. Hence, the visual coherence of buildings (VCoB) plays a crucial role in such areas, not only pertaining to the visual [...] Read more.

Residential historic areas are currently the main focus of urban renewal efforts in China, primarily consisting of traditional residential buildings with similar characteristics. Hence, the visual coherence of buildings (VCoB) plays a crucial role in such areas, not only pertaining to the visual quality of the urban landscape but also regarding the preservation of historic features. The accurate measurement of the VCoB is a prerequisite for undertaking optimization efforts. However, discussions of the VCoB in the built environment are limited and seldom address residential historic areas, and methods for measuring the VCoB have yet to be refined. Therefore, taking the Xiaoxihu Historic Area in Nanjing as a case study, this work aimed to develop a more refined method for measuring the VCoB in residential historic areas based on objective physical features. The method is mainly based on the human-level perspective, identifying three key visual elements within this perspective as the objects of measurement. It collected visual data through photography, with deep learning and computer graphics processing tools being utilized to identify and extract the visual elements. Then, the study established a corresponding framework of indicators for different visual elements and optimizes the methods for indicator calculation. Through an assessment involving professionals, we validated the high accuracy of the measurement method proposed in this study. Furthermore, the study discusses factors affecting the VCoB, methods to enhance the VCoB, and the required degree of the VCoB based on the results of the measurement. The method developed in this research will provide support for the visual analysis of the urban built environment and urban renewal practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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25 pages, 1295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Evaluation of Radioactive Concrete Structure Decommissioning in Nuclear Power Plants Using Fuzzy-AHP

by Hyosoo Moon, Seyedali Mirmotalebi, Youjin Jang, Yonghan Ahn and Nahyun Kwon

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061536 - 25 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 855

Abstract

Over 50% of nuclear power plants (NPPs) worldwide have operated for over three decades, leading to a surge in decommissioning projects. This study addresses the gap in current guidelines by analyzing risks in nuclear decommissioning. Using the fuzzy-AHP technique, tasks within dismantling radioactive [...] Read more.

Over 50% of nuclear power plants (NPPs) worldwide have operated for over three decades, leading to a surge in decommissioning projects. This study addresses the gap in current guidelines by analyzing risks in nuclear decommissioning. Using the fuzzy-AHP technique, tasks within dismantling radioactive concrete structures are prioritized. Findings reveal structural and human-related risks across five main cutting tasks. Collision emerges as a significant concern, particularly during wire saw installation and concrete block hoisting hole creation. Subcategory risk priorities highlight variations in risk across tasks, with jamming, falling, and falling objects identified as top concerns during wire saw transportation. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive risk assessment in enhancing safety during decommissioning. It underscores the need to consider both physical risks and risks to personnel throughout the process. By prioritizing safety, stakeholders can ensure worker safety and operational efficiency while minimizing hazards. This research contributes to standardized safety protocols for nuclear decommissioning worldwide, aligning with sustainable energy practices. The outcomes offer practical insights for safety manual development and decision-making processes. This study represents progress in ensuring safety during nuclear decommissioning, paving the way for further refinement of safety protocols and guidelines tailored to decommissioning sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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17 pages, 10610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach to Interior Design: Generating Creative Interior Design Videos of Various Design Styles from Indoor Texture-Free 3D Models

by Zichun Shao, Junming Chen, Hui Zeng, Wenjie Hu, Qiuyi Xu and Yu Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061528 - 24 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1452

Abstract

Interior design requires designer creativity and significant workforce investments. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial for enhancing the creativity and efficiency of interior design. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative method to generate multistyle interior design and videos with AI. First, this study [...] Read more.

Interior design requires designer creativity and significant workforce investments. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is crucial for enhancing the creativity and efficiency of interior design. Therefore, this study proposes an innovative method to generate multistyle interior design and videos with AI. First, this study created a new indoor dataset to train an AI that can generate a specified design style. Subsequently, video generation and super-resolution modules are integrated to establish an end-to-end workflow that generates interior design videos from texture-free 3D models. The proposed method utilizes AI to produce diverse interior design videos directly, thus replacing the tedious tasks of texture selection, lighting arrangement, and video rendering in traditional design processes. The research results indicate that the proposed method can effectively provide diverse interior design videos, thereby enriching design presentation and improving design efficiency. Additionally, the proposed workflow is versatile and scalable, thus holding significant reference value for transforming traditional design toward intelligence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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20 pages, 2912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Edge AI-Enabled Road Fixture Monitoring System

by Moein Younesi Heravi, Israt Sharmin Dola, Youjin Jang and Inbae Jeong

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051220 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1272

Abstract

Effective monitoring of road fixtures is essential for urban safety and functionality. However, traditional inspections are time-consuming, costly, and error prone, while current automated solutions struggle with high initial setup costs, limited flexibility preventing wide adaptation, and reliance on centralized processing that can [...] Read more.

Effective monitoring of road fixtures is essential for urban safety and functionality. However, traditional inspections are time-consuming, costly, and error prone, while current automated solutions struggle with high initial setup costs, limited flexibility preventing wide adaptation, and reliance on centralized processing that can delay response times. This study introduces an edge AI-based remote road fixture monitoring system which automatically and continuously updates the information of the road digital twin (DT). The main component is a small-sized edge device consisting of a camera, GPS, and IMU sensors designed to be installed in typical cars. The device captures images, detects the fixture, and estimates their location by employing deep learning and feature matching. This information is transmitted to a dedicated cloud server and represented on a user-friendly user interface. Experiments were conducted to test the system’s performance. The results showed that the device could successfully detect the fixture and estimate their global coordinates. Outputs were marked and shown on the road DT, proving the integrated and smooth operation of the whole system. The proposed Edge AI device demonstrated that it could significantly reduce the data size by 80–84% compared to traditional methods. With a satisfactory object detection accuracy of 65%, the system effectively identifies traffic poles, stop signs, and streetlights, integrating these findings into a digital twin for real-time monitoring. The proposed system improves road monitoring by cutting down on maintenance and emergency response times, increasing the ease of data use, and offering a foundation for an overview of urban road fixtures’ current state. However, the system’s reliance on the quality of data collected under varying environmental conditions suggests potential improvements for consistent performance across diverse scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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23 pages, 29755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Landscape Perception Research Based on the ERP Method: A Case Study of Jingdezhen, China

by Yue Cheng, Jiayin Chen, Jiajia Tang, Wenbo Xu, Dong Lv and Xuan Xiao

Buildings 2024, 14(4), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040962 - 1 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1695

Abstract

Within the rapidly growing urban tourism industry, the development of urban landscapes plays a crucial role in shaping a city’s image and competitiveness; however, standardized and mismatched landscapes often have a negative impact, highlighting the importance of assessing urban landscape perceptions. Although existing [...] Read more.

Within the rapidly growing urban tourism industry, the development of urban landscapes plays a crucial role in shaping a city’s image and competitiveness; however, standardized and mismatched landscapes often have a negative impact, highlighting the importance of assessing urban landscape perceptions. Although existing studies have discussed this through subjective questionnaires and physiological methods, the underlying neural mechanisms have not been thoroughly explored. The research focuses on Jingdezhen, a renowned historical and cultural city in China, as its case study. Utilized the event-related potential (ERP) method to explore individuals’ perceptual consistency and neural activity toward different types of urban landscapes. We adopted a 2 (landscape type: historical, modern) X 2 (perceptual match: consistent, inconsistent) within-subject design while recording behavioral data and electrophysiological responses. The results showed that, under any condition, there were no significant differences in people’s behavioral data. Neurophysiological results indicate that consistent perceptions of modern landscapes elicited greater P200 responses, suggesting increased attention driven by visual aesthetics and emotional activation. Under conditions of perceptual inconsistency, historical landscapes elicited higher N400 amplitudes than modern landscapes, revealing cognitive conflict and effort. This study demonstrates that P200 and N400 components are effective indicators for assessing urban perception, proving the viability of the event-related potential method in urban landscape research. Additionally, the research reveals the neural mechanisms of urban environmental perception from the early stages of attention and emotional distribution to the later stages of cognitive decision-making, which involve cognitive processes from “bottom-up” to “top-down”. This study not only provides a reference for efficient design planning for those involved in urban science but also inspires the coordination between the developmental needs of historical and modern urban landscapes. Moreover, it offers a new perspective for an interdisciplinary approach to urban perception assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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22 pages, 4265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on a Data-Driven Modeling Method for Precast Concrete Balcony Components

by Jie Cai, Xin Wang, Junfeng Shi, Xingxing Xie, Yu Feng and Yingjun Wu

Buildings 2024, 14(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010096 - 29 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1219

Abstract

In this paper, a data-driven modeling method for precast concrete (PC) balcony components was proposed to solve the problems of low informatization and the difficult modeling of components at the design stage. Through the analysis of the characteristics of PC balcony components and [...] Read more.

In this paper, a data-driven modeling method for precast concrete (PC) balcony components was proposed to solve the problems of low informatization and the difficult modeling of components at the design stage. Through the analysis of the characteristics of PC balcony components and the combination of modular design methods, the paper designed a data structure for the components and developed a data-driven modeling tool for PC balcony components that can realize the input of structural design data, automatically generating component models. First, this paper introduced the data-driven modeling concept and the modeling process. Second, the PC balcony components in common prefabricated residential projects were analyzed to identify their characteristics. By using a modular design approach, these components were divided and a module dataset was created based on the split modules. Consequently, a data structure for the prefabricated balcony component model was established, wherein both conventional parameters and adaptive parameters between modules were interrelated. Finally, the function of data-driven modeling was achieved by developing a modular design tool on the Revit platform using the C# programming language. The application conducted on a prefabricated building project demonstrated that the software tool and modeling method in this paper effectively improve the level of informatization and modeling efficiency of PC balcony components. The modular design approach was satisfied with the standardization and diversification requirements of balcony components, thereby offering insights for modeling other complex components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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27 pages, 7224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Evaluation Method and Process of BIM Data for Generating BIM-Based 2D Deliverables

by Yije Kim, Sangyoon Chin and Seungyeon Choo

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 3124; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123124 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1462

Abstract

Views, drawings, and data extracted from building information modeling (BIM) constitute essential deliverables throughout the lifecycle of an architecture, engineering, and construction project, offering crucial insights for comprehending the design. Nevertheless, many employers evaluating BIM deliverables lack standardized criteria for the specific intended [...] Read more.

Views, drawings, and data extracted from building information modeling (BIM) constitute essential deliverables throughout the lifecycle of an architecture, engineering, and construction project, offering crucial insights for comprehending the design. Nevertheless, many employers evaluating BIM deliverables lack standardized criteria for the specific intended use of each BIM outcome, which hampers the practical utility of BIM results. This study introduces a quantitative evaluation method for the management of BIM-based two-dimensional (2D) deliverables. The BIM outcome measurement index for 2D deliverables (BOMI-2D) is formulated to provide a quantitative assessment of BIM data, focusing on their composition, structure, data readiness, and consistency. Pilot tests validated the efficacy of BOMI-2D, revealing an impressive 88.3% reduction in additional work required for 2D deliverables when data readiness increased by 25% and consistency improved by 32%. BOMI-2D is poised to play a pivotal role as an evaluation index for BIM data and outcomes, ultimately enhancing their utilization and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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23 pages, 12940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Modular Design and Application of Prefabricated Components Based on KBE

by Na Li, Yu Feng, Jixiong Liu, Xiongjin Ye and Xingxing Xie

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2980; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122980 - 29 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3789

Abstract

The design and production of prefabricated buildings pose challenges in achieving standardization, limiting their extensive adoption. In order to address issues of prefabricated components, such as the low reusability of design knowledge, limited standardization, and design disconnection, this paper adopted the prefabricated cantilevered [...] Read more.

The design and production of prefabricated buildings pose challenges in achieving standardization, limiting their extensive adoption. In order to address issues of prefabricated components, such as the low reusability of design knowledge, limited standardization, and design disconnection, this paper adopted the prefabricated cantilevered structure components as the research object. It employs knowledge-based engineering (KBE) theory and secondary split modularization approach in conjunction with Revit secondary development technology to establish a modular design system. The system formalizes complex design knowledge into concise user interfaces and a logically clear programming language, ensuring the design system’s ease of use and accessibility. To validate the authenticity and applicability of the modular design system developed in this paper, a comparison is made between the traditional modeling tool and modular modeling tool. Through empirical analysis, the result indicates that the new tool proposed in this paper can enhance the efficiency of design professionals by 72.92%. Among these, the tool meets the modeling and design requirements of 96.1% of the prefabricated components in the project, making it highly suitable for the modeling and design process of the vast majority of prefabricated components. Therefore, this design approach, which integrates KBE and three-dimensional geometric technology, makes the modular design of prefabricated cantilevered structural components feasible, providing a reference for future research in the design of other prefabricated components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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32 pages, 6089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation Analysis of Retail Space and Shopping Behavior in a Commercial Street Based on Space Syntax: A Case of Shijiazhuang, China

by Haitao Lian and Gaomei Li

Buildings 2023, 13(11), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112674 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2695

Abstract

The visibility and spatial characteristics of commercial space are the key factors that affect the space vitality. However, the coupling visibility graphical analysis of commercial spaces and spatial characteristics to quantitatively analyse consumer behaviour in commercial street spaces and assess the vitality of [...] Read more.

The visibility and spatial characteristics of commercial space are the key factors that affect the space vitality. However, the coupling visibility graphical analysis of commercial spaces and spatial characteristics to quantitatively analyse consumer behaviour in commercial street spaces and assess the vitality of retail spaces has not been adequately studied. In this paper, the aim is to conduct a visibility graph analysis of Zhuangli Street in Letai Center, Shijiazhuang, using space syntax theory, assessing the spatial vitality of the retail space by investigating the shop visits. First, a methodology for obtaining data on spatial characteristics and consumer behaviour of shopping streets was developed. Secondly, this article constructs a process for a visibility graph analysis of Zhuangli Street based on space syntax theory. Third, two combination variables of the space coefficient and depth coefficient of shop windows in retail spaces of a commercial street are proposed. Finally, the effect of combination variables and business types on spatial vitality was analyzed using correlation and multiple regression methods, and a space vitality prediction model was proposed. The results showed that the shop with the highest shop visits of retail spaces in the shopping street is 13.55 times higher than the smallest shop. The space coefficient of the shop window, depth coefficient of the shop window, and space connectivity of retail spaces in commercial streets have positive effects on space vitality. The workflow proposed in this paper can provide technical support for retail space design in commercial streets as well as evaluating and optimizing commercial street space design solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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20 pages, 11621 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study on Flexural Behavior of a Full-Scale Assembled Integral Two-Way Multi-Ribbed Composite Floor System

by Xiangqiang Zeng, Yan Feng, Sihan Ruan, Ming Xu and Liang Gong

Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2517; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102517 - 4 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

An assembled floor system is a main step in the industrialization of construction in civil engineering, where the stiffness and anti-crack properties under designed loads and its self-weight are the main concerns. This paper presents a new type of assembled integral composite floor [...] Read more.

An assembled floor system is a main step in the industrialization of construction in civil engineering, where the stiffness and anti-crack properties under designed loads and its self-weight are the main concerns. This paper presents a new type of assembled integral composite floor system, which is composed of precast ribbed bottom slab, lightweight infills, cast-in-situ upper slab and joints. Through the couplers for squeezing and splicing of longitudinal bars, shear keys and cast-in-situ joints between the precast panels and cast-in-situ upper part, the whole hollow floor system could not only exhibit satisfactory mechanical performance, but also lower the self-weight and shorten the construction time. To study its flexural behaviors, a full-scale specimen sized 9.2 m × 9.2 m was designed and tested under static area load. With the load increased to the designed loads of Chinese design code GB50010-2010, mechanical performance (i.e., crack distribution, deformation and stress distribution) were analyzed. To further study its load-carrying capacity and working mechanism, an effective finite element model was established in ABAQUS and compared with experimental and simulation results. It was found that the deflection of the floor under the normal service load and the crack width met the needs of normal use, and the finite element model could serve as a reliable method for the load-carrying capacity calculation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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28 pages, 11034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light Environment Evaluation of the Architecturalized Immersive New Media Public Art Installation from the Audiences’ Visual Safety Perspective

by Yonghong Yan, Yi Zhong, Bohan Zhang, Ziming Weng, Shuhui Niu, Yue Zeng, Xiang Cheng and Biao Zhong

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082122 - 21 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2027

Abstract

How to balance the artistry and comfort of the light environment in an architecturalized immersive new media public art installation (AINMPAI) to ensure the safety of the audiences’ visual safety has become a new issue. The lack of corresponding lighting design standards makes [...] Read more.

How to balance the artistry and comfort of the light environment in an architecturalized immersive new media public art installation (AINMPAI) to ensure the safety of the audiences’ visual safety has become a new issue. The lack of corresponding lighting design standards makes this issue more challenging. This paper explores the appropriate luminance range of the irregularly curved LED screens of the AINMPAI with high-luminance natural light as the background. The influence of the audience behavior mode on the brightness threshold of the LED screens in the AINMPAI under the background of Internet communication is discussed. Through software simulation and field measurement, the effectiveness of the design measures based on the local characteristics of the work is verified. The overall average luminance, the regional luminance, the partial luminance, and the corresponding luminance contrast of the inner screen surface were measured at every 10° change in the solar altitude angle during daytime. The nighttime light environment parameters and the temperature of the device throughout the day were also measured. A total of 487 visitors were interviewed for subjective evaluation of the comfort of the light and thermal environments. The results show that: (1) the overall average luminance cannot wholly describe the actual luminance of the critical parts of the special-shaped curved screen in the device and that two indicators, the regional luminance and the partial average luminance, need to be added; (2) the maximum brightness limit of LED screens in the daytime can be 1000 cd/m² but at night it should be controlled within 200 cd/m²; (3) natural light is the main factor that causes the high average brightness and low contrast of the daytime device screen; (4) the recommended indicators for such artistic installations should balance the absolute values of average brightness, artistic effect, and transmission priority. This study can provide foundational data and a methodological reference for establishing AINMPAI light environment design guidelines or recommended standards based on audiences’ visual safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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22 pages, 3914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pedestrian Simulation on Evacuation Behavior in Teaching Building of Primary School Emergencies and Optimized Design

by Haitao Lian, Sijia Zhang, Gaomei Li and Yuchen Zhang

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071747 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1941

Abstract

The spatial layout and arrangement of obstacles in the built environment significantly affect its evacuation performance. However, few researchers focus on pedestrian simulation-based design optimization of built environment under emergency evacuation conditions. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the evacuation performance of [...] Read more.

The spatial layout and arrangement of obstacles in the built environment significantly affect its evacuation performance. However, few researchers focus on pedestrian simulation-based design optimization of built environment under emergency evacuation conditions. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the evacuation performance of optimized design solutions for traffic space in the teaching building of a primary school based on a pedestrian simulation approach and to quantify the effect of design parameters on evacuation time. Firstly, the level of traffic space design parameters was determined and optimized design solutions for the traffic space of the school building were generated. Secondly, based on the Anylogic simulation platform, the environment module and pedestrian evacuation behaviour rules of the teaching building were built to realize the evacuation behaviour simulation. Thirdly, the effect of the traffic space design parameters on the evacuation time of the teaching building was evaluated and the most significant design parameters were identified. Finally, the optimal combination of traffic space design parameters was proposed under evacuation performance orientation. The results show that the sensitivity of the traffic space design parameters to evacuation time is 31.85%. The effect of corridor width on evacuation time is 49.06 times greater than the staircase width. The optimal design combination for the traffic space in the teaching building of the primary school is a 3.0 m wide trapezoidal corridor combined with a 3.6 m wide staircase, and a 3.0 m wide fish maw corridor combined with 3.6 m wide staircase, guided by evacuation performance. The framework developed in this paper provides technical support for the development of evacuation performance-oriented design optimization of the built environment, and the results are intended to supplement the building design specifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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26 pages, 10505 KiB

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Advancing Building Assessment Tools: Achieving Sustainable Development Goals through the Fusion of Internet of Things Occupant-Centric Principles and Sustainable Practices

by Esraa A. Metwally, Mostafa Refat Ismail and Ayman A. Farid

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1798; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061798 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1204

Abstract

The impact of global climate change on the built environment emphasizes the need for sustainable development goals (SDGs) using technological solutions, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). The significance of innovative building assessment (BA) tools plays a pivotal role in bridging the [...] Read more.

The impact of global climate change on the built environment emphasizes the need for sustainable development goals (SDGs) using technological solutions, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). The significance of innovative building assessment (BA) tools plays a pivotal role in bridging the existing gap between the theoretical and actual operational performance of buildings. The main research question is how can a new generation of BA tools leverage the IoT to optimize occupant well-being and achieve SDGs’ targets. This article delves into the pivotal role played by the IoT and occupant-centric concepts in advancing sustainability initiatives and facilitating the achievement of SDGs. The novelty of this paper lies in its exploration of the current state of IoT integration as a strategic imperative for SDGs’ achievement and climate change mitigation. Consequently, a paradigm shift is evident in this work, showcasing a comprehensive comparison between conventional and IoT occupant-centric BA tools and introducing a correlation study between IoT occupant-centric systems and future SDGs’ targets. Lastly, current gaps and valuable insights into future research possibilities are offered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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15 pages, 1186 KiB

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The Early Case for Stabilization and Sustainability of Korean G-SEED Based on Collaborative Governance: A Theoretical Review

by Myunghee Kim

Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2631; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102631 - 18 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1253

Abstract

This article aims to identify the significance of collaborative governance in the initial stage of the system for stabilization and sustainability through a case study of the introduction of the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) certification system. To this end, [...] Read more.

This article aims to identify the significance of collaborative governance in the initial stage of the system for stabilization and sustainability through a case study of the introduction of the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) certification system. To this end, the collaborative governance model was examined, and how the initial drivers and collaborative dynamics contributed to the stabilization and sustainability of the G-SEED certification system were investigated. Based on a theoretical literature review, a descriptive case study was conducted by applying the Integrated Framework of Collaborative Governance framework to address how multi-stakeholder collaboration works in G-SEED. The results of this study demonstrate that the drivers and collaborative dynamics in the early G-SEED contributed to a major revision of green building certification regulations and standards as outcomes of collaborative actions and to a continued increase in the number of certifications. This article argues that the stabilization and sustainability of the certification system depend on how multiple stakeholders collaborate and establish collaborative governance in the early stage of system introduction. It suggests that in the case of G-SEED, it is necessary to consider the implications derived from the results based on collaboration among sectors to achieve qualitative growth rather than quantitative expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Urban and Architectural Design)

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