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Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring

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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 11690

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Prof. Dr. Shaohong Cheng

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
Interests: dynamics of structures; vibration and control; cable dynamics and aerodynamics; wind-induced response and wind-resistant design of structures; fluid–structure interaction; fundamentals in bluff body aerodynamics; engineering application of advanced materials; alternative energy
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Prof. Dr. Haijun Zhou

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Civil Engineering Department, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Interests: intelligent operation and maintenance of urban infrastructure (smart sensing, resilience improvement, intelligent management)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Civil structures today are facing unprecedented challenges brought on by their modern design and more frequent natural disasters. The rapid development of engineering materials makes it possible to design and construct slenderer structures with longer spans and taller heights, of which the vulnerability to various dynamic excitations and the control of resulted in large-amplitude vibrations become predominant issues. In addition, intensive research effort is urgently needed to examine the dynamic behaviour of structures under extreme loading conditions such as damaging wind and devastating earthquakes. To ensure the safe performance and serviceability of structures during their lifespan, besides properly addressing the characteristics associated with loading and structural response, and evaluating the effectiveness of implemented vibration control solutions, monitoring actual structural parameters to accurately assess the health of a structure during its service life is imperative.

This Special Issue “Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring” aims to collect and disseminate the latest developments in the dynamic analysis and health monitoring of civil structures to reflect current research trends and challenges in these fields. We invite original research, in terms of analysis and design methods, numerical modelling, experimental testing, field measurements, and case studies, as well as state-of-the-art review papers. Themes of interest include, but are not limited to:

Dynamic response of structures;
Safety and serviceability of structures under dynamic loads;
Sustainability of civil structures under extreme loads;
Refinement of design codes to accommodate extreme loading conditions;
Measurement and testing of structural vibrations;
Vibration control and implementation of smart materials in control devices;
Performance evaluation of various passive, semiactive, and active control schemes;
Structural health monitoring;
System identification;
Structural performance assessment.

Prof. Dr. Shaohong Cheng
Prof. Dr. Haijun Zhou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

structural vibrations
dynamic response
extreme dynamic loads
vibration serviceability
vibration control
smart materials
structural health monitoring
system identification

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 5902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Testing and Finite Element Model Adjustment of the Ancient Wooden Structure Under Traffic Excitation

by Xin Wang, Zhaobo Meng, Xiangming Lv and Guoqiang Wei

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3527; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113527 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 489

Abstract

In situ dynamic testing is conducted to study the dynamic characteristics of the wooden structure of the North House main hall. The velocity response signals on the measurement points are obtained and analyzed using the self-interaction spectral method and stochastic subspace method, yielding natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios. This study reveals that the natural frequencies and damping ratios are highly consistent between the two methods. Therefore, to eliminate errors, the average of the results from both modal identification methods is taken as the final measured modal parameters of the structure. The natural frequencies of the first and second order in the X direction were 2.097 Hz and 3.845 Hz and in the Y direction were 3.955 Hz and 5.701 Hz. The modal frequency in the Y direction of the structure exceeds that in the X direction. Concurrently, a three-dimensional finite element model was established using ANSYS 2021R1, considering the semi-rigid properties of mortise–tenon connections, and validated based on in situ dynamic testing. The sensitivity analysis indicates adjustments to parameters such as beam–column elastic modulus, tenon–mortise joint stiffness, and roof mass for finite element model refinement. Modal parameter calculations from the corrected finite element model closely approximate the measured modal results, with maximum errors of 9.41% for the first two frequencies, both within 10% of the measured resonant frequencies. The adjusted finite element model closely matches the experimental results, serving as a benchmark model for the wooden structure of North House main hall. The validation confirms the rationality of the benchmark finite element model, providing valuable insights into ancient timber structures along transportation routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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24 pages, 6723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physically Guided Estimation of Vehicle Loading-Induced Low-Frequency Bridge Responses with BP-ANN

by Xuzhao Lu, Guang Qu, Limin Sun, Ye Xia, Haibin Sun and Wei Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2995; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092995 - 21 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 665

Abstract

The intersectional relationship in bridge health monitoring refers to the mapping function that correlates bridge responses across different locations. This relationship is pivotal for estimating structural responses, which are then instrumental in assessing a bridge’s service status and identifying potential damage. The current research landscape is heavily focused on high-frequency responses, especially those associated with single-mode vibration. When it comes to low-frequency responses triggered by multi-mode vehicle loading, a prevalent strategy is to regard these low-frequency responses as “quasi-static” and subsequently apply time-series prediction techniques to simulate the intersectional relationship. However, these methods are contingent upon data regarding external loading, such as traffic conditions and air temperatures. This necessitates the collection of long-term monitoring data to account for fluctuations in traffic and temperature, a task that can be quite daunting in real-world engineering contexts. To address this challenge, our study shifts the analytical perspective from a static analysis to a dynamic analysis. By delving into the physical features of bridge responses of the vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI) system, we identify that the intersectional relationship should be inherently time-independent. The perceived time lag in quasi-static responses is, in essence, a result of low-frequency vibrations that are aligned with driving force modes. We specifically derive the intersectional relationship for low-frequency bridge responses within the VBI system and determine it to be a time-invariant transfer matrix associated with multiple mode shapes. Drawing on these physical insights, we adopt a time-independent machine learning method, the backpropagation–artificial neural network (BP-ANN), to simulate the intersectional relationship. To train the network, monitoring data from various cross-sections were input, with the responses at a particular section designated as the output. The trained network is now capable of estimating responses even in scenarios where time-related traffic conditions and temperatures deviate from those present in the training data set. To substantiate the time-independent nature of the derived intersectional relationship, finite element models were developed. The proposed method was further validated through the in-field monitoring of a continuous highway bridge. We anticipate that this method will be highly effective in estimating low-frequency responses under a variety of unknown traffic and air temperature conditions, offering significant convenience for practical engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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20 pages, 6045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static and Dynamic Response Analysis of Flexible Photovoltaic Mounts

by Yibing Lou, Jian Zhang and Yuxin Pan

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072037 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 804

Abstract

Traditional rigid photovoltaic (PV) support structures exhibit several limitations during operational deployment. Therefore, flexible PV mounting systems have been developed. These flexible PV supports, characterized by their heightened sensitivity to wind loading, necessitate a thorough analysis of their static and dynamic responses. This study involves the development of a MATLAB code to simulate the fluctuating wind load time series and the subsequent structural modeling in SAP2000 to evaluate the safety performance of flexible PV supports under extreme wind conditions. The research explores the critical wind speeds relative to varying spans and prestress levels within the system. Modal analysis reveals that the flexible PV support structures do not experience resonant frequencies that could amplify oscillations. The analysis also provides insights into the mode shapes of these structures. An analysis of the wind-induced vibration responses of the flexible PV support structures was conducted. The results indicated that the mid-span displacements and the axial forces in the wind-resistant cables are greater under wind-pressure conditions compared to wind-suction conditions. Conversely, for mid-span accelerations, the wind-suction conditions resulted in higher values than the wind-pressure conditions. Furthermore, the wind-induced vibration coefficients were computed, with findings suggesting a recommended coefficient range of 1.5 to 2.52. To mitigate wind-induced vibrations, structural reinforcement strategies were assessed. The results indicate that the introduction of support beams at the mid-span is the most effective measure to attenuate wind-induced vibrational responses. Conversely, increasing the diameter of the tensioned cables exhibited a negligible effect in reducing these responses. On the other hand, implementing stabilizing cables at the mid-span demonstrated a substantial reduction in wind-induced vibrational responses under suction wind-load conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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18 pages, 12354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Large-Scale Tuned Liquid Dampers through Real-Time Hybrid Simulations

by Ali Ashasi Sorkhabi, Barry Qiu and Oya Mercan

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14072017 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 886

Abstract

As buildings become taller and slenderer, managing their vibrational response and mitigating it pose significant challenges in design. Tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) are liquid (usually water)-filled tanks that can mitigate structural vibrations by leveraging the sloshing motion of the contained fluid. However, the dynamic behavior of TLDs and their interaction with structures is complex. While most research on TLDs has focused on mitigating wind-induced vibrations, less attention has been paid to their seismic control of structural responses. Moreover, existing literature on the experimental research involving TLDs mostly pertains to small-scale models. This study aims to experimentally explore the effectiveness of large-scale TLDs in mitigating vibrations in both linear and nonlinear structures under seismic loads. A real-time hybrid simulation is employed as the experimental method, where only the TLD is physically constructed and tested, while the rest of the system is simulated numerically in a coupled manner, allowing for obtaining the dynamic response of the structure equipped with the TLD in real time. This approach offers the flexibility to significantly scale up the TLD size for physical testing while exploring various TLD-structure scenarios by numerically adjusting the structural properties within the simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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18 pages, 14678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Structural Seismic Damage Considering Seasonal Frozen Soil–Structure Interaction

by Xuyang Bian and Guoxin Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061493 - 21 May 2024

Viewed by 908

Abstract

Frozen soil may cause structures to have different damage statuses, as revealed by earthquakes in northeastern China. ABAQUS (2019), a numerical simulation software application, was adopted to systematically and deeply study the structural seismic response, considering seasonal frozen soil–structure interaction under different ground motion intensities and soil ambient temperatures. The results showed firstly that the variation in soil ambient temperature had a great influence on the seismic response of the structure, as indicated by the damage status of the structure obtained through numerical simulation. Secondly, through further analysis of the numerical simulation results, the influence amplitude of different soil temperatures on the structural seismic response was quantitatively analyzed and systematically summarized. Finally, the structural seismic damage with negative ambient temperature could be significantly lower than that with positive temperature normally. Additionally, such an internal change mechanism was also objectively analyzed to verify the reliability of the conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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21 pages, 6951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Identifying Bridge Damage Using Instantaneous Amplitude Squared Extracted from Vibration Responses of a Two-Axle Passing Vehicle

by Siying Liu, Zunian Zhou, Yujie Zhang, Zhuo Sun, Jiangdong Deng and Junyong Zhou

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051428 - 15 May 2024

Viewed by 762

Abstract

Identifying bridge damage using a movable test vehicle is highly regarded for its mobility, cost-effectiveness, and broad monitoring coverage. Previous studies have shown that the residual contact-point (CP) response between connected vehicles is free of the impact of vehicle self-vibrations and road roughness, making it particularly suitable for the indirect extraction of bridge modal properties. However, most experimental campaigns regarding contact-point (CP) responses focus on a single-axle testing vehicle within a non-moving state. This study aims to theoretically and experimentally identify bridge damage using the instantaneous amplitude squared (IAS) extracted from the residual CP response of a two-axle passing vehicle. First, the closed-form solution of the residual CP acceleration was derived for a two-axle vehicle interacting with a simply supported beam. The IAS index was constructed from the driving frequency of the residual CP acceleration. Then, numerical investigations using finite element simulation were conducted to validate using the IAS index for indirect bridge damage identification. The application scope of the approach under various vehicle speeds and road roughness grades was examined. Finally, a laboratory vehicle–bridge interaction system was tested to validate the approach. Numerical studies demonstrated that bridge damage could be directly determined by observing the IAS abnormalities, which were baseline-free. The IAS from the residual CP response outperformed the IAS from CP responses in identifying bridge damage. However, it was better to use the IAS when the vehicle speed was no greater than 2 m/s and the grade of the road surface roughness was not high. Laboratory tests showed that it was possible to identify bridge damage using the IAS extracted from the residual CP acceleration under perfect road surfaces. However, it fell short under rough road surfaces. Hence, further experiments are required to fully examine the capacity of the IAS for bridge damage identification in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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18 pages, 4417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Analysis of Seismic Slope Based on Relative Residual Displacement Increment Method

by Weijian Sun, Guoxin Wang and Juntao Ma

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051211 - 24 Apr 2024

Viewed by 838

Abstract

The seismic stability analysis of a slope is a complex process influenced by earthquake action characteristics and soil mechanical properties. This paper presents a novel seismic slope stability analysis method using the relative residual displacement increment method in combination with the strength reduction method (SRM) and the actual deformation characteristics of the slope. By calculating the relative displacement of the key point inside the landslide mass and the reference point outside the landslide mass after each reduction, the safety factor of the slope is determined by the strength reduction factor (SRF) corresponding to the maximum absolute value of the relative residual displacement increment that appears after a continuous plastic penetration zone. The method eliminates interference caused by significant displacement fluctuations of key points under earthquake action and reduces the subjective error that can occur when manually identifying displacement mutation points. The proposed method is validated by dynamic calculations of homogeneous and layered soil slopes and compared with three other criteria: applicability, accuracy, and stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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20 pages, 3433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved FEM Natural Frequency Calculation for Structural Frames by Local Correction Procedure

by Javier Urruzola and Iñaki Garmendia

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051195 - 23 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1098

Abstract

The accurate calculation of natural frequencies is important for vibration and earthquake analyses of structural frames. For this purpose, it is necessary to discretize each beam or column of the frame into one or more smaller elements. The required number of elements per member increases when the frame’s modal shapes have wavelengths similar to the beam lengths. This paper presents a method that reduces the number of elements needed for a precise calculation. This is achieved by implementing a straightforward local correction to the kinetic and elastic energy of certain elements, resulting in a substantial decrease in error. The validity of this method is demonstrated through a range of examples, from simple canonical cases to more realistic ones. Additionally, the paper discusses the unique features of this method and examines its relationship with other approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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30 pages, 28150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Use of UHF-RFID Wireless Sensors for Monitoring Cultural Heritage Structures

by Amedeo Gregori, Chiara Castoro, Micaela Mercuri, Antonio Di Natale and Emidio Di Giampaolo

Buildings 2024, 14(4), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041155 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 879

Abstract

This paper reports a novel investigation in applying commercial Ultra High-Frequency RFID tags (UHF-RFID tags), which are widely used in logistics as sensing elements in civil engineering structures, particularly for monitoring out-of-plane displacements of brick masonry walls. Both laboratory tests and in situ experimental tests assessed the feasibility of the proposed application. Laboratory tests showed a very satisfactory response while the in situ experiments showed a weaker response. Nevertheless, the potential reliability of the proposed technique can be stated. The authors traced back the causes of the performance decrease to environmental interference, mainly due to the extensive presence of a rigid steel frame surrounding the out-of-plane loaded panels. Measurements of displacements, in fact, are obtained indirectly from the phase of UHF-RFID signals that strongly suffer from multipath generated by metallic surfaces. Despite some limitations, the proposed measurement technique permits a reliable and sustainable approach to the monitoring of structures. The use of commercial UHF-RFID wireless tags, in fact, assures easy and fast installation operations and assures the possibility of placing a large number of sensors over the structure with very low maintenance costs with respect to the more traditional monitoring techniques. Moreover, using very thin and small commercial UHR-RFID tags on cultural heritage structures can represent an opportunity for sustainable long-time monitoring with reduced costs. Overall, the results of this study are sufficiently satisfactory to be considered as the opening of new possible scenarios in wireless structural monitoring in the civil engineering field. The authors propose as future work to use UHF-RFID tags for the real-time monitoring of an existing masonry facade that, not being characterized by the presence of a steel frame, can potentially assure an adequate response and properly transmit the electromagnetic signal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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20 pages, 5370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Loading Effect of Wind on Long-Span Cross-Rope Suspended Overhead Line with Suspension Insulator

by Qixin Qin, Xi Tu, Yujing Hu, Zhisong Wang, Lin Yu and Shengli Hou

Buildings 2024, 14(3), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030656 - 1 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1090

Abstract

The long-span Cross-Rope Suspended (CRS) system is composed of a transmission line (conductor), a long-span suspension cable, and an insulator. The previously introduced long-span CRS with a Tension Insulator (CRSTI) has shown applicability in mountainous areas. However, the tension insulator divided the suspension cable into several sections, which made the construction of a long-span CRS rather difficult. This paper introduces long-span CRS with a Suspension Insulator (CRSSI), in which the suspension cable was not disconnected, and the conductor was supported by a suspension insulator connected to the suspension cable. For the purposes of assessment, the initial shape of the suspension cable with concentrated loading from the self-gravity of the suspension insulator and the conductors was studied, and practical lengths in construction could be calculated exactly. Secondly, the structural performance of CRSSI, including its dynamic properties and the loading effect of wind, was discussed by means of numerical analysis. Vibration modes of the structure were obtained by FE analysis. Finally, structural deformation under static wind loading was studied. The result of the analysis showed that the stiffness of CRSSI was lower than CRSTI. The first frequency of CRSSI was 6% smaller than CRSTI. Regarding static wind loading, additional displacement of the insulator contributed to the maximum displacement of long-span CRSSI. Apparently, the displacement of the suspension insulator increased with wind speed. Moreover, the number of spans has an insignificant influence on tension force and deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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15 pages, 7784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporary Structural Health Monitoring of Historical Széchenyi Chain Bridge

by Balázs Kövesdi, Dénes Kollár and László Dunai

Buildings 2024, 14(2), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020535 - 17 Feb 2024

Viewed by 925

Abstract

A temporary monitoring system was installed on the 175-year-old historical Széchenyi Chain Bridge during its reconstruction. The bridge is in the downtown area in the capital city of Hungary and plays a significant role in the city life of Budapest. Six-month-long measurements were conducted during the reconstruction process of the bridge, yielding crucial insights into the structural behaviour of the historical structure. The measurement results were evaluated; the findings encompass the rotation capacity of the pins between the chain elements and the structural response to temperature changes. This information helped the decision-making between 2021 and 2023 by the designers and construction company during the reconstruction. For instance, daily temperature fluctuations resulted in increased bending moments in the chain elements, rising up to 158% compared to the values observed during a proof load test in 2018. Furthermore, the measurements reveal an approximate 42% increase in normal forces compared to the proof load test, which highlights the high sensitivity of chain bridges to temperature fluctuations, where geometric stiffness plays a crucial role. Reconstruction, namely reducing self-weight, notably intensifies the impact on normal forces and bending moments. These outcomes strongly emphasize the dominance of the dead load and self-weight in the case of chain bridges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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16 pages, 11415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Assessment of the Structural Behavior of a Pedestrian Bridge Aiming to Characterize and Evaluate Its Comfort Level

by Reina El Dahr, Xenofon Lignos, Spyridon Papavieros and Ioannis Vayas

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 3053; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123053 - 7 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1351

Abstract

The assessment of infrastructure integrity is considered paramount to verify its structural health and to build its resilience. In this study, a monitoring strategy, consisting of a pre-developed microcontroller-based data acquisition system (DAQ) hardware and a software program for post processing built on LabVIEW platform, was conducted to assess the structural behavior of an arch-and-tie pedestrian bridge located in Haidari, Greece, following its construction phase. This endeavor aimed to delineate its systemic state and to verify the fulfillment of comfort criteria stated by EN1990, HIVOSS and SETRA guidelines. To this end, four trademark Bridge Diagnostic Inc. (BDI) triaxial accelerometers were meticulously deployed along the bridge expanse to scrutinize the structure’s response toward a spectrum of induced perturbations. The established framework effectively compiled the acquired acceleration time domain then employed a Butterworth bandpass filter to derive the bridge eigenfrequencies, eigenmodes, and damping ratios. The resultant findings conclusively indicate that the bridge response towards pedestrian crossing conforms to the established specifications and thus does not necessitate the installation of dampers. The bridge maintains comfortable structural integrity for pedestrian traversal up to an upper frequency limit of 3.67 Hz, substantiating its ability to absorb the dissipated energy generated by pedestrian movement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)

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