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14 pages, 5023 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Metal-Nails Waste and Steel Slag Aggregate as Alternative and Eco-Friendly Radiation Shielding Composites

by Mohammed M. Attia, Bassam Abdelsalam Abdelsalam, Mohamed Amin, Ibrahim Saad Agwa and Mohammad Farouk Abdelmagied

Buildings 2022, 12(8), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081120 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2860

Abstract

Metal waste recycling has become a global requirement owing to its environmental benefits and powerful economic activity. Metal nail waste (MNW) is a byproduct of metal nail manufacture. MNW has an equal size, contains a high ratio of iron, and has a high [...] Read more.

Metal waste recycling has become a global requirement owing to its environmental benefits and powerful economic activity. Metal nail waste (MNW) is a byproduct of metal nail manufacture. MNW has an equal size, contains a high ratio of iron, and has a high specific gravity comparable to normal aggregate. We present MNW recycling as a partial replacement for fine aggregates and electric arc furnace steel slag (EAFSS) as coarse aggregates to produce sustainable heavyweight concrete (HWC). Our main research aim was to study the radiation shielding and mechanical properties of sustainable HWC by partially replacing MNW with 10, 20, 30, and 40% sand. EAFSS is a coarse aggregate for 60% of the total volume. Fresh and hardened properties of HWC are presented. Furthermore, we analysed the internal structure of HWC mixes using a scanning electron microscope. Our results showed the positive effects of MNW on the unit weight of concrete. The density of HWC mixes ranges between 2650 and 3170 kg/m³. In addition, MNW contributes to increasing the compressive strength of concrete mixes with their use of up to 30%. Therefore, the MNW ratios improved the failure behaviour of HWC mixes. The improved linear attenuation coefficient of HWC mixes was due to using MNW ratios and higher densities than the reference mix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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11 pages, 10465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Water-Binder Ratio on the Mechanical Strength and Microstructure of Arch Shell Interface Transition Zone

by Tao He, Weiheng Xiang, Jian Zhang, Cheng Hu, Gaozhan Zhang and Bin Kou

Buildings 2022, 12(4), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12040491 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

To prepare lightweight ultra high performance concretes used in the large-span and super-tall structure engineering fields, the effects of water-binder ratio on the mechanical performances, hydration products, and microstructure of the arched shell interface transition zone between the prewetting spherical lightweight aggregates and [...] Read more.

To prepare lightweight ultra high performance concretes used in the large-span and super-tall structure engineering fields, the effects of water-binder ratio on the mechanical performances, hydration products, and microstructure of the arched shell interface transition zone between the prewetting spherical lightweight aggregates and cement matrix were studied. The experimental results showed that adding prewetting spherical lightweight aggregates promoted the formation of an arched shell interface transition zone. And the hydration degree, microhardness, and elastic modulus values of the arched shell interface transition zone were still higher than the cement matrix. With the reduction of the water-binder ratio, the microhardness, elastic modulus, thickness, and compactness of the interface transition zone had an increase, and the internal curing action of the prewetting spherical lightweight aggregates was more obvious. Especially when the water-binder ratio was 0.18, the hydration degree of the arch shell interface transition zone increased by 18.27% compared with the cement matrix after 28 days curing time. It was concluded that the prewetting spherical lightweight aggregates could have better internal curing and arched shell effects in cement-based materials with a low water-binder ratio. Therefore, adding prewetting spherical lightweight aggregates was regarded as a potential measure to fabricate the lightweight ultra high performance concretes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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12 pages, 2661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Slag Mortar with Alkali-Resistant Glass Fiber

by Haibin Ma, Shaofan Yang, Ying Xu, Peiyuan Chen and Liang Wang

Buildings 2022, 12(3), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030266 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1950

Abstract

To investigate the influence of alkali-resistant glass fiber on the dynamic mechanical properties and microstructure of slag cement mortar (SCM), five SCM blocks with different volumes of alkali-resistant glass fiber (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) were prepared. A split Hopkinson pressure bar [...] Read more.

To investigate the influence of alkali-resistant glass fiber on the dynamic mechanical properties and microstructure of slag cement mortar (SCM), five SCM blocks with different volumes of alkali-resistant glass fiber (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) were prepared. A split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test device with a diameter of Φ50 mm was used to test the impact compression under different loading pressures. In this way, the stress–strain curve of SCM under average strain rates corresponding to different loading air pressures is obtained, and the relationship between the ultimate toughness, the dynamic increase factor (DIF), and the fiber content of SCM can be comprehensively analyzed in combination with the dynamic and static mechanical parameters. Research results showed that, with the increase in fiber content, the static compressive strength of the SCM showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, where 0.75% can be the optimal one with the maximum compressive strength. Under the impact load, the dynamic compressive strength of the SCM had a positive correlation with the average strain rate. Within the strain rate range of 75.03 s⁻¹~141.47 s⁻¹, When the fiber volume content is 0.75%, the dynamic compressive strength, ultimate toughness and DIF of SCM are higher than those of other groups, showing good impact resistance. According to the analysis of SEM images, the bonding performance between alkali-resistant glass fiber and cement matrix was strong, and the fibers were interlaced in the mortar to form a network structure, which has a good effect on toughening and strengthening the SCM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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13 pages, 27069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Design of Mix Proportion of Large Stone Permeable Mixture Based on Target Air Voids

by Zhi Suo, Xu Bao, Lei Nie, Qiang Yan and Kailin Qi

Buildings 2021, 11(11), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110514 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

Through theoretical analysis, this paper preliminarily puts forward the optimization design method of a mix proportion large stone permeable mixture based on target voidage. The optimized large stone permeable mixture is abbreviated as OLSPM (optimization large stone permeable mixture). On this basis, the [...] Read more.

Through theoretical analysis, this paper preliminarily puts forward the optimization design method of a mix proportion large stone permeable mixture based on target voidage. The optimized large stone permeable mixture is abbreviated as OLSPM (optimization large stone permeable mixture). On this basis, the asphalt content was verified by leakage analysis experiment, and the molding method was determined by comparing the volume parameter changes and the appearance of the specimen in the molding process of both a Marshall compaction test and rotary compaction test. The final experimental analysis results show that the asphalt content calculated by this method can meet the technical requirements of leakage loss. The rotary compaction method is the suitable molding method for indoor cylindrical specimens of OLSPM, and the voidage is used as the index to control the compac-tion times of OLSPM. Under the same voidage, OLSPM-25 has more fine aggregates and thus leads to a relatively large amount of asphalt. In addition, the content of 4.75–19 mm coarse aggregate in its coarse aggregate is also higher than that of LSPM-25. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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17 pages, 7989 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Waste Plant Oil on the Composition and Micro-Morphological Properties of Old Asphalt Composition

by Zhi Suo, Lei Nie, Fanrong Xiang and Xu Bao

Buildings 2021, 11(9), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090407 - 12 Sep 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2553

Abstract

At present, the regeneration agent with mineral oil as the main component is widely used. However, its strong volatility, nonrenewability, and other shortcomings restrict the development of regeneration technology. In this study, waste vegetable oil was used as the main component of the [...] Read more.

At present, the regeneration agent with mineral oil as the main component is widely used. However, its strong volatility, nonrenewability, and other shortcomings restrict the development of regeneration technology. In this study, waste vegetable oil was used as the main component of the regeneration agent to prepare regenerated aging asphalt. The change in microstructure of aging asphalt was explored with the change in waste vegetable oil content and regeneration time. The results showed that the addition of waste vegetable oil could effectively supplement the contents of saturates and aromatics, and inhibit the oxidation of saturates and aromatics into asphaltene and resin. When the regeneration time was 60 min and the regeneration content was 7.0%, the effect was best. The correlation between the component composition of regenerated aging asphalt and the micro-morphological characteristics was in the order of saturates, asphaltene, resin, and aromatics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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15 pages, 1552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porosity Evaluation of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials for Durability Assessment through Volume of Permeable Voids and Water Immersion Conditions

by Manish Kewalramani and Ahmad Khartabil

Buildings 2021, 11(9), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090378 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7057

Abstract

Concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement is regarded as green and durable concrete, with several advantages such as improved strength gain mechanism, resistance to degradation and extended service life of structure. Water absorption or porosity of [...] Read more.

Concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement is regarded as green and durable concrete, with several advantages such as improved strength gain mechanism, resistance to degradation and extended service life of structure. Water absorption or porosity of concrete is directly related to the durability of concrete. In this present study, five concrete mixes involving three different SCMs are investigated for water absorption and rapid chloride penetration rating. A comparison between porosity values obtained using four standard testing methods, i.e., BS 1881-122, RILEM CPC 11.1, RILEM CPC 11.3, and ASTM C642 are presented for three different concrete mixes containing varied compositions and proportions of two SCMs. The testing method by RILEM CPC 11.3 includes distinctive sample preparation and is regarded as a stringent method to represent the degree of concrete porosity. Two additional concrete mixes with three SCMs are further investigated for their water absorption and immersion following the testing method by RILEM CPC 11.3. The impact of SCMs on concrete porosity is discussed. A linear correlation between porosity and rapid chloride penetration (RCP) ratings obtained as per ASTM C1202-19 on specimens of all investigated concrete mixes is proposed as a rapid approach to assess chloride penetration of concrete specimens containing SCMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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Review

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22 pages, 3836 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Bibliometric-Statistical Review of Organic Residues as Cementitious Building Materials

by Sergio Yanez, Constanza Márquez, Benjamín Valenzuela and Cristina Alejandra Villamar-Ayala

Buildings 2022, 12(5), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050597 - 5 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2327

Abstract

Climate deterioration and environmental pollution has been widely studied by a wide scientific community. The effects of the ecosystem deterioration impacts directly to human activities. In this scenario, the building industry has increased the pressure on proposing new materials to replace the cementicious [...] Read more.

Climate deterioration and environmental pollution has been widely studied by a wide scientific community. The effects of the ecosystem deterioration impacts directly to human activities. In this scenario, the building industry has increased the pressure on proposing new materials to replace the cementicious component and natural resources (water, sand, gravel, and limestone) on mortar and concrete to reverse this trend. To this end, organic residues can offer opportunities as an available alternative for construction applications. Therefore, this paper aims to broaden the scope of research in this field by investigating the potential use of organic residues as cementicious building material based on bibliometric-statistical analysis using scientific information. A preliminary bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer was carried out to define the keywords co-ocurrence from Scopus database. Type of organic material, constructive use, and its properties (physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal) were extracted from scientific publications. Then, a systematic analysis criteria was defined to limit the scope of the study. Finally, statistical variance analysis and multiple correlation for identifying constructive application were applied. From the co-ocurrence analysis of keywords, we determined that 54% of the selected scientific publications were closely related to the scope of this study. State-of-the-art study established that related researches grew exponentially at a rate of about

30 %

/year. Moreover, scientific publications reported the use of a wide variety of organic residues, such as wheat, paper, hemp, rice, wood, molluscs, olive, coconut, among others. Mainly, agricultural residues (

82 %

) with building applications related to structural concrete, mortar, bricks, and blocks, had been evaluated. Physicochemical properties from organic residues (extractives content, lignin content, and density) were correlated to mechanical (compressive, flexural and tensile strength) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity). The identification of the physicochemical properties of the organic residues allow us to predict the mechanical and thermal behavior of the material with residues. In summary, agricultural residues are the most promising organic building material due to their abundance and lignin content, exhibiting better mechanic and thermal properties than any other organic residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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16 pages, 2140 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synergistically Using Bauxite Residue (Red Mud) and Other Solid Wastes to Manufacture Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials

by Lichao Feng, Wenliang Yao, Kai Zheng, Na Cui and Ning Xie

Buildings 2022, 12(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020117 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3084

Abstract

Bauxite residue (red mud) is a solid waste resulting from the aluminum production industry. Disposal or landfill of the red mud (RM) poses irreversible environmental problems; therefore, it is compelling to find practical solutions that can mitigate the negative environmental problems of RM [...] Read more.

Bauxite residue (red mud) is a solid waste resulting from the aluminum production industry. Disposal or landfill of the red mud (RM) poses irreversible environmental problems; therefore, it is compelling to find practical solutions that can mitigate the negative environmental problems of RM stacking storage. In the past decades, although the recycling of RM has achieved significant progress, challenges remain from both academic and practical perspectives. Previous studies have demonstrated that all the aluminosilicate-based solid wastes have pozzolanic activity, and thus can be considered as resources to manufacture eco-friendly cementitious materials to relieve the carbon emission burden. Therefore, combining RM and other solid wastes to manufacture green cementitious materials has become a promising route to alleviate the burden of environmental pollutions. However, challenges from the fluctuation of the chemical compositions, inert activity, heavy metals stabilization, efflorescence, the side effects of the second pollutions from solid wastes, the hydration process, and mutual interaction mechanisms between the various types of solid wastes are still unclear, especially for multi-components RM-based cementitious materials. This review article summarizes the state of the art of mechanical properties, microstructure characterization methodologies, and hydration process and mechanisms of RM along with other solid wastes. The main challenges and future research trends are discussed. This article attempts to summarize the details of the RM recycling technologies that are beneficial to readers in understanding the background knowledge and research methodologies of eco-friendly cementitious materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials)

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