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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 11822

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mingming He

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
Interests: unconventional rock mechanical behavior; stability of deep tunnels; geotechnical deep learning and artificial intelligence; digital drilling technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Yonggang Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, and Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Interests: fluid structure coupling; unsaturated soil; reservoir bank slope; sand liquefaction; deep rock seepage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The construction landscape is evolving, and urban planners are increasingly turning their attention to the untapped potential of urban underground space. This emerging field presents a paradigm shift in how we conceive, design and build structures, challenging traditional notions of city development. The exploration of underground space offers a myriad of opportunities, from alleviating surface congestion to providing innovative solutions for housing, transportation and utilities. In the past, construction in urban underground space was often limited to essential infrastructure such as tunnels and utility networks. However, contemporary perspectives are expanding to encompass a broader spectrum of possibilities, including underground commercial spaces, recreational facilities and even subterranean residential areas. This shift requires a reevaluation of construction methodologies, safety protocols and sustainable practices specific to the challenges posed by underground environments.

This Special Issue invites contributions that delve into the multifaceted aspects of construction in urban underground spaces. We welcome research papers, case studies and innovative projects that address key themes, and topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

Development of specialized construction techniques;
Structural design considerations;
Environmental impact assessments;
Advancements in underground construction materials;
Impact on urban planning and architecture;
Underground space and underground construction.

Dr. Mingming He
Dr. Yonggang Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

underground construction materials
underground construction
construction techniques
environmental impact assessments
stability of deep tunnels
geotechnical deep learning
artificial intelligence

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 9981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Correlation Between Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Bulk Density of PVA Fiber-Reinforced Cement Matrix Composites

by Wen Xu, Junyi Yao, Tao Wang, Fan Wang, Jiaxuan Li, Yuanjie Gong, Yonggang Zhang, Jianqiu Wu, Min Sun and Lei Han

Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3580; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113580 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced cement matrix composites (CMCs) have gained significant attention due to their ability to enhance material properties for use in demanding environments. This study investigated the workability and mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber-reinforced CMCs, focusing on compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. It also assessed water absorption capacity through immersive water absorption tests using cubes and capillary water absorption tests using cylinders, alongside bulk density measurements for both shapes. The results indicated that the dosage of PVA fibers significantly influences the workability of CMCs, while the water-to-binder ratio has a minimal effect. Increasing the dosage of PVA fibers in CMCs from 0.5 vol.% to 1 vol.% led to a decrease in several properties: compressive strength decreased by 13.38%, split tensile strength by 21.05%, flexural strength by 9.23%, bulk density of cube samples by 4.14%, and bulk density of cylindrical sample by 6.36%. Conversely, both immersive water absorption and capillary water absorption increased, rising by 10.87% and 77.71%, respectively. Compressive strength was found to increase with the bulk density of the cubes and to decrease with rising immersive water absorption. Similarly, split tensile strength increased with the bulk density of the cylinders and decreased as capillary water absorption increased. Strong correlations were observed among three key pairwise combinations: the bulk density of cubes and immersive water absorption (R² = 94%), compressive strength and bulk density of cubes (R² = 96%), and compressive strength and immersive water absorption (R² = 92%). Furthermore, the analysis and comparison of carbon fiber-reinforced and PVA fiber-reinforced CMCs will provide important references for the field, especially in cases where material availability or cost varies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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15 pages, 1936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Capillary Water Absorption within Unsaturated Concrete Based on the Principle of Stationary Action

by Jianqiao He, Chengliang Wang, Chaoxuan Zhang, Yonggang Zhang, Jiwei Li, Shengquan Zou, Jianqiu Wu, Min Sun, Yun Li and Fan Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3238; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103238 - 12 Oct 2024

Viewed by 716

Abstract

Capillary water absorption plays a critical role in the ingress of corrosive elements during the construction of concrete structures in corrosive environments. This study presented a novel approach for analyzing capillary water flow within unsaturated concrete based on the principle of stationary action. The flow of water within the concrete capillary pores can be regarded as a variational problem, while the principle of stationary action provides a method for determining the path solution. The evolution and distribution characteristics of water content and wetting front were explicitly determined using the exponential and power hydraulic functions. A simplistic yet effective approach for determining these hydraulic parameters was put forward based on the relationship between the position of the wetting front and the diffusivity parameters. The proposed approach exhibited enhanced theoretical robustness and entailed fewer hypotheses compared to existing methodologies. Furthermore, the material hydraulic parameters in the proposed approach can be determined explicitly. The governing equations for capillary water flow were derived in accordance with the principle of stationary action. Numerical simulations were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach can accurately predict capillary water flow and diffusivity parameters within unsaturated concrete. The findings of this study contribute to developing more effective strategies to mitigate moisture-related damage in concrete structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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23 pages, 8712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Shield Tunnel Construction on Adjacent Railway Bridge: Protective Measures and Deformation Control

by Wen Liu, Lu Zhao, Xiang-Chuan Yao, Hai-Ao Zheng and Wen-Li Liu

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 3024; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093024 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 692

Abstract

With the rapid development of urban rail transit networks, constructing shield tunnels often requires passing underneath existing buildings, which can potentially impact their safety. This study examined the impact of constructing a double-line shield tunnel underneath a railway bridge on the adjacent pile foundation via numerical simulation. Protective measures, including construction parameter control, grouting methods, monitoring, and early warning systems, were implemented to mitigate impacts. The results indicated that the bridge deformation fell within acceptable limits, with maximum horizontal and longitudinal displacements of 0.06 mm and a maximum vertical displacement of −0.31 mm. The railway bridge pile foundation experienced maximum horizontal and longitudinal displacements of 0.47 mm and vertical displacements of −0.23 mm during construction. Enhanced construction quality control and monitoring effectively controlled deformation to ensure the railway safety. This study provides valuable guidance for similar projects and future urban rail transit developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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27 pages, 12695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Research on a Sand Cushion Geotechnical Seismic Isolation System in Strong Earthquakes and Cold Regions

by Zhiyong Yin, Yonggang Zhang, Jianqiu Wu, Min Sun, Lei Han, Haifeng Sun, Liping Jing and Rui Dong

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2629; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092629 - 24 Aug 2024

Viewed by 807

Abstract

Masonry buildings in high-intensity seismic and cold regions of China face the dual challenges of frost heaving and seismic hazards. To explore the potential of a sand cushion instead of the frozen soil layer to deal with these problems, a cost-effective sand cushion-based Geotechnical Seismic Isolation System (GSI-SC) was developed in this study, where a sand cushion is introduced between the structural foundation and natural soil, while the space around the foundation is backfilled with sand. Shaking table tests on a one-story masonry structure equipped and non-equipped with the GSI-SC system were undertaken to investigate its effectiveness in seismic isolation, where the input wave adopted the north–south component of the EL Centro wave recorded in 1940, and the peak input acceleration (PIA) was set as 0.1 g, 0.2 g, and 0.4 g. It is found that the GSI-SC system significantly reduced the seismic response of the structure, effectively achieving seismic isolation. For a PIA of 0.4 g, the GSI-SC system reduced the acceleration of the roof panel and the inter-story displacement of the structure by 33% and 39%, respectively. Numerical simulations were performed to evaluate the seismic response of buildings equipped and non-equipped with the GSI-SC system. The simulation results matched well with the experimental results, verifying the effectiveness of the newly developed seismic isolation system. The GSI-SC system can provide the potential to reduce frost heave and earthquake disasters for buildings in high-intensity seismic and cold regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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18 pages, 8217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Infiltration of Seawater Bentonite Slurry

by Hongzhen Dong, Deming Wang, Zhipeng Li, Qingsong Zhang, Yirui Li, Jianguo Zhang, Lianzhen Zhang and Luchen Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2609; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092609 - 23 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 600

Abstract

A bentonite slurry mixed with seawater is prone to sedimentation, which will reduce the quality of the filter cake and lower the stability of the excavation surface in undersea tunnels. It is necessary to study the performance and influencing factors of the bentonite slurry mixed with seawater. This article simulates the process of undersea slurry shield tunnel construction, where the pressurized slurry penetrates into the sand layer and forms a filter cake when the shield stops pressurizing. We investigated the effects of bentonite, additives (CMC), fine sand, pressure, and formation permeability on the performance of the seawater slurry and filter cake. The sedimentation of mud caused by seawater interfered with the experiment, which manifested as the increase in bentonite, and delayed the formation of the filter cake. Fine sand with a particle size close to the average value of the formation can improve the speed and quality of filter cake formation. By conducting a sensitivity analysis on experimental data, the degree of influence of various factors on the formation rate, thickness, and porosity of the filter cake was determined. Fine sand and bentonite are the factors that have the greatest impact on the formation rate, thickness, and porosity of the filter cake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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17 pages, 11961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Pile Foundation Construction on Existing Tunnels in a Metro Protection Area: Field Test and Numerical Simulation

by Gang Lin, Wenbin Ke, Shuaishuai Guo, Zhaorui Lin, Changjie Xu, Minliang Chi and Yue Xiao

Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2280; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082280 - 24 Jul 2024

Viewed by 723

Abstract

On the basis of the Fengqi Chaoming project in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China, this paper investigates the influence of pile foundation construction on the existing tunnels in a metro protection area to ensure the stability and safety of the pile foundation construction in the area of Hangzhou Metro Line 2 through in situ pile tests and numerical simulations. The test results show that the pile foundation construction has a certain influence on the existing metro tunnels, and the degree of influence gradually decreases as the distance between the pile foundation and the metro tunnel increases. The corresponding impact level for the pile foundation at 12 m from the tunnel is 1.06 mm, and that for the pile foundation at 4.9 m from the tunnel is 1.18 mm. Different types of pile foundations also lead to different degrees of influence. The maximum settlement corresponding to triaxial cement mixing piles is 1.89 mm, while the hard-method occlusal piles is 1.18 mm. The monitoring point of the metro tunnel with the smallest distance from the pile foundation experiences the largest deformation, but several sets of deformation data meet the requirements of the deformation control index, indicating that the pile foundation construction is safe and controllable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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18 pages, 3504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creep Characteristics of Reconstituted Silty Clay under Different Pre-Loading Path Histories

by Bin Xiao, Peijiao Zhou and Shuchong Wu

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051445 - 16 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 833

Abstract

Due to the long-term deformation settlement of foundations, issues such as damage and functional failure of buildings and structures have long been a concern in the engineering field. The creep of soil is one of the primary causes leading to long-term deformation of foundations. In this paper, the consolidation deformation, creep characteristics, and creep model of reconstituted saturated silty clay were studied using the isotropic consolidation creep test and triaxial compression creep test. The results show that for the isotropic consolidation creep test, although the applied load adopted different stages of loading, as long as the final applied confining pressure was the same, the number of stages applied by the confining pressure had little effect on the final isotropic consolidation deformation of the sample and the triaxial undrained shear strength after creep. However, for the triaxial shear creep test, it was found that under the same final deviatoric stress, the final deviatoric strain of the sample was closely related to the number of loading stages of deviatoric stress. The test showed that the more loading stages with the same deviatoric stress, the smaller the final deviatoric strain, and the triaxial undrained shear strength of the sample after creep increased. In addition, it was reasonable to set the pore pressure dissipation of the sample at 95% ((u₀ − u)/u₀ = 95%) as the time (t₁₀₀) at which the primary consolidation of the soil sample was completed. The isotropic consolidation creep curves and the triaxial compression creep curves showed certain non-linearity. Then, the logarithmic model and the hyperbolic model were used to fit the creep curves of the samples. It was found that the hyperbolic model had a better fitting effect than the logarithmic model, but for the triaxial compression creep test, the creep parameters of the sample changed greatly. Therefore, studying the creep characteristics of soil under different pre-loading steps is of significant engineering importance for evaluating the long-term deformation of underground structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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22 pages, 8620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Validation of a Stratified Shear Model Box for Seismic Response of a Sand-Blowing Reclamation Site

by Jiaguang Li, Yi Wei, Tenglong Liang, Yuanfang Yan, Ying Gao and Xiaoyan Lu

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051405 - 14 May 2024

Viewed by 718

Abstract

The global increase in building collapses and damage on soft-soil sites due to distant significant earthquakes poses similar challenges for sand-blowing reclamation (SBR) sites on soft-soil layers. This study was initiated to capture the vibration characteristics of the SBR sites and to provide fresh insights into their seismic responses. Initially, considering the heterogeneity and layered structure of soil at SBR sites, we developed a novel stratified shearing model box. This model box enables the simulation of the complex characteristics of soil layers at SBR sites under laboratory conditions, representing a significant innovation in this field. Subsequently, an innovative jack loading system was developed to apply active vertical pressure on the soil layer model, accelerating soil consolidation. Furthermore, a new data collection and analysis system was devised to monitor and record acceleration, pore water pressure, and displacement in real time during the experiments. To verify the model box’s accuracy and innovation, and to examine the seismic response of SBR sites under varying consolidation pressures, four vibration tests were conducted across different pressure gradients to analyze the model’s predominant period evolution due to consolidation pressures. The experimental results demonstrate that the model box accurately simulates the propagation of one-dimensional shear waves in soil layers under various consolidation pressures, with notable repeatability and reliability. Our experiments demonstrated that increasing consolidation pressure results in higher shear wave speeds in both sand and soft-soil layers, and shifts the site’s predominant period towards shorter durations. Concurrently, we established the relationship between the site’s predominant period and the input waves. This study opens new paths for further research into the dynamic response properties of SBR sites under diverse conditions through shaking-table tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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18 pages, 9174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Failure Process and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Freeze–Thawed Sandstone under Cyclic Loading and Unloading

by Chaoyun Yu, Shenghui Huang, Junkun Li, Xiangye Wu, Yuhang Tian and Xiankai Bao

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051264 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 780

Abstract

In order to investigate freeze–thawed red sandstone failure processes under cyclic loading and unloading conditions, real-time acoustic emission (AE) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to reveal the fracture process of the saturated red sandstone after cyclic loading and unloading tests using uniaxial compression. The results show that the stress–strain curves of the freeze–thawed sandstones show signs of hysteresis and exhibit a two-stage evolution of “sparse → dense”. In the cyclic loading and unloading process, the modulus of elasticity in the loading process is always larger than that in the unloading process, while the Poisson’s ratio is the opposite, and the radial irreversible strain and cumulative irreversible strain are larger than those in the axial direction. As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases, the rock specimens need more cycles of loading and unloading to make the crack volume compressive strain

Δ ε_{c v}^{+}

reach the maximum value and tend to stabilize, while the crack volume extensional strain

Δ ε_{c v}^{-}

tends to decrease gradually. This study also shows that the growth phase of the cyclic loading and unloading process has more ringing counts and a shorter duration, while the slow degradation phase has more ringing counts with loading and less with unloading. In addition, the F-T cycle gradually changes the internal microcracks of the red sandstone from shear damage, which is dominated by shear cracks, to tensile damage, which is dominated by tensile cracks. This study’s findings contribute to our knowledge of the mechanical characteristics and sandstone’s degradation process following F-T treatment, and also serve as a guide for engineering stability analyses conducted in the presence of multiphysical field coupling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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19 pages, 15594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Grout–Soil Interaction Effects in Sandy Soil under Different Water-to-Cement Ratios

by Huanxiao Hu, Yufan Lu, Chao Deng, Benqing Gan, Zhongliang Xie, Yuehui Cai and Aikun Chu

Buildings 2024, 14(4), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040947 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1067

Abstract

Due to the unique characteristics of sandy soil layers, there is often a coupling effect of multiple grout diffusion patterns in the grouting process, and different slurry diffusion modes may lead to different responses of soil structures. In this study, laboratory grouting model tests were conducted with homogeneous sand under different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios to reveal the temporal variations in grouting pressure, soil stress fields, and displacement fields during the grout diffusion process. The results show that, during the grouting process in the fine sand layer, the grout mainly exhibited a compaction–splitting diffusion mode. The farther away from the grouting center, the more pronounced the hysteresis effect of soil pressure caused by grout diffusion. Meanwhile, as the w/c ratio increased, the diffusion mode between the slurry and the soil was in a transitional state. At w/c > 1.2, the primary pattern changed from the fracture–compaction pattern to the permeation–fracture–compaction pattern and fracture–permeation pattern. And the overall trend of the grouting pressure curve was similar under all of the w/c ratio conditions, showing a trend of increasing to the maximum value of the pressure first and then decreasing. With the increase in the water–cement ratio, the overall value of the grouting pressure curve showed a decreasing trend, the pressure value increased more slowly with time before reaching the maximum value, and the more obvious the influence of water–cement ratio was when w/c > 1.2. Additionally, the surface displacement also exhibited an overall decreasing trend, and it had no obvious lifting value under the condition of w/c = 1.6. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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12 pages, 1543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Confining Pressure on the Macro- and Microscopic Mechanisms of Diorite under Triaxial Unloading Conditions

by Xiaoxiao Duan, Dengke Yang and Xuexu An

Buildings 2024, 14(4), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040866 - 22 Mar 2024

Viewed by 779

Abstract

In this study, the response mechanism between macro- and microscales of deep hard-rock diorite is investigated under loading and unloading conditions. Moreover, the statistical theory is combined with particle flow code simulations to establish a correlation between unloading rates observed in laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. Subsequent numerical tests under varying confining pressures are conducted to examine the macroscopic mechanical properties and the evolution of particle velocity, displacement, contact force chain failures, and microcracks in both axial and radial directions of the numerical rock samples during the loading and unloading phases. The findings indicate that the confining pressure strength curve displays an instantaneous fluctuation response during unloading, which intensifies with higher initial confining pressures. This suggests that rock sample damage progresses in multiple stages of expansion and penetration. The study also reveals that with increased initial confining pressure, there is a decrease in particle velocity along the unloading direction and an increase in particle displacement and the number of contact force chain failures, indicating more severe radial expansion of the rock sample. Furthermore, microcracks predominantly accumulate near the unloading surface, and their total number escalates with rising confining pressure, suggesting that higher confining pressures promote the development and expansion of internal microcracks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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Review

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28 pages, 8010 KiB

Open AccessReview

Drilling Process Monitoring for Predicting Mechanical Properties of Jointed Rock Mass: A Review

by Xiaoyue Yu, Mingming He, Wei Hao and Haoteng Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071992 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1085

Abstract

Reliably assessing the quality and mechanical properties of rock masses is crucial in underground engineering. However, existing methods have significant limitations in terms of applicability and accuracy. Therefore, a field measurement method that meets the real-time monitoring and safety requirements for the quality of engineering rock masses is needed. Firstly, the research findings of domestic and international scholars on the application of drilling process monitoring technology are comprehensively analyzed. Rotary cutting penetration tests are conducted on tuff rock masses containing fractures and joints. Various rock mass classification and evaluation standards are integrated with rotary penetration tests. Rotary cutting penetration tests are used to determine the residual strength of rock, based on this review. The rationality of the calculated m_i parameter values is validated. The peak strength, residual strength, and errors of the rock are obtained based on the penetration method. The rock quality index rock quality designation from drilling (RQD_d) is redefined, based on the drilling process monitoring apparatus (DPMA). Rock mass classification is conducted, based on the correlation between the standard deviation of rotary drilling energy and the rock quality designation (RQD). Additionally, a new relational formula is introduced to determine the RQD from variations in drilling energy, based on discontinuity frequency. This field measurement method undoubtedly provides a crucial scientific basis for rock design and construction, ensuring long-term safety in engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction in Urban Underground Space)

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